This document summarizes research on the management of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) through a circular economy approach. MSWIBA makes up around 30% of the waste generated from incinerating municipal solid waste. The research presents analysis of MSWIBA's glassy phase using differential thermogravimetry and explores using MSWIBA as an aggregate in cement mortars with CSA and CEM I cement. Managing MSWIBA through applications like this supports reducing greenhouse gas emissions and extracting fewer natural resources, in line with goals of the European Green Deal and UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Eu action against climate change for 2020 and beyondRobin Molnar
The document discusses the EU's actions and proposals to address climate change on a global scale. It argues that global warming must be limited to 2 degrees Celsius to avoid catastrophic consequences. The EU is calling for global greenhouse gas emissions to be stabilized by 2020 and reduced 50% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels to reasonably achieve this goal. The EU is already taking ambitious steps to reduce its own emissions by at least 20% by 2020 and is leading calls for a comprehensive post-2012 international agreement on climate change.
An overview of the predicted change in energy demand over time, given the projection that economic growth in the emerging and developing countries is not only overtaking growth in the industrialized countries, but that growth rates are poised to continue increasing and will make unsustainable demands on conventional energy resources, and especially fossil fuels unless drastic action, climate action in fact, is taken to address this concern.
Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea.
These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea.
These presentations were developed in 2011, and are somewhat out of date, but most of the principles still apply. Module 10, which has been published, does not include much of the information outlined in these presentations, which are fairly technical. They were developed to address a significant gap in understanding of the technical basis of using ICTs for climate action and because there is a clear bias in development circles against the importance of dealing with climate change mitigation in developing countries. These presentations are an attempt to redress this lack and are published here with this purpose in mind.
The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.
The document discusses global warming and potential solutions. It begins with an abstract describing how climate change is caused by human activities like depletion of natural resources. It then provides an introduction on the causes and impacts of climate change. Potential solutions are then brainstormed like using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), driving hybrid vehicles, using renewable energy, replacing plastic with paper bags, and planting trees. The best three solutions selected are BECCS, hybrid vehicles, and renewable energy.
The document summarizes the key findings of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. The review examines the economic costs of climate change impacts and the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The review finds that [1] climate change presents very serious global risks if left unaddressed; [2] the benefits of strong, early action to address climate change outweigh the costs; and [3] ignoring climate change risks major economic costs and disruption similar to wars or economic depressions.
Tibor Farago, Honorary professor at St. Istvan University/ former Hungarian c...European Journalism Centre
This document discusses several key issues regarding the science-policy interface on climate change:
1) While climate change is unprecedented in scale, there are precedents from other environmental issues that can provide lessons for addressing it.
2) There is already a high level of scientific certainty about many aspects of climate change like human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and warming temperatures to inform policy action.
3) Climate change is a major policy concern because of its impacts across key economic sectors and implications for global development.
The document discusses renewable energy sources and fundamentals of energy. It covers introduction to energy sources and classification of energy resources. It describes importance of renewable energy and advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy sources. It also discusses energy scenario in India including production, consumption, availability of primary resources and growth of energy sector. Key points covered are types of pollutants from energy sources, their harmful effects, and environmental aspects of increasing energy usage.
Circular Carbon Economy (CCE): A Way to Invest CO2 and Protect the Environmentssuser7bc3591
This document discusses the circular carbon economy (CCE) as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through capture, storage, and utilization of CO2. It provides background on rising CO2 levels and their environmental impacts. The CCE aims to close the carbon cycle by preventing linear CO2 emissions and instead recycling carbon for further use. The document also reviews technologies for carbon capture and storage as well as utilization of CO2 in various applications. It argues that a global effort is needed to support development and adoption of emission-reducing technologies.
Eu action against climate change for 2020 and beyondRobin Molnar
The document discusses the EU's actions and proposals to address climate change on a global scale. It argues that global warming must be limited to 2 degrees Celsius to avoid catastrophic consequences. The EU is calling for global greenhouse gas emissions to be stabilized by 2020 and reduced 50% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels to reasonably achieve this goal. The EU is already taking ambitious steps to reduce its own emissions by at least 20% by 2020 and is leading calls for a comprehensive post-2012 international agreement on climate change.
An overview of the predicted change in energy demand over time, given the projection that economic growth in the emerging and developing countries is not only overtaking growth in the industrialized countries, but that growth rates are poised to continue increasing and will make unsustainable demands on conventional energy resources, and especially fossil fuels unless drastic action, climate action in fact, is taken to address this concern.
Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea.
These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea.
These presentations were developed in 2011, and are somewhat out of date, but most of the principles still apply. Module 10, which has been published, does not include much of the information outlined in these presentations, which are fairly technical. They were developed to address a significant gap in understanding of the technical basis of using ICTs for climate action and because there is a clear bias in development circles against the importance of dealing with climate change mitigation in developing countries. These presentations are an attempt to redress this lack and are published here with this purpose in mind.
The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.
The document discusses global warming and potential solutions. It begins with an abstract describing how climate change is caused by human activities like depletion of natural resources. It then provides an introduction on the causes and impacts of climate change. Potential solutions are then brainstormed like using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), driving hybrid vehicles, using renewable energy, replacing plastic with paper bags, and planting trees. The best three solutions selected are BECCS, hybrid vehicles, and renewable energy.
The document summarizes the key findings of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. The review examines the economic costs of climate change impacts and the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The review finds that [1] climate change presents very serious global risks if left unaddressed; [2] the benefits of strong, early action to address climate change outweigh the costs; and [3] ignoring climate change risks major economic costs and disruption similar to wars or economic depressions.
Tibor Farago, Honorary professor at St. Istvan University/ former Hungarian c...European Journalism Centre
This document discusses several key issues regarding the science-policy interface on climate change:
1) While climate change is unprecedented in scale, there are precedents from other environmental issues that can provide lessons for addressing it.
2) There is already a high level of scientific certainty about many aspects of climate change like human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and warming temperatures to inform policy action.
3) Climate change is a major policy concern because of its impacts across key economic sectors and implications for global development.
The document discusses renewable energy sources and fundamentals of energy. It covers introduction to energy sources and classification of energy resources. It describes importance of renewable energy and advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy sources. It also discusses energy scenario in India including production, consumption, availability of primary resources and growth of energy sector. Key points covered are types of pollutants from energy sources, their harmful effects, and environmental aspects of increasing energy usage.
Circular Carbon Economy (CCE): A Way to Invest CO2 and Protect the Environmentssuser7bc3591
This document discusses the circular carbon economy (CCE) as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through capture, storage, and utilization of CO2. It provides background on rising CO2 levels and their environmental impacts. The CCE aims to close the carbon cycle by preventing linear CO2 emissions and instead recycling carbon for further use. The document also reviews technologies for carbon capture and storage as well as utilization of CO2 in various applications. It argues that a global effort is needed to support development and adoption of emission-reducing technologies.
Dr Andy Reisinger, Senior Research Fellow, New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, presents evidence that global warming, caused by human activity, is an irrefutable scientific fact; this is having huge ecological and social impacts which will ramify into future generations; were facing a global train wreck and have to act now.
Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Climate Change: Sustainable and green architectureDerek Clements-Croome
Climate change is causing increases in global temperatures, droughts, and floods by 2050 according to models. Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are the main driver of climate change. Sustainable architecture aims to reduce pollution and energy consumption from buildings by utilizing passive design, renewable materials and energy sources, and improving indoor air quality. Intelligent buildings make use of automation and control systems to minimize operating costs, improve occupant comfort and productivity, and reduce environmental impacts.
Decarbonizing cement manufacture 2022.pdfJurgen Kola
The document discusses the imperative to decarbonize cement manufacturing. It notes that cement production is a major source of CO2 emissions, which contribute to global warming. Governments and investors have determined that reducing CO2 emissions is necessary to curb rapidly rising global temperatures and the impacts of climate change. While technological solutions for capturing and storing carbon exist, they remain too expensive, and cement companies have not moved quickly enough to commit to science-based emissions reduction targets. Failure to sufficiently decarbonize cement production could deteriorate companies' credit risk as investors increasingly demand evidence of transition pathways to carbon neutrality. Overall, the cement industry must make a major contribution to peaking global greenhouse gas emissions in line with the Paris Agreement goals.
Carbon footprint and its application to citieseAmbiente
The document summarizes a presentation given by Gabriella Chiellino and Federico Balzan of eAmbiente Srl on carbon footprint and its application to cities. The presentation discusses the carbon footprint and life cycle assessment, the Covenant of Mayors initiative which involves cities committing to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 20% by 2020, and the steps involved in developing a Sustainable Energy Action Plan under the Covenant.
This document discusses approaches to low emission and climate resilient development in the Middle East and North Africa region. It finds that the region is especially vulnerable to climate change due to water scarcity, agriculture dependence, and coastal population growth. Examples are given of how renewable energy and energy efficiency can both reduce emissions and increase resilience by improving water and energy security. Specifically, solar pumps in Jordan provide clean water while saving on fossil fuel costs, and energy efficient buildings in Morocco cut emissions and bills. The document argues for an integrated approach considering climate impacts across sectors and levels from national to local.
Sustainability Assessment in Buildings-A new toolsabnisajit
The document discusses strategies to mitigate the interactions between the built environment and global warming. It begins by defining the built environment as the human-made surroundings that provide context for human activity. It then discusses how construction materials and processes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through embodied energy and carbon. The document proposes a new sustainability development index calculated based on a figure of merit to better evaluate sustainability at the conceptual design stage of built environment projects. An illustrative urban development project is analyzed in detail to demonstrate the application of this new assessment methodology.
Carbon footprint is a measure of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from carbon dioxide. Understanding one's carbon footprint allows grasping environmental impacts and relevance to climate change concerns. Carbon footprints include emissions from energy use, transportation, production, and waste. Measuring footprints quantifies effects and informs mitigation efforts. Reducing footprints requires assessing individual and corporate emissions and pursuing energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Science-based applications on TIAM-FR to meet the net zero emissionsIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes a presentation on using the TIAM-FR integrated assessment model to develop scenarios that meet net zero emissions targets and align national climate policies with the Paris Agreement. It discusses using carbon dioxide removal approaches, modeling afforestation and land use in GLOBIOM, and linking this with the energy system modeling in TIAM-FR. The document outlines scenarios developed, presents some results on electricity generation and fresh water withdrawals, and discusses integrating sustainability considerations and developing policy recommendations based on the modeling.
Introduction to Carbon Dioxide RemovalAdam Briggle
This document discusses carbon dioxide removal as a means of addressing climate change. It notes that all pathways to limiting global warming to 1.5°C involve the use of carbon dioxide removal techniques to compensate for remaining emissions and achieve net negative emissions. Specifically, it will require removing 100-1000 gigatons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere this century. However, large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal poses feasibility and sustainability challenges. Near-term emissions reductions can help limit required removal to a few hundred gigatons without relying heavily on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. The document outlines natural carbon dioxide removal methods like afforestation as well as technological approaches.
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King OECD Environment
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King
“How national governments can deal with large-scale environmental risks and reconcile growth and environment objectives”.
1. India is highly vulnerable to the impacts of global warming such as rising sea levels, changes in weather patterns, and declining crop yields. 2. Global warming is caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. 3. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for renewable energy in developing nations in the context of climate change. It outlines how developing nations face significant impacts from climate change but have limited ability to mitigate impacts or transition to renewable energy due to financial and technical constraints. However, renewable energy represents an opportunity for inclusive sustainable growth. The document discusses policy, technological, financial, and management issues developing nations face in promoting renewable energy projects and calls for international support to address these challenges.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and SolutionsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the causes, impacts, and solutions related to climate change.
2) The main causes of climate change discussed are human activities like burning fossil fuels which release greenhouse gases, deforestation, and agriculture/livestock practices.
3) Impacts of climate change discussed include effects on public health like increased heat stress, air pollution, spread of diseases, and impacts on ecosystems and species extinction.
4) Solutions to climate change need to address reducing greenhouse gas emissions through use of renewable energy and afforestation/reforestation as well as improving agricultural practices.
TerraGreen aims to create a global, decentralized Biomass waste management mainly comprising of Bio waste industries. Creation of such a network will enable deployment of an extensive infrastructure which will provide the necessary impetus for proper Biomass waste management. This is largely due to unjustified and uncontrolled exploitation of resources and irresponsible Biomass discard of used material without a properly implemented damage control policy in place.
visit us http://terragreen.io
Terragreen Coin is a unique blockchain-powered attempt at micromanaging biomass wastes from agricultural and forestry sectors and efficiently converting them into renewable energy products. These products, at the end of the process, will be of higher economic value. With Terragreen Coin, consumers can directly participate in the biomass waste management and production of renewable energy products, which in return support the green energy revolution
Emission trading allows countries that have exceeded their emission limits under the Kyoto Protocol to purchase excess allowances from countries that have unused allowances. It has grown into a multibillion dollar market with five established trading platforms. However, critics argue that the costs of reducing emissions through trading schemes are high and benefits are uncertain. They also believe the efforts would be better spent addressing more pressing issues like poverty. Supporters view it as a viable way to mitigate climate change through a sustainable economic model.
Positive Energy Buildings - Professional Development Course for EngineersMarianneSalama
This document provides an overview of energy efficient buildings and their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fighting climate change. It discusses how buildings account for about one-third of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Canada and Quebec, buildings consume around 30% of energy. The document then discusses climate change impacts from increased greenhouse gas levels and how energy efficient buildings could help reduce emissions in Quebec where most electricity comes from renewable sources. It questions if efficient buildings could help speed up electrification of transportation in the province.
Climate change-implications-for-the-energy-sector-summary-from-ipcc-ar5-2014-...Hossam Zein
The document summarizes key findings from an IPCC report on the implications of climate change for the energy sector. It finds that climate change presents challenges for energy production and transmission as rising temperatures and extreme weather events affect infrastructure and operations. The energy sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and without mitigation policies emissions are projected to rise significantly by 2050 due to increasing energy demand. To keep warming below 2°C, the share of low-carbon electricity generation will need to triple or quadruple by 2050, and fossil fuel use without carbon capture will need to be phased out by 2100. Significant cuts in emissions can be achieved through measures like improving efficiency, switching fuels, expanding renewables, and carbon capture storage
Waste: Local Actions with Global Effects - David Newman Humanidade2012
Local waste management actions can have global effects. Waste production is increasing worldwide due to population and economic growth. Improper waste disposal releases methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. Recycling and composting reduce emissions by avoiding landfill gases. They also create jobs and economic opportunities. Countries like Austria have seen success through high recycling rates and sustainable practices like composting and energy recovery instead of landfills. Global support is still needed to address the waste crisis through management improvements that provide environmental, economic and social benefits worldwide.
A cockamamie report encouraging investors to divest from fossil fuels "before it's too late" to do so. The entire thrust of the argument is based on the incorrect theory that mankind is causing the earth to warm catastrophically. With reports this dumb from HSBC, you have to wonder why anyone does business with them!
Dr Andy Reisinger, Senior Research Fellow, New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, presents evidence that global warming, caused by human activity, is an irrefutable scientific fact; this is having huge ecological and social impacts which will ramify into future generations; were facing a global train wreck and have to act now.
Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Climate Change: Sustainable and green architectureDerek Clements-Croome
Climate change is causing increases in global temperatures, droughts, and floods by 2050 according to models. Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are the main driver of climate change. Sustainable architecture aims to reduce pollution and energy consumption from buildings by utilizing passive design, renewable materials and energy sources, and improving indoor air quality. Intelligent buildings make use of automation and control systems to minimize operating costs, improve occupant comfort and productivity, and reduce environmental impacts.
Decarbonizing cement manufacture 2022.pdfJurgen Kola
The document discusses the imperative to decarbonize cement manufacturing. It notes that cement production is a major source of CO2 emissions, which contribute to global warming. Governments and investors have determined that reducing CO2 emissions is necessary to curb rapidly rising global temperatures and the impacts of climate change. While technological solutions for capturing and storing carbon exist, they remain too expensive, and cement companies have not moved quickly enough to commit to science-based emissions reduction targets. Failure to sufficiently decarbonize cement production could deteriorate companies' credit risk as investors increasingly demand evidence of transition pathways to carbon neutrality. Overall, the cement industry must make a major contribution to peaking global greenhouse gas emissions in line with the Paris Agreement goals.
Carbon footprint and its application to citieseAmbiente
The document summarizes a presentation given by Gabriella Chiellino and Federico Balzan of eAmbiente Srl on carbon footprint and its application to cities. The presentation discusses the carbon footprint and life cycle assessment, the Covenant of Mayors initiative which involves cities committing to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 20% by 2020, and the steps involved in developing a Sustainable Energy Action Plan under the Covenant.
This document discusses approaches to low emission and climate resilient development in the Middle East and North Africa region. It finds that the region is especially vulnerable to climate change due to water scarcity, agriculture dependence, and coastal population growth. Examples are given of how renewable energy and energy efficiency can both reduce emissions and increase resilience by improving water and energy security. Specifically, solar pumps in Jordan provide clean water while saving on fossil fuel costs, and energy efficient buildings in Morocco cut emissions and bills. The document argues for an integrated approach considering climate impacts across sectors and levels from national to local.
Sustainability Assessment in Buildings-A new toolsabnisajit
The document discusses strategies to mitigate the interactions between the built environment and global warming. It begins by defining the built environment as the human-made surroundings that provide context for human activity. It then discusses how construction materials and processes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through embodied energy and carbon. The document proposes a new sustainability development index calculated based on a figure of merit to better evaluate sustainability at the conceptual design stage of built environment projects. An illustrative urban development project is analyzed in detail to demonstrate the application of this new assessment methodology.
Carbon footprint is a measure of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from carbon dioxide. Understanding one's carbon footprint allows grasping environmental impacts and relevance to climate change concerns. Carbon footprints include emissions from energy use, transportation, production, and waste. Measuring footprints quantifies effects and informs mitigation efforts. Reducing footprints requires assessing individual and corporate emissions and pursuing energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Science-based applications on TIAM-FR to meet the net zero emissionsIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes a presentation on using the TIAM-FR integrated assessment model to develop scenarios that meet net zero emissions targets and align national climate policies with the Paris Agreement. It discusses using carbon dioxide removal approaches, modeling afforestation and land use in GLOBIOM, and linking this with the energy system modeling in TIAM-FR. The document outlines scenarios developed, presents some results on electricity generation and fresh water withdrawals, and discusses integrating sustainability considerations and developing policy recommendations based on the modeling.
Introduction to Carbon Dioxide RemovalAdam Briggle
This document discusses carbon dioxide removal as a means of addressing climate change. It notes that all pathways to limiting global warming to 1.5°C involve the use of carbon dioxide removal techniques to compensate for remaining emissions and achieve net negative emissions. Specifically, it will require removing 100-1000 gigatons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere this century. However, large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal poses feasibility and sustainability challenges. Near-term emissions reductions can help limit required removal to a few hundred gigatons without relying heavily on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. The document outlines natural carbon dioxide removal methods like afforestation as well as technological approaches.
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King OECD Environment
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King
“How national governments can deal with large-scale environmental risks and reconcile growth and environment objectives”.
1. India is highly vulnerable to the impacts of global warming such as rising sea levels, changes in weather patterns, and declining crop yields. 2. Global warming is caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. 3. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for renewable energy in developing nations in the context of climate change. It outlines how developing nations face significant impacts from climate change but have limited ability to mitigate impacts or transition to renewable energy due to financial and technical constraints. However, renewable energy represents an opportunity for inclusive sustainable growth. The document discusses policy, technological, financial, and management issues developing nations face in promoting renewable energy projects and calls for international support to address these challenges.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and SolutionsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the causes, impacts, and solutions related to climate change.
2) The main causes of climate change discussed are human activities like burning fossil fuels which release greenhouse gases, deforestation, and agriculture/livestock practices.
3) Impacts of climate change discussed include effects on public health like increased heat stress, air pollution, spread of diseases, and impacts on ecosystems and species extinction.
4) Solutions to climate change need to address reducing greenhouse gas emissions through use of renewable energy and afforestation/reforestation as well as improving agricultural practices.
TerraGreen aims to create a global, decentralized Biomass waste management mainly comprising of Bio waste industries. Creation of such a network will enable deployment of an extensive infrastructure which will provide the necessary impetus for proper Biomass waste management. This is largely due to unjustified and uncontrolled exploitation of resources and irresponsible Biomass discard of used material without a properly implemented damage control policy in place.
visit us http://terragreen.io
Terragreen Coin is a unique blockchain-powered attempt at micromanaging biomass wastes from agricultural and forestry sectors and efficiently converting them into renewable energy products. These products, at the end of the process, will be of higher economic value. With Terragreen Coin, consumers can directly participate in the biomass waste management and production of renewable energy products, which in return support the green energy revolution
Emission trading allows countries that have exceeded their emission limits under the Kyoto Protocol to purchase excess allowances from countries that have unused allowances. It has grown into a multibillion dollar market with five established trading platforms. However, critics argue that the costs of reducing emissions through trading schemes are high and benefits are uncertain. They also believe the efforts would be better spent addressing more pressing issues like poverty. Supporters view it as a viable way to mitigate climate change through a sustainable economic model.
Positive Energy Buildings - Professional Development Course for EngineersMarianneSalama
This document provides an overview of energy efficient buildings and their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fighting climate change. It discusses how buildings account for about one-third of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Canada and Quebec, buildings consume around 30% of energy. The document then discusses climate change impacts from increased greenhouse gas levels and how energy efficient buildings could help reduce emissions in Quebec where most electricity comes from renewable sources. It questions if efficient buildings could help speed up electrification of transportation in the province.
Climate change-implications-for-the-energy-sector-summary-from-ipcc-ar5-2014-...Hossam Zein
The document summarizes key findings from an IPCC report on the implications of climate change for the energy sector. It finds that climate change presents challenges for energy production and transmission as rising temperatures and extreme weather events affect infrastructure and operations. The energy sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and without mitigation policies emissions are projected to rise significantly by 2050 due to increasing energy demand. To keep warming below 2°C, the share of low-carbon electricity generation will need to triple or quadruple by 2050, and fossil fuel use without carbon capture will need to be phased out by 2100. Significant cuts in emissions can be achieved through measures like improving efficiency, switching fuels, expanding renewables, and carbon capture storage
Waste: Local Actions with Global Effects - David Newman Humanidade2012
Local waste management actions can have global effects. Waste production is increasing worldwide due to population and economic growth. Improper waste disposal releases methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. Recycling and composting reduce emissions by avoiding landfill gases. They also create jobs and economic opportunities. Countries like Austria have seen success through high recycling rates and sustainable practices like composting and energy recovery instead of landfills. Global support is still needed to address the waste crisis through management improvements that provide environmental, economic and social benefits worldwide.
A cockamamie report encouraging investors to divest from fossil fuels "before it's too late" to do so. The entire thrust of the argument is based on the incorrect theory that mankind is causing the earth to warm catastrophically. With reports this dumb from HSBC, you have to wonder why anyone does business with them!
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
2. Energies 2022, 15, 135 2 of 15
Table 1. Selected largest natural disasters in terms of lost resources in 1997–2017.
Place Kind of Catastrophe Year The Amount of Loss, USD bn
USA Drought 2012 26.7
USA Tornado and storms 2011 14.2
USA Hurricane IKE 2008 41.8
USA Hurricane Katrina 2005 157
USA Hurricane Sandy 2012 73
USA Hurricane Andrew 1992 26.5
USA
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
and resulting floods
2017 221
Europe Heat waves and droughts 2003 17.2
Europe flood 1997 10.7
Pakistan floods and landslides 2010 12.1
China floods 2016 24.5
Thailand floods and landslides 2011 41.3
which marked the way forward in climate action [2]. The European Green Deal also
lights the problem of global warming and aims to achieve zero net greenhouse gas
sions by 2050 [5]. Figure 1 shows selected environmental and climate preventures.
Table 1. Selected largest natural disasters in terms of lost resources in 1997–2017.
Place Kind of Catastrophe Year The Amount of Loss, US
USA Drought 2012 26.7
USA Tornado and storms 2011 14.2
USA Hurricane IKE 2008 41.8
USA Hurricane Katrina 2005 157
USA Hurricane Sandy 2012 73
USA Hurricane Andrew 1992 26.5
USA
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
and resulting floods
2017 221
Europe Heat waves and droughts 2003 17.2
Europe flood 1997 10.7
Pakistan floods and landslides 2010 12.1
China floods 2016 24.5
Thailand floods and landslides 2011 41.3
Figure 1. Selected European Green Deal projects that include climate and environmental prot
Currently, the efficiency of the gas cleaning installation is very high, and the bi
problem is the secondary waste. Figure 2 shows the CE scheme and the place of rec
if the secondary waste was managed. The whole would then fall into the 3 Rs (Red
Reuse–Recycle) [3].
Figure 1. Selected European Green Deal projects that include climate and environmental protection.
Currently, the efficiency of the gas cleaning installation is very high, and the biggest
problem is the secondary waste. Figure 2 shows the CE scheme and the place of recovery
if the secondary waste was managed. The whole would then fall into the 3 Rs (Reduce–
Reuse–Recycle) [3].
By managing secondary waste and following the CE concept, the environmental
footprint is reduced, generating increased income and reducing resource dependency [6].
However, there are calculating that despite climate policy introduction, reducing
CO2 emissions will reduce the temperature in 2100 by only 0.17 ◦C. Hence, some climate
simulations indicate the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the increase of the global
temperature but to a small extent [7].
1.2. Incineration Plant
Figure 2 shows a waste incineration plant as part of the circular economy when
secondary waste is recycled. Waste incineration plants are a necessary part of the waste
management system because not all waste can be recycled. Some of the contaminated, oily,
mixed, and residual waste is not suitable for reuse or the production of alternative fuel.
The only possibility for energy recovery is thermal treatment in a waste incineration plant.
A waste incineration plant is divided into the following:
3. Energies 2022, 15, 135 3 of 15
• Delivery of waste. In this area, the waste is checked for radioactivity, weighed, and
unloaded into a bunker. The hall is under negative pressure, which prevents odors
from escaping to the outside.
• Burning and recovery. In this zone, the waste is thermally treated on a furnace, which
is fed by a crane. The combustion temperature is approximately 850 ◦C.
• Flue gas treatment. In this zone, the waste gas is purified by a bag filter. The treated
waste gases and emissions are released into the atmosphere via the chimney.
• Recovery. In this zone, thermal energy is recovered, which is then transformed by the
turbine into electricity. Depending on the needs of the city or the plant, the energy is
transferred accordingly.
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17
Figure 2. Secondary waste in the circular economy.
By managing secondary waste and following the CE concept, the environmental foot-
print is reduced, generating increased income and reducing resource dependency [6].
However, there are calculating that despite climate policy introduction, reducing CO2
emissions will reduce the temperature in 2100 by only 0.17 °C. Hence, some climate sim-
ulations indicate the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the increase of the global
temperature but to a small extent [7].
1.2. Incineration Plant
Figure 2 shows a waste incineration plant as part of the circular economy when sec-
ondary waste is recycled. Waste incineration plants are a necessary part of the waste man-
agement system because not all waste can be recycled. Some of the contaminated, oily,
mixed, and residual waste is not suitable for reuse or the production of alternative fuel.
The only possibility for energy recovery is thermal treatment in a waste incineration plant.
A waste incineration plant is divided into the following:
• Delivery of waste. In this area, the waste is checked for radioactivity, weighed, and
unloaded into a bunker. The hall is under negative pressure, which prevents odors
from escaping to the outside.
• Burning and recovery. In this zone, the waste is thermally treated on a furnace, which
is fed by a crane. The combustion temperature is approximately 850 °C.
• Flue gas treatment. In this zone, the waste gas is purified by a bag filter. The treated
Figure 2. Secondary waste in the circular economy.
Secondary waste. In this zone, the waste generated during the process is collected.
MSWIBA (19 01 12—European Waste Catalogue number) is collected, which is then sub-
jected to a valorization process, which is described in detail in [8]. Fly ash (19 01 07 *
European Waste Catalogue number, the “*” means hazardous waste) is loaded into barrels
and taken to the site where it undergoes the stabilization/solidification (s/s) process and
is then stored in the form of monoliths. Boiler ash is a waste product, which, depending
on the installation, is, e.g., added to fly ash and disposed of together with it [8,9]. Figure 3
shows the incineration plant scheme with treatment zones [10].
During the process, approximately 30% of MSWIBA is produced from incinerated
municipal waste. The amount of MSWIBA can vary depending on the morphology of
the municipal waste, such as the content of inorganic substances, glass, porcelain, or
metals. The greater the proportion of incombustible compounds, the greater the amount of
MSWIBA [11].
Some European Union countries are saturated with incineration plants, which cover
the demand for the management of the combustible fraction. Such countries include, for
example, Germany and France. Some countries are struggling with insufficient capacity. In
Poland, for example, there is a lack of infrastructure for the management of combustible
4. Energies 2022, 15, 135 4 of 15
waste. The collection of combustible waste by incineration plants in Poland is comparable
to the capacity of cement plants.
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 17
jected to a valorization process, which is described in detail in [8]. Fly ash (19 01 07 * Eu-
ropean Waste Catalogue number, the “*” means hazardous waste) is loaded into barrels
and taken to the site where it undergoes the stabilization/solidification (s/s) process and
is then stored in the form of monoliths. Boiler ash is a waste product, which, depending
on the installation, is, e.g., added to fly ash and disposed of together with it [8,9]. Figure 3
shows the incineration plant scheme with treatment zones [10].
Figure 3. Incineration plant.
During the process, approximately 30% of MSWIBA is produced from incinerated
municipal waste. The amount of MSWIBA can vary depending on the morphology of the
municipal waste, such as the content of inorganic substances, glass, porcelain, or metals.
The greater the proportion of incombustible compounds, the greater the amount of
MSWIBA [11].
Some European Union countries are saturated with incineration plants, which cover
the demand for the management of the combustible fraction. Such countries include, for
example, Germany and France. Some countries are struggling with insufficient capacity.
In Poland, for example, there is a lack of infrastructure for the management of combustible
waste. The collection of combustible waste by incineration plants in Poland is comparable
to the capacity of cement plants.
Table 2 shows the number of installations and the processing capacity of incineration
plans in the selected countries.
Figure 3. Incineration plant.
Table 2 shows the number of installations and the processing capacity of incineration
plans in the selected countries.
The highest number of WtE plants is in France (126) with a capacity of 14.4 million
Mg per year, while the highest capacity is in Germany (26.8 million Mg per year) with
96 installations. Estonia, Lithuania, and Luxembourg each have one WtE plant. In total,
98 million Mg of waste is treated at 492 incineration plants in Europe per year, of which
about 30 million Mg of secondary waste is generated.
Coarse aggregate in concrete represents approximately 42% of the mix volume, while
fine aggregate represents 28% of the max volume. If all 19 01 12 aggregate is substituted, it
can account for 70% of the volume of concrete. The range of fractions of 19 01 12 after the
valorization process is 0–150 mm.
Secondary waste from incineration plants can be managed in pasty filling in under-
ground mining or as aggregate additive in road priming.
1.3. MSWIBA Manage in Construction
The building sector is a high emitting sector of the economy. Construction in Europe is
responsible for almost 50% of all natural resources used, 40% of energy consumption, 35% of
greenhouse gas emissions, 33% of all waste produced, and 30% of water consumption [12,13].
Cement is the basic binder used in construction. The process of making cement is an
energy-intensive and carbon-intensive process. The production of 1 Mg of cement uses
about 1 Mg of raw minerals and emits almost 1 Mg of CO2. Cement production accounts
for 5–10% of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the world. The amount of
CO2 emissions results from the calcination of carbonate minerals (60%) and the combustion
of fuels (40%) [14,15].
5. Energies 2022, 15, 135 5 of 15
Table 2. Number of WtE plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration
plants) and waste thermally treated, mln Mg w 2017.
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Ireland
UK
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Austria
Czech
Republic
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Lithuania
Estonia
Denmark
Germany
WtE Plants operating
in Europe
18 34 9 2 40 12 17 126 4 12 39 30 1 11 4 1 2 6 1 1 26 96
Waste thermally threated,
mln Mg
1.63 6.1 1.61 0.48 10.9 7.6 3.4 14.4 1.2 3 6.11 6.11 0.17 2.6 0.7 0.35 0.23 0.8 0.25 0.22 3.4 26.8
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the construction sector, the use of concrete,
steel, and cement, among other things, can be reduced. The European Environmental
Agency has announced the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 61% by 2050,
compared to 2015. The report “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions through circular econ-
omy actions in the buildings sector” presents opportunities to reduce emissions from the
buildings sector [1]. The key circular economy actions are product design, production
process, demolition, waste management, and consumption models [1].
The result of the MSWIBA Life Cycle Assessment shows savings in CO2 equivalent
and fossil depletion per 1 kg of different kinds of cement. For example, in the case of the
Portland cement substitution, approximately 1.35 kg equivalent per 1 kg and 0.1 kg fossil
depletion were saved. The full LCA analysis is presented elsewhere [8,16,17].
Figure 4 shows the two loops of the circular economy process, where the key points of
CO2 emissions and natural resource consumption are marked in red. In green (with “-”)
are marked key points of raw materials and CO2 emissions saved.
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 17
Figure 4. Circular economy of 19 01 12 and old buildings materials. CO2 savings and CO2 emissions
during the material cycle and circular economy process.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bottom Ash
Bottom ash has the code 19 01 12 (bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in
19 01 11). The test sample is the 0–8 mm fraction. The waste is grey. It is not dusty or dirty.
It has no characteristic odor. The figure shows the tested bottom ash [8]. Figure 5 repre-
Figure 4. Circular economy of 19 01 12 and old buildings materials. CO2 savings and CO2 emissions
during the material cycle and circular economy process.
6. Energies 2022, 15, 135 6 of 15
Figure 4 shows a loop in which energy was recovered from waste and secondary
waste went to the construction industry. The second loop shows the use of the movement
of material produced using 19 01 12. The implementation of 19 01 12 in the construction
industry will further extend the life of the material due to the properties of supplementary
cementing materials, which are described in Section 2.1.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bottom Ash
Bottom ash has the code 19 01 12 (bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned
in 19 01 11). The test sample is the 0–8 mm fraction. The waste is grey. It is not dusty or
dirty. It has no characteristic odor. The figure shows the tested bottom ash [8]. Figure 5
represents MSWIBA.
Figure 4. Circular economy of 19 01 12 and old buildings materials. CO2 savings and CO2 emissions
during the material cycle and circular economy process.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bottom Ash
Bottom ash has the code 19 01 12 (bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in
19 01 11). The test sample is the 0–8 mm fraction. The waste is grey. It is not dusty or dirty.
It has no characteristic odor. The figure shows the tested bottom ash [8]. Figure 5 repre-
sents MSWIBA.
Figure 5. MSWIBA.
MSWIBA is a porous aggregate. Glass and porcelain can be seen in the MSWIBA
sintering [17].
The literature analysis indicates the pozzolanic properties of MSWIBA. The pozzolanic
material, i.e., “a siliceous and aluminous material which, in itself, possesses little or no
cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form in the presence of moisture, react
chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing
cementitious properties”. The intensity of the pozzolanic reaction properties may vary with
each batch of material due to the heterogeneity of MSWIBA. The properties of MSWIBA
depend on the combustion process and the fraction processed. For example, the amount
of organic carbon depends on the time and temperature at which the municipal waste is
incinerated. Sulfur, heavy metals, and chlorine depend on the chemical properties of the
municipal waste [18].
The intensity of the pozzolanic reaction properties may vary with each batch of
material due to the heterogeneity of MSWIBA. The properties of MSIBA depend on the
combustion process and the fraction processed. For example, the amount of organic carbon
depends on the time and temperature at which the municipal waste is incinerated. Sulfur,
heavy metals, and chlorine depend on the chemical properties of the municipal waste [18].
Currently, SCMs are pulverized fly ash (PFA), round granulated blast furnace slags
(GGBFS), and silica fume (SF). However, due to the Paris Agreement, countries will move
7. Energies 2022, 15, 135 7 of 15
away from coal-fired power generation. Hence, the number of SCMs currently in use will
decrease. Therefore, to fill the future market gap, substitutes such as 19 01 12 should be
introduced, especially since the amount of waste is not decreasing despite the introduction
of a waste hierarchy [18].
2.2. CSA and Portland Cement Mortars
Portland cement is a mineral hydraulic binder. The raw materials for clinker pro-
duction are limestone, marl limestone, marl, and clay. The firing temperature of the raw
materials reaches 1450 ◦C. The flame and gas temperatures are about 2000 ◦C. The ma-
terial in the high-temperature zone stays for about 0.5 h. High temperatures make the
clinker firing process an energy- and emission-intensive process. In addition, natural
resources are consumed in cement production [19–21]. Figure 6 shows the production of
Portland cement.
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 17
Figure 6. Portland clinker and cement production.
Calcium Sulfoalumine Cement (CSA) is a mineral hydraulic binder. CSA is formed
after the milling of sulphate clinker and calcium sulphate. The main constituent is
(Ca4(AlO2)6SO4/C4A3S) [22]. Figure 7 shows clinker and CSA production scheme.
Figure 7. Clinker and CSA production scheme.
The raw materials for the production of CSA cement are limestone, bauxite, and gyp-
sum. The firing temperature is about 1250 °C, which is about 200 °C lower than that of
Figure 6. Portland clinker and cement production.
Calcium Sulfoalumine Cement (CSA) is a mineral hydraulic binder. CSA is formed
after the milling of sulphate clinker and calcium sulphate. The main constituent is
(Ca4(AlO2)6SO4/C4A3S) [22]. Figure 7 shows clinker and CSA production scheme.
The raw materials for the production of CSA cement are limestone, bauxite, and
gypsum. The firing temperature is about 1250 ◦C, which is about 200 ◦C lower than that of
Portland clinker. This results in higher carbon and energy intensity of the CSA production
process [22].
Portland cement and CSA differ in composition. This results in different hydration
processes [22]. In both CSA and Portland cement production, recycled raw materials, i.e.,
alternative fuels, can be used. However, the average CO2 emissions from the production
of CSA cement are much lower at 599 kg CO2eq/Mg. The average CO2 emission from the
production of Portland cement CEM I is 798 kg CO2eq/Mg [22].
This work aims to research MSWIBA in terms of management in the building industry.
The importance of this work is environmentally and economically beneficial. The conducted
tests allow us to learn about the physicochemical properties of MSWIBA and compare
them with other materials used in construction. Thanks to the research, it will be possible
to select MSWIBA more precisely as a substitute in specific concrete mixtures.
8. Energies 2022, 15, 135 8 of 15
Figure 6. Portland clinker and cement production.
Calcium Sulfoalumine Cement (CSA) is a mineral hydraulic binder. CSA is formed
after the milling of sulphate clinker and calcium sulphate. The main constituent is
(Ca4(AlO2)6SO4/C4A3S) [22]. Figure 7 shows clinker and CSA production scheme.
Figure 7. Clinker and CSA production scheme.
The raw materials for the production of CSA cement are limestone, bauxite, and gyp-
sum. The firing temperature is about 1250 °C, which is about 200 °C lower than that of
Portland clinker. This results in higher carbon and energy intensity of the CSA production
process [22].
Portland cement and CSA differ in composition. This results in different hydration
processes [22]. In both CSA and Portland cement production, recycled raw materials, i.e.,
alternative fuels, can be used. However, the average CO2 emissions from the production
of CSA cement are much lower at 599 kg CO2eq/Mg. The average CO2 emission from the
production of Portland cement CEM I is 798 kg CO2eq/Mg [22].
Figure 7. Clinker and CSA production scheme.
An important aspect is also the use of various types of cement in mixtures. By
comparing CSA and CEM I 42.5R, a better cement can be selected from an environmental
and economic point of view in construction mixture with MSWIBA.
2.3. MSWIBA Analysis and Tests
The purpose of the research and tests carried out is to determine the physicochemical
properties of MSWIBA. Selected studies were carried out in terms of the development of
MSWIBA in construction.
Sieve analysis is one of the methods of granulometric analysis that determines the
fractional composition of a material. Sieve analysis was performed using a set of sieves
with different mesh diameters. The analysis was performed using the dry method. Analysis
was performed in accordance with the PN-EN 933-1 standard.
During the TG analysis, changes in the mass of the test material during heating are
recorded. The analysis is recorded with the TG curve, according to the Formula (1):
∆m =
Z
(t) =
Z
(T) (1)
The differential thermogravimetric curve (DTG) is obtained by re-estimation of the
rate of mass change (dm/dt), according to the Formula (2):
dm/dt =
Z
(t) =
Z
(T) (2)
DTG analysis was performed in the temperature range 25–1600 ◦C in an air atmosphere.
Losses of mass for the analyzed samples were determined, and the onset, endset, and peak
were determined on the DTG curve [23].
Mass losses were determined for MSWIBA. The temperatures of the beginning (onset),
the end (endset), and the maximum intensity of the transformation (peak) were determined
on the DTG curves.
The test was performed in accordance with the INS/IChN—IA/GS/09 procedure
“Thermal analysis”. The test was performed using a thermobalance: TGA/DSC 3+ prod.
Mettler—Toledo (Switzerland).
Glassy phase is built like crystalline silica, but it is amorphous (has no ordered
internal structure).
Amorphous (glassy) phase occurs as separate elements of the microstructure or is
located at grain boundaries. Phase identification by X-ray diffraction was performed accord-
ing to PN-EN 13925-1: 2007 and PN-EN 13925-2: 2004 standards. Quantitative phase com-
position by X-ray diffraction was performed according to PN-EN 13925-1: 2007 standard.
9. Energies 2022, 15, 135 9 of 15
Strength tests were performed by producing 4 × 4 × 16 cm blocks. The blocks, after
removal from the molds, were kept in an aqueous environment for 28 days. The mortars were
then placed in a testing machine on two supports, where the strength was tested by destroying
them. The strength test was carried out according to the PN EN 196-1 standard. The device is
designed for strength tests of masonry mortars, plasters, floor screeds, floors, cement, etc. The
test stand (by controls) allowed us to determine the bending strength of a 40 × 40 × 160 mm
beam and to determine the compressive strength of a 40 × 40 × 40 mm sample.
The press met the requirements of the EN 196-1: 2005 standard. The stand can enable
tests according to the following standards: PN-EN 12004 (method described in PN-EN
1348: 1999); PN-EN 998-1 (method described in PN-EN 1015-12: 2002); PN-EN 998-2
(method described in PN-EN 1015-12: 2002); PN-90/B-14501 (method according to PN-
85/B-04500); PN-B-30042: 1997 (method according to PN-86/B-04360); and PN-EN 13813
(method according to PN-EN 13892-8: 2004) [24].
The leachability test was performed by shaking the samples in distilled water for 24 h
in a closed, dark container. The extract was filtered through a soft filter. The pH of the
extract and the aqueous extract were performed according to the standard PN-EN ISO
10523:2012.
3. Results
3.1. MSWIBA Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis was carried out to determine the grain size of fractions. The factors
influencing the choice of grain size are aggregate surface area, the relative volume occupied
by the aggregate, workability of the mixture, and segregation tendencies. The MSWIBA
sieve analysis is presented in Table 3.
Table 3. MSWIBA sieve analysis.
Fraction
Mesh
Sieve Size
[mm]
Overflow Fraction Subsieve Fraction
I Sample II Sample III Sample
Average Mesh Sieve
Size [mm]
Summary [%]
g %
0–0.063 0 0.8 1.4 1.9 1.37 0.05 0.063 0.05
0.063–0.125 0.063 13.5 23.4 23.8 20.2 0.67 0.125 0.72
0.125–0.25 0.125 91.2 115.3 116.3 107.6 3.59 0.25 4.31
0.25–0.5 0.25 389.4 348.1 406.0 381.2 12.71 0.5 17.01
0.5–1 0.5 607.1 409.4 497.7 504.7 16.82 1 33.84
1–2 1 571.3 479.1 551.4 533.93 17.80 2 51.63444
2–4 2 764.4 888.0 823.1 825.2 27.51 4 79.14
4–8 4 547.9 722.2 569.9 613.3 20.44 8 99.58
8–16 8 14.4 13.1 9.9 12.5 0.42 16 100.00
16–32 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 32 100.00
The sand point was 51%. The fines fraction (oversize) was 0.42%, which confirmed
that the tested MSWIBA fraction is 0–8 mm. Based on the sieve analysis, it was concluded
that MSWIBA can be used as an aggregate replacement. However, the aggregate grain was
round, while MSWIBA has a larger specific surface area [25].
In further studies, it is necessary to select the rest of the aggregate to be used in concrete
based on sieve analysis. The selection of a coarse fraction alone (e.g., basalt) will lower
the sand point, so when making a ready-mix concrete aggregate with MSWIBA, a certain
amount of sand should also be added. It will also be necessary to test the concrete because
of the potential for unpredictability in the workability of the mix due to the previously
mentioned different specific surface areas of the MSWIBA grains [25].
3.2. TG and DTG Analysis
The results of the DTG MSWIBA analysis are shown in the Table 4 and Figure 8.
10. Energies 2022, 15, 135 10 of 15
Table 4. Onset, peak, endset and weight loss of MSWIBA in DTG analysis.
Temperature Range Onset [◦C] Peak [◦C] Endset [◦C] Weight Loss [%]
25–150 ◦C 53.0 72.1 91.9 4.61
100–150 ◦C 108.1 122.43 152.4 0.58
500–700 ◦C 588.49 635.4 667.2 1.72
1000–1300 ◦C 1011.5 1134.3 1223.2 1.09
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 17
Figure 8. MSWIBA DTG.
Two small peaks related to the mass loss of the sample were observed. The mass loss
in the temperature range 25–150 °C was 4.61%. This was attributed to the evaporation of
water and volatile organic solvents. The second thermal effect was in the range 500–700
°C, with a peak maximum of 635.4 °C, which can probably be attributed to the thermal
decomposition of organic substances. The mass loss in this range was 1.72%, indicating
little organic matter in the sample. The last energetic effect observed in the temperature
range 1000–1300 °C was due to the decomposition of silicon or phosphorus compounds.
The mass loss in this temperature range was 1.1%, while the total mass loss for the studied
sample (25–1600 °C) was 9.9% [26].
3.3. Glassy Phase
The glassy phase content of construction material is a favorable characteristic, but not
decisive for good hydraulic properties. The vitreous phase content affects the hydraulic
activity of MSWIBA. Blast furnace slag, which is characterized by a high vitreous phase
content, is used in the manufacture of types of cement and concretes.
The literature analysis showed that granulated blast furnace slags with a glassy phase
content of 58%–99% meet the requirements of the PN-EN 15167-1:2007 standard [27].
The best hydraulic activity index had a blast furnace slag with 97%–99% glassy phase,
with an activity coefficient (CaO + MgO)/SiO of about 1.3 [27].
An ingredient that exhibits hydraulic properties after appropriate activation and, in
order to be used in cement, must meet the requirements of EN 197-1:2012 [N4.2], the most
important of which are glassy phase content ≥ 67%, CaO + MgO + SiO2 oxide sum content
≥ 67%, and CaO + MgO/SiO2 mass ratio ≥1 [27]. Figure 9 shows glassy phase of MSWIBA.
Figure 8. MSWIBA DTG.
Two small peaks related to the mass loss of the sample were observed. The mass loss in
the temperature range 25–150 ◦C was 4.61%. This was attributed to the evaporation of water
and volatile organic solvents. The second thermal effect was in the range 500–700 ◦C, with a
peak maximum of 635.4 ◦C, which can probably be attributed to the thermal decomposition
of organic substances. The mass loss in this range was 1.72%, indicating little organic matter
in the sample. The last energetic effect observed in the temperature range 1000–1300 ◦C
was due to the decomposition of silicon or phosphorus compounds. The mass loss in this
temperature range was 1.1%, while the total mass loss for the studied sample (25–1600 ◦C)
was 9.9% [26].
3.3. Glassy Phase
The glassy phase content of construction material is a favorable characteristic, but not
decisive for good hydraulic properties. The vitreous phase content affects the hydraulic
activity of MSWIBA. Blast furnace slag, which is characterized by a high vitreous phase
content, is used in the manufacture of types of cement and concretes.
The literature analysis showed that granulated blast furnace slags with a glassy phase
content of 58–99% meet the requirements of the PN-EN 15167-1:2007 standard [27].
The best hydraulic activity index had a blast furnace slag with 97–99% glassy phase,
with an activity coefficient (CaO + MgO)/SiO of about 1.3 [27].
An ingredient that exhibits hydraulic properties after appropriate activation and, in
order to be used in cement, must meet the requirements of EN 197-1:2012 [N4.2], the most
important of which are glassy phase content ≥67%, CaO + MgO + SiO2 oxide sum content
≥67%, and CaO + MgO/SiO2 mass ratio ≥1 [27]. Figure 9 shows glassy phase of MSWIBA.
11. Energies 2022, 15, 135 11 of 15
ies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 1
Figure 9. MSWIBA glassy phase.
Amorphous content of MSWIBA was about 71%, which is not below the amorphou
content of the average granulated blast furnace slag. Quartz was about 13%. The conten
of calcite was 3.5% and content of SiC (6H) was 3%. Ettringite content was 0.6%.
Based on the vitreous phase content, it was concluded that MSWIBA has hydraul
properties.
3.4. Strength Tests
The mortars included MSWIBA as 100% fine aggregate substitute. Table 5 shows th
28-Day Compressive Strength of Mortar (MPa) with CEM I 42.5R and CSA.
Table 5. Strength tests: MSWIBA accounts for 100% by weight of aggregate.
Type of Cement in
Mortar
Height of Mortar
Beam (mm)
28-Day Compressive
Strength of Mortar (MPa)
Standard
Deviation
CEM I 42.5 R 42 26.98 0.75
CSA 42 40.23 3.21
The beam strength with CSA was almost 1.5 times higher than with CEM I 42.5 R
The 28-Day Compressive Strength of CEM I 42.5 R mortar was 26.98 MPa, while CSA wa
40.23 MPa.
CSA is a less-emissive cement; therefore, the use of MSWIBA along with CSA carrie
environmental benefits of reduced emissivity of the final product [13,21,28].
3.5. Leachability
The leachability of MSWIBA contaminants into the environment is as important
Figure 9. MSWIBA glassy phase.
Amorphous content of MSWIBA was about 71%, which is not below the amorphous
content of the average granulated blast furnace slag. Quartz was about 13%. The content of
calcite was 3.5% and content of SiC (6H) was 3%. Ettringite content was 0.6%.
Based on the vitreous phase content, it was concluded that MSWIBA has
hydraulic properties.
3.4. Strength Tests
The mortars included MSWIBA as 100% fine aggregate substitute. Table 5 shows the
28-Day Compressive Strength of Mortar (MPa) with CEM I 42.5R and CSA.
Table 5. Strength tests: MSWIBA accounts for 100% by weight of aggregate.
Type of Cement
in Mortar
Height of Mortar
Beam (mm)
28-Day Compressive
Strength of Mortar (MPa)
Standard Deviation
CEM I 42.5 R 42 26.98 0.75
CSA 42 40.23 3.21
The beam strength with CSA was almost 1.5 times higher than with CEM I 42.5 R.
The 28-Day Compressive Strength of CEM I 42.5 R mortar was 26.98 MPa, while CSA was
40.23 MPa.
CSA is a less-emissive cement; therefore, the use of MSWIBA along with CSA carries
environmental benefits of reduced emissivity of the final product [13,21,28].
3.5. Leachability
The leachability of MSWIBA contaminants into the environment is as important a
parameter as the durability of the material. Which pollutants are used and their quantity
are defined in the Ordinance of the Minister of Economy of 16 July 2015 on Allowing Waste
12. Energies 2022, 15, 135 12 of 15
to be Stored in Landfills. (Dz.u. Poz 1277) [29]. The amount of impurities in MSWIBA is
presented in the work [8]. Table 6 shows the water extract pH of MSWIBA mortars with
CEM I 42.5 R and CSA.
Table 6. Water extract pH of MSWIBA mortars with CEM I 42.5 R and CSA.
Cement CEM I 42.5 R CSA
pH 11.96 10.39
The pH of the water extract of the mortar with CEM I 42.5 R is 11.96, whereas the pH
of the water extract with CSA is 10.39. Reinforcement corrosion occurs when the pH drops
below 9.5. Freshly produced concrete has a pH of about 12.5. It follows that both mortars
should have a slightly increased pH, but this is not below the standard.
The solution to raising the pH of concrete may be to alkalinize MSWIBA before it is
used in concrete. Not only will it raise the pH, but it will also result in an improvement in
the physicochemical properties of the material in terms of construction [25].
4. Results Discussion
MSWIBA is a heterogeneous material. However, MSWIBA is suitable as a substitute for
aggregate. MSWIBA is not calorific, which was confirmed by the DTG analysis. MSWIBA
meets the standards for aggregates for use in construction. Examination of the vitreous
phase content [30] also confirmed the similarity to the materials used so far in the production
of concrete, i.e., granular blast furnace slag. Moreover, based on the examination of the
vitreous phase, it can be concluded that MSWIBA has the properties of SCMs. This is
an additional advantage of MSWIBA when it is managed together with fly ash, which is
produced in the same process of incineration of municipal waste. Fly ash is a hazardous
waste and particularly difficult to recycle; therefore, the properties of MSWIBA will have a
positive effect on the immobilization of pollutants.
Sieve analysis was carried out to select the correct fraction of aggregate for the concrete
mix.The analysis showed that the next step is to select the correct amount of fine and coarse
aggregate by methodical repetition. The resulting aggregate was compared with standard
screening curves [31].
Cement production is a high-emission process; therefore, the research conducted a
comparative analysis of two different cements—CSA and CEM I 42.5R. The production of
CSA had less emissions, and the mortars using CSA had better mechanical properties. This
translates into a reduction in the negative impact on the environment [32] in the production
of a building mix with CSA and MSWIBA versus the usual building mix [33].
The pH of the water extract was suitable for both cements. CEM I 42.5 R had a slightly
better pH. A suitably high pH affects the durability of the mixture. In further studies,
NaOH pretretment may be used to increase the pH of the mixture. Then, MSWIBA is
soaked in concentrated NaOH, which additionally causes the immobilization of impurities
and the improvement of physicochemical properties.
5. Conclusions
Rising global temperatures have a real impact on climate change. One effect is natural
disasters, which translate into a human, environmental, and economic losses. To prevent
global warming the European Commission has introduced the European Green Deal and
the United Nations has introduced 17 Sustainable Developments Goals. The Community
and the UN aim to introduce solutions to prevent environmental degradation and to help
developing countries. One of the ideas is the circular economy, which aims to minimize
waste and extend the life cycle of materials and products.
Not all waste can be recycled; therefore, inerting plants are an indispensable link in
the waste management chain. These plants unfortunately produce secondary waste, which
needs to be treated to close the loop. Waste-salaried plants produce the most bottom ash.
13. Energies 2022, 15, 135 13 of 15
One of the best environments for the immobilization of pollutants in the construction
industry. In addition, construction is also one of the main global emitters of greenhouse
gases into the environment and consumes significant amounts of natural resources. Sec-
ondary wastes have the potential to be substituted for natural raw materials and binders.
MSWIBA is considered to be an SCM that has hydraulic as well as pozzolanic proper-
ties. The use of MSWIBA will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, raw material extraction,
and reduce landfill waste [34].
The study of the glassy phase confirms the potential for the use of MSWIBA in concrete.
However, it is important to bear in mind the heterogeneity of the MSWIBA, which depends,
among other things, on the municipal waste collection system and seasonality.
Studies conducted indicate that blocks with MSWIBA have better strength properties
with CSA than with CEM I. By using CSA, the environmental impact is even lower than
when using CEM I.
6. Discussion
The analysis of the literature indicates various studies on the development of MSWIBA
in construction. This is, for example, an elemental and qualitative physicochemical analysis.
Some items indicate MSWIBA pretreatment through the use of washing with water or
alkali, e.g., NaOH, and the influence of time, temperature, and concentration on the
physicochemical properties and the immobilization of heavy metals.
The essence of this study was to investigate the selected fraction (0–8 mm) after
valorization with the use of different types of cement and to compare their influence on the
mechanical properties of the mortar. A relevant aspect of the work is also the comparison
of CSA with CEM I 42.5R due to the lower emissivity of the CSA production. The research
contributes to a better understanding of the material that is MSWIBA. Thanks to the tests
of various fractions from different seasons, it is possible to better select material substitutes
in concrete mixtures.
Further tests should include a full sieve analysis of the slag together with a supple-
mentary aggregate mix. Such a mixture could form the basis for concrete testing.
The next research step could be to analyze both wastes, i.e., fly ash and MSWIBA. Such
a combination will make it possible to take advantage of the slag’s SCM characteristics,
which will increase the immobilization of contaminants from the hazardous fly ash. Fly ash
is the most burdensome waste from waste incineration plants, while it also has pozzolanic
characteristics and therefore has potential for use in construction [35–37].
Another possibility would be the NaOH pretreatment of MSWIBA. NaOH pretreat-
ment increases the immobilization of heavy metals and improves the physicochemical
properties of MSWIBA. The alkaline treatment etches the material, thus increasing the
strength of the mixture. The Figure 10 shows an example of MSWIBA treatment [9].
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 17
gases into the environment and consumes significant amounts of natural resources. Sec-
ondary wastes have the potential to be substituted for natural raw materials and binders.
MSWIBA is considered to be an SCM that has hydraulic as well as pozzolanic prop-
erties. The use of MSWIBA will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, raw material extraction,
and reduce landfill waste [34].
The study of the glassy phase confirms the potential for the use of MSWIBA in con-
crete. However, it is important to bear in mind the heterogeneity of the MSWIBA, which
depends, among other things, on the municipal waste collection system and seasonality.
Studies conducted indicate that blocks with MSWIBA have better strength properties
with CSA than with CEM I. By using CSA, the environmental impact is even lower than
when using CEM I.
6. Discussion
The analysis of the literature indicates various studies on the development of
MSWIBA in construction. This is, for example, an elemental and qualitative physicochem-
ical analysis. Some items indicate MSWIBA pretreatment through the use of washing with
water or alkali, e.g., NaOH, and the influence of time, temperature, and concentration on
the physicochemical properties and the immobilization of heavy metals.
The essence of this study was to investigate the selected fraction (0–8 mm) after val-
orization with the use of different types of cement and to compare their influence on the
mechanical properties of the mortar. A relevant aspect of the work is also the comparison
of CSA with CEM I 42.5R due to the lower emissivity of the CSA production. The research
contributes to a better understanding of the material that is MSWIBA. Thanks to the tests
of various fractions from different seasons, it is possible to better select material substi-
tutes in concrete mixtures.
Further tests should include a full sieve analysis of the slag together with a supple-
mentary aggregate mix. Such a mixture could form the basis for concrete testing.
The next research step could be to analyze both wastes, i.e., fly ash and MSWIBA.
Such a combination will make it possible to take advantage of the slag’s SCM characteris-
tics, which will increase the immobilization of contaminants from the hazardous fly ash.
Fly ash is the most burdensome waste from waste incineration plants, while it also has
pozzolanic characteristics and therefore has potential for use in construction [35–37].
Another possibility would be the NaOH pretreatment of MSWIBA. NaOH pretreat-
ment increases the immobilization of heavy metals and improves the physicochemical
properties of MSWIBA. The alkaline treatment etches the material, thus increasing the
strength of the mixture. The Figure 10 shows an example of MSWIBA treatment [9].
Figure 10. Example of MSWIBA processing.
Figure 10. Example of MSWIBA processing.
14. Energies 2022, 15, 135 14 of 15
This treatment will generate liquid waste, which will also have to be managed.
This will be another technological challenge, but the direction could be, for example,
wastewater hygienization.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.P. and B.Ł.-P.; methodology, B.Ł.-P., N.P. and A.C.;
software, N.P. and A.C.; validation, N.P., A.C. and B.Ł.-P.; formal analysis, N.P.; investigation, B.Ł.-P.
and N.P.; resources, B.Ł.-P. and K.P.; data curation, N.P. and A.C.; writing—original draft preparation,
N.P.; writing—review and editing, B.Ł.-P.; visualization, N.P. and A.C.; supervision, B.Ł.-P. and K.P.;
project administration, N.P. and K.P.; funding acquisition, N.P., K.P. and B.Ł.-P. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by 08/030/BKM21/0094.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. European Environment Agency. Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Circular Economy Actions in the Buildings Sector.
Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/cutting-greenhouse-gas-emissions-through/cutting-greenhouse-
gas-emissions-through (accessed on 29 November 2021).
2. European Comission. Climate Action. Paris Agreement. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/international-
action-climate-change/climate-negotiations/paris-agreement_pl (accessed on 22 November 2021).
3. Deloitte. Raport: Closed Loop—Open Opportunities. Available online: https://www2.deloitte.com/pl/pl/pages/
zarzadzania-procesami-i-strategiczne/articles/innowacje/raport-zamkniety-obieg-otwarte-mozliwosci.html (accessed on
20 November 2021).
4. Climate of Risk. How Can Prevention and Insurance Reduce the Impact of Natural Disasters on the Environment? Deloitte; Ministry of the
Environment: Warsaw, Poland, 2019; Available online: https://piu.org.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/raport-klimatyczny-
web_eng.pdf (accessed on 23 December 2021).
5. A European Green Deal. European Commission. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/
european-green-deal_en (accessed on 16 November 2021).
6. Wajd, A. Management of wastes from energy industry in the frame of circular economy on the example of microspheres.
Sofia STEF92 Technol. 2018, 18. [CrossRef]
7. Lomborg, B. Impact of Current Climate Proposals. Glob. Policy 2015, 6, 109–118. [CrossRef]
8. Bogacka, M.; Poranek, N.; Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B.; Pikoń, K. Removal of Pollutants from Secondary Waste from an Incineration
Plant: The Review of Methods. Energies 2020, 13, 6322. [CrossRef]
9. Xuan, D.; Poon, C.S. Removal of metallic Al and Al/Zn alloys in MSWI bottom ash by alkaline treatment. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018,
344, 73–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Wajda, A.; Jaworski, T. Research on the incineration processes of the solid waste in a rotary kiln. Sofia STEF92 Technol. 2019, 19,
367–374.
11. Wajda, A.; Jaworski, T. Optimization and Security of Hazardous Waste Incineration Plants with the Use of a Heuristic Algorithm.
Sensors 2021, 21, 7247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Flower, D.J.M.; Sanjayan, J.G. Greenhouse gas emissions due to concrete manufacture. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2007, 12, 282–288.
[CrossRef]
13. Benhelal, E.; Zahedi, G.; Shamsaei, E.; Bahadori, A. Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry.
J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 51, 142–161. [CrossRef]
14. Li, H.; Gao, P.; Xu, F.; Sun, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, J.; Peng, C.; Lin, J. Effect of Fine Aggregate Particle Characteristics on Mechanical
Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar. Minerals 2021, 11, 897. [CrossRef]
15. Barcelo, L.; Kline, J.; Walenta, G.; Gartner, E. Cement and carbon emissions. Mater. Struct. 2014, 47, 1055–1065. [CrossRef]
16. Pikoń, K.; Krawczyk, P.; Badyda, K.; Bogacka, M. Predictive Analysis of Waste Co-Combustion with Fossil Fuels Using the Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology. Energies 2019, 12, 3691. [CrossRef]
17. Keppert, M.; Pavlík, Z.; Černý, R.; Reiterman, P. Properties of Concrete with Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash. Waste
Manag. Res. J. Sustain. Circ. Econ. 2012, 30, 1041–1048. [CrossRef]
18. Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Yan, P.; Yan, C.; Tong, Y. Mechanical Properties of Furnace Slag and Coal Gangue Mixtures Stabilized by
Cement and Fly Ash. Materials 2021, 14, 7103. [CrossRef]
19. Łagosz, A.; Tracz, T.; Mróz, R. Extending the Life Cycle of Cement Binders by Partially Replacing Portland Cement with Different
Types Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash. Minerals 2021, 11, 690. [CrossRef]
20. Hager, I.; Tracz, T.; Choińska, M.; Mróz, K. Effect of cement type on the mechanical behavior and permeability of concrete
subjected to high temperatures. Materials 2019, 12, 3021. [CrossRef]
21. Feiz, R.; Ammenberg, J.; Baas, L.; Eklund, M.; Helgstrand, A.; Marshall, R. Improving the CO2 performance of cement, part I:
Utilizing life-cycle assessment and key performance indicators to assess development within the cement industry. J. Clean. Prod.
2015, 98, 272–281. [CrossRef]
15. Energies 2022, 15, 135 15 of 15
22. Zimka, R.; Hajto, D.; Marcinkiewicz, K. CSA Cements based on calcium sulfoaluminates. Builder 2021, 20, 80–82.
23. Rojek, B. Termograwimetria i Spektroskopia w Podczerwieni Wspomagane Wielowymiarowymi Technikami Eksploracji Danych
w Wykrywaniu Niezgodności Fizykochemicznych. Thermogravimetry and Infrared Spectroscopy Aided by Multidimensional
Data Mining Techniques in Detecting Physicochemical Incompatibilities. Ph.D. Thesis, Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego,
Gdansk, Poland, 2014.
24. Pizoń, J.; Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B. Influence of curing conditions on long-term compressive strength of mortars. IOP Conf.
Ser.–Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 245, 032093. [CrossRef]
25. Neville, A.M.; Brooks, J.J. Concrete Technology. Available online: https://books.google.com/books/about/Concrete_Technology.
html?hl=plid=GA2DngEACAAJ (accessed on 22 November 2021).
26. Kostova, B.; Petkova, V.; Kostov-Kytin, V.; Tzvetanova, Y.; Avdeevc, G. TG/DTG-DSC and high temperature in-situ XRD analysis
of natural thaumasite. Thermochim. Acta 2021, 697, 178863. [CrossRef]
27. Baran, T.; Francuz, P.; Skawińska, A.; Tkocz, A. Kształtowanie właściwości cementów żużlowych z dodatkiem granulowanego
żużla wielkopiecowego o różnej zawartości fazy szklistej. Molding properties of blast furnace slag cements with addition of
granular blast furnace slag with different glassy phase content. Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych. Work. Inst.
Ceram. Build. Mater. 2017, 10, 7–19.
28. Giergiczny, Z.; Król, A.; Tałaj, M.; Wandoch, K. Performance of Concrete with Low CO2 Emission. Energies 2020, 13, 4328.
[CrossRef]
29. Rozporz ˛
adzenie Ministra Środowiska z Dnia 18 Listopada 2014 r. w Sprawie Warunków, Jakie Należy Spełnić Przy Wprowadzaniu
Ścieków do Wód Lub do Ziemi, Oraz w Sprawie Substancji Szczególnie Szkodliwych dla Środowiska Wodnego. (Ordinance
of the Minister of Economy of 16 July 2015 on Allowing Waste to be Stored in Landfills). (Dz.u. Poz 1277). Available online:
https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20140001800 (accessed on 24 November 2020).
30. Zevenbergen, C.; Wood, T.V.; Bradley, J.P.; van der Broeck, P.F.C.W.; Orbons, A.J.; van Reeuwijk, A.L.P. Morphological and
Chemical Properties of MSWI Bottom Ash with Respect to the Glassy Constituents. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1994, 11, 371–383. [CrossRef]
31. Bilen, M.; Kizgut, S.; Akkaya, B. Prediction of unburned carbon in bottom ash in terms of moisture content and sieve analysis of
coal. Fuel Process. Technol. 2015, 138, 236–242. [CrossRef]
32. Pizoń, J.; Gołaszewski, J.; Alwaeli, M.; Szwan, P. Properties of concrete with recycled concrete aggregate containing metallurgical
sludge waste. Materials 2020, 13, 1448. [CrossRef]
33. Alwaeli, M.; Gołaszewski, J.; Niesler, M.; Pizoń, J.; Gołaszewska, M. Recycle option for metallurgical sludge waste as a partial
replacement for natural sand in mortars containing CSA cement to save the environment and natural resources. J. Hazard. Mater.
2020, 398, 123101. [CrossRef]
34. Faleschini, F.; Toska, K.; Zanini, M.A.; Andreose, F.; Settimi, A.G.; Brunelli, K.; Pellegrino, C. Assessment of a Municipal Solid
Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash as a Candidate Pozzolanic Material: Comparison of Test Methods. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8998.
[CrossRef]
35. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Carcelen-Taboada, V.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. Manufacture of hybrid cements with fly ash and
bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 105, 218–226. [CrossRef]
36. Lynn, C.J.; Ghataora, G.S.; Obe, R.K.D. Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road
pavements. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2017, 10, 179. [CrossRef]
37. Woo, B.-H.; Jeon, I.-K.; Yoo, D.-H.; Kim, S.-S.; Lee, J.-B.; Kim, H.-G. Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash
as Fine Aggregate of Cement Mortars. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8832. [CrossRef]