1. Driver Responsibilities: Adverse ConditionsDriver Responsibilities: Adverse Conditions
Topic 1 --Topic 1 -- Visibility in Adverse ConditionsVisibility in Adverse Conditions
Topic 2 --Topic 2 -- Extreme Weather ConditionsExtreme Weather Conditions
Topic 3 --Topic 3 -- Protecting OccupantsProtecting Occupants
Topic 4 --Topic 4 -- Roadway and Vehicle TechnologyRoadway and Vehicle Technology
Topic 5 --Topic 5 -- Traction Loss ConcernsTraction Loss Concerns
Module Eight TransparenciesModule Eight Transparencies
VirginiaVirginia Department of EducationDepartment of Education
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor VehiclesProvided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

2. Changing Visibility at NightChanging Visibility at Night
T – 8.1
Topic 1 Lesson 1
reduces the illumination of risks.
requires the eyes to adjust quickly to glare.
places limitations on gathering and processing information in time.
The ability to identify risks depends on vision,
and visual acuity is severely limited at night.
Driving at night:
When visibility is reduced at night a driverWhen visibility is reduced at night a driver
needs more time to:needs more time to:
identify hazards early and scan in and around
the path of travel to the target area, and
scan the road beyond the lighted zone.
(If you only scan the lighted zone you may miss
important clues that warn you of hazards ahead.)

3. Visibility Limitations at NightVisibility Limitations at Night
 The distance you can see ahead is inadequate at higher speedsThe distance you can see ahead is inadequate at higher speeds
 Your headlights provide limited illumination of off-road areasYour headlights provide limited illumination of off-road areas
 A loss of contrast impairs your ability to judge distancesA loss of contrast impairs your ability to judge distances
 Blinded by glare from lights of oncoming and following vehiclesBlinded by glare from lights of oncoming and following vehicles
 Distance traveled during glare recovery timeDistance traveled during glare recovery time
T – 8.2
Topic 1 Lesson 1

4. Headlight Alignment and SpeedHeadlight Alignment and Speed
Properly alignedProperly aligned LOW BEAMLOW BEAM headlightsheadlights
T – 8.3
Topic 1 Lesson 2
lighted area above
road
300 to 500 feet
illuminated
roadway
100 to 150 feet
The Code of Virginia requiresThe Code of Virginia requires that you use your headlights from sunset to
sunrise and during inclement weather, such as rain, fog, snow, or when you
use your windshield wipers. At twilight, when the sun light begins to fade,
turn your headlights ON. This will make your vehicle more visible to others.
beam hits roadway 100 to 150 feet ahead
illuminates area above road 300 to 500 feet ahead
load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect light beam distance
a maximum safe speed of 40 to 45 mph is based on your ability to
stop within the lighted area

5. Headlight Alignment and SpeedHeadlight Alignment and Speed
Properly AlignedProperly Aligned High BeamHigh Beam HeadlightsHeadlights
T – 8.4
Topic 1 Lesson 2
illuminated roadway
300 to 500 feet
lighted area above
road
500 to 1800 feet
the beam hits the roadway 300 to 500 feet ahead
illuminates the area above the road 500 to 1800 feet ahead
load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect light beam
distance
maximum safe speed is 65 mph based on your ability to stop within
the lighted area
Lower (dim)Lower (dim) high-beams headlights when you are:high-beams headlights when you are:
within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle
following closely behind another vehicle (within 200 feet)
driving on lighted roadways
driving in fog, heavy rain, sleet, snow, or dust

6. Headlight Alignment and SpeedHeadlight Alignment and Speed
Topic 1 Lesson 2
T – 8.4a
OverdrivingOverdriving your headlightsyour headlights
Your vehicle’s stopping distance is greater than the distance lighted
by your headlights.
 To determine if you are overdriving your headlights, select an object
the moment the headlights pick it up, and count off six seconds.
 The posted speed limits are calculated for daylight
driving and are often too fast for nighttime conditions.
 Dirty headlights and improper headlight alignment will
add to this traffic safety problem.
Fixed
Object1000 and 1
1 second
1000 and 6
6 second
1000 and 6
6 second
Speed is Safe
Speed is too FAST
 If the object is still ahead of your vehicle, you are driving at a safe speed.
 If you have passed it, you are driving too fast.

7. Nighttime Precautionary MeasuresNighttime Precautionary Measures
Clean windshield inside and out.
T – 8.5
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Windblown sand/dirt particles cause special problems.
Diffused light gives the appearance of a halo around the headlights of
the oncoming vehicle. Clean all lights.
50 to 90 percent loss of headlight efficiency is due to road grime.
Reduce daytime speed.
Increase following interval.
Turn off interior lights.
Look to the right of oncoming vehicles.
Use high/low headlight beams properly.
Use parking lights only when parked. If stopped beside road, take
appropriate safety measures.
Use day/night switch on rearview mirror.

8. Nighttime Precautionary MeasuresNighttime Precautionary Measures
T – 8.6
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Headlights —Headlights — passing or being passedpassing or being passed
Pedestrian safetyPedestrian safety
Don’t
Wear
Dark
Clothes
Carry a
Handkerchief
 Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlighted roadways
after dark.
 If you must walk on a dark roadway due to vehicle
breakdown or for any other reason, carry a white
handkerchief or wear light-colored clothing. If possible,
wear reflective vests or other reflective clothing if you
must be on or near a road at night. Having reflective
stripes increases your chances of being seen.
In snow wear dark clothing to create a contrast.
Try to avoid blinding other drivers with your lights
 Before passing (approximately 600 feet), the
driver passing can flash his/her headlights
to warn the other driver.
 When two vehicles are side by side, the
passing driver may switch to high beams,
and the driver being passed to low beams.
Wear
Stripes
Retro-
reflective
Material

9. Visibility Limitations in FogVisibility Limitations in Fog
Reduce speedReduce speed
Make sure your headlights are on low beam (aimed atMake sure your headlights are on low beam (aimed at
the road surface) to reduce the amount of light/glarethe road surface) to reduce the amount of light/glare
reflected back at youreflected back at you
Turn on your windshield wipersTurn on your windshield wipers
If necessary, turn on the defroster or air conditionerIf necessary, turn on the defroster or air conditioner
Driving inDriving in Drifting FogDrifting Fog
T – 8.7
Topic 1 Lesson 3

10. Visibility Limitations in FogVisibility Limitations in Fog
 Reduce speed, but NEVER stop in aReduce speed, but NEVER stop in a
travel lanetravel lane
 Turn on emergency flashersTurn on emergency flashers
 Look for an exit from the highwayLook for an exit from the highway
stop beyond end of guard rail
back up to outboard of the
guard rail
turn off all lights
wait for the fog to lift
Driving inDriving in Heavy FogHeavy Fog
T – 8.8
Topic 1 Lesson 3
If impossible to leave highway

11.  Reduce speed to accommodate shortened sight distance
 Do not stop in travel lane or on shoulder
 Turn headlights to low beams
 Turn on emergency flashers when traveling below speed limit
 Maintain appropriate lane position
 If your stopping distance is longer than your sight distance,
you have created a high risk situation – slow down
Visibility Limitations in Bad WeatherVisibility Limitations in Bad Weather
T – 8.9
Topic 1 Lesson 3
StoppingDistanceStoppingDistance
VisibilityVisibility
RangeRange
Braking distances at 20 mph with conventional tires on different pavement conditionsBraking distances at 20 mph with conventional tires on different pavement conditions
Ice - 150 feet
Packed Snow - 60 feet
Wet - 25 feet
Dry - 20 feet

12. Turn on windshield wipersTurn on windshield wipers
Be alert for vehicles stopped on the roadwayBe alert for vehicles stopped on the roadway
Be prepared for effects of gusting or strong steady crosswindsBe prepared for effects of gusting or strong steady crosswinds
Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently andMake all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and
smoothlysmoothly
Precautions in Bad WeatherPrecautions in Bad Weather
T – 8.10
Topic 1 Lesson 3

13. Precautions in Bad WeatherPrecautions in Bad Weather
In severe snow conditions, look for exit from highway and turn onIn severe snow conditions, look for exit from highway and turn on
the radio for a weather reportthe radio for a weather report
If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond the outboard end ofIf impossible to leave highway, stop beyond the outboard end of
guard railguard rail
T – 8.11
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Use cell phone to check conditionsUse cell phone to check conditions
Smoke, ice, fog, and snow oftenSmoke, ice, fog, and snow often
require use of windshield washerrequire use of windshield washer

14. Low Water CrossingsLow Water Crossings
Flash Flooding ConditionsFlash Flooding Conditions
Not Specific to Time of YearNot Specific to Time of Year
Affects braking, steering andAffects braking, steering and
engine systemsengine systems
T – 8.12
Topic 2 Lesson 1

15. Low Water CrossingsLow Water Crossings
Nearly 50% of flash floodNearly 50% of flash flood
fatalities are vehicle relatedfatalities are vehicle related
Search for flood proneSearch for flood prone
areas:areas:
- highway dips- highway dips
- bridges- bridges
- low areas- low areas
Most vehicles will floatMost vehicles will float
Very little water on theVery little water on the
road surface can cause lossroad surface can cause loss
of controlof control
T – 8.13
Topic 2 Lesson 1

16. Low Water CrossingsLow Water Crossings
 Two feet of waterTwo feet of water “carries” most cars“carries” most cars
 Because visibilityBecause visibility is limited at night, drivingis limited at night, driving
during flooding condition is very dangerousduring flooding condition is very dangerous
 Heed allHeed all flash flood watches and warningsflash flood watches and warnings
 MonitorMonitor road conditions through the news mediaroad conditions through the news media
T – 8.14
Topic 2 Lesson 1

17. Hot and Cold Temperatures
Additional Demands on Vehicle SystemsAdditional Demands on Vehicle Systems
T – 8.15
Topic 2 Lesson 2
In Extreme Weather…In Extreme Weather…
Check tiresCheck tires
CheckCheck
fluidsfluids
Check beltsCheck belts
Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, fromVehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from
very hot to extremely cold. However, these extreme conditions canvery hot to extremely cold. However, these extreme conditions can
cause stress to any vehicle part that is temperature sensitive.cause stress to any vehicle part that is temperature sensitive.

18. • Tires should be balanced, aligned,Tires should be balanced, aligned,
the proper type, and have adequate treadthe proper type, and have adequate tread
- The legal minimum, 2/32 of an inch tread depth,
is inadequate on wet surfaces
• Check tire inflationCheck tire inflation
- Check cold tire pressure regularly
(noted inside driver’s door or in manual)
- The maximum tire pressure listed on the tire sidewalls
is NOT the recommended tire pressure
• Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connectionsCheck radiator coolant, hoses, and connections
Cold Weather PrecautionsCold Weather Precautions
T – 8.16
Topic 2 Lesson 2

19. Cold Weather ChecksCold Weather Checks
 Check heater, defroster andCheck heater, defroster and
air conditioner systemair conditioner system
 Winterized windshield wiper fluidWinterized windshield wiper fluid
 Check drive belts for tension and wearCheck drive belts for tension and wear
 Keep lights and glass areas clear and cleanKeep lights and glass areas clear and clean
 Check windshield wiper bladesCheck windshield wiper blades
T – 8.17
Topic 2 Lesson 2

20. Tire inflation needs special attentionTire inflation needs special attention
Underinflated tires are subject to heat and
pressure buildup due to excessive flexion,
especially when driving for extended
distances at higher speeds.
Hot Weather ChecksHot Weather Checks
T – 8.18
Topic 2 Lesson 2
The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections,The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections,
and drive belts need special attention.and drive belts need special attention.
due to the extra load placed on these
cooling systems.

21. Safety Restraints for AdultsSafety Restraints for Adults
T – 8.19
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Your number one defense to prevent severeYour number one defense to prevent severe
injuries is to wear your safety belt.injuries is to wear your safety belt.
• Adjust the seat, place your lower back firmly against theAdjust the seat, place your lower back firmly against the
seat and sit up straight.seat and sit up straight.
• If your vehicle is equipped with an adjustable center postIf your vehicle is equipped with an adjustable center post
mounting for shoulder belt height, adjust it to the propermounting for shoulder belt height, adjust it to the proper
height setting so the belt does not rub against your neck.height setting so the belt does not rub against your neck.
• The shoulder belt should go over the shoulder and acrossThe shoulder belt should go over the shoulder and across
the chest and rest against the bodythe chest and rest against the body. If a crash occurs and a
person has not taken the slack out of the shoulder belt, the extra
forward movement of the body will increase the chance of injury.
• The lap part of the belt should be worn low and snug on theThe lap part of the belt should be worn low and snug on the
hips, barely touching the thighs.hips, barely touching the thighs. If a crash were to occur, the
force would then be applied to the strong pelvic bones and not
the abdomen, reducing the chance of serious internal injuries.
• Check frequently for snug fit.

22. • Keeping the seat back in anKeeping the seat back in an
upright position avoids theupright position avoids the
submarine effect of the lowersubmarine effect of the lower
body in a frontal crashbody in a frontal crash
• Properly worn seat belts minimizeProperly worn seat belts minimize
movement of the upper and lowermovement of the upper and lower
body in a crashbody in a crash
• Belts dramatically reduce theBelts dramatically reduce the
severity of injuriesseverity of injuries
Safety Restraints for AdultsSafety Restraints for Adults
T – 8.20
Topic 3 Lesson 1

23. Safety Restraints for AdultsSafety Restraints for Adults
 No passenger under 12 years ofNo passenger under 12 years of
age should sit in the front seatage should sit in the front seat
 Protect driver or passengers fromProtect driver or passengers from
sustaining severe head and chest injuriessustaining severe head and chest injuries
 The speed of bag inflation is critical toThe speed of bag inflation is critical to
prevent body contact with the steeringprevent body contact with the steering
wheelwheel
Air Bags in Dash or Steering WheelAir Bags in Dash or Steering Wheel
T – 8.21
Topic 3 Lesson 1
The air bag inflates in the
blink of an eye, at speeds
as high as 200 miles per
hour.

24. Safety Restraints for AdultsSafety Restraints for Adults
Air Bag in Steering WheelAir Bag in Steering Wheel
• Raise seat or adjust steering wheel toRaise seat or adjust steering wheel to
direct air bag toward chest and not atdirect air bag toward chest and not at
the facial areathe facial area
• Adjust seat for a minimum 10-inchAdjust seat for a minimum 10-inch
clearance between chest and steeringclearance between chest and steering
wheelwheel
• Hand position should be at 8 and 4Hand position should be at 8 and 4
• Avoid 10 and 2 hand position to preventAvoid 10 and 2 hand position to prevent
blow hole burns to hands and armsblow hole burns to hands and arms
T – 8.22
Topic 3 Lesson 1
10 inches

25. Safety Restraints for AdultsSafety Restraints for Adults
Air Bags for side impact protectionAir Bags for side impact protection
 Located in the upper door frame,
side of the seat, or door panel
 Protect head from hitting the
window
T – 8.23
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Head RestraintsHead Restraints
Side air bag deploys in crash test.Side air bag deploys in crash test.
Red area shows where theRed area shows where the
dummy’s head impacted the airbag.dummy’s head impacted the airbag.
Proper adjustmentProper adjustment
minimizes whiplash.minimizes whiplash.
Improper adjustment mayImproper adjustment may
result in severe neck injury.result in severe neck injury.

26. Safety Restraints for YouthSafety Restraints for Youth
Belt and Seat Restraint UseBelt and Seat Restraint Use
T – 8.24
Topic 3 Lesson 1
 Safest if seated in back center seat
 Infant seats/rear facing/birth to 20 lbs.
 Use child seats up to 40 lbs.
 Use booster seats up to 60 lbs.
Infant Car Bed
Rear Facing
Infant Seat
Forward Facing
Child Restraints
Booster Seats

27. Adjustable
Shoulder-Belt Mount
Head Restraint
Air Bag
Crash
Sensors
Gases Vent
Opening
Occupant ProtectionOccupant Protection
T – 8.25
Topic 3 Lesson 1

28. Restraints ProtectRestraints Protect
Never hold a child on your lap--alwaysNever hold a child on your lap--always
secure the child in an approved childsecure the child in an approved child
safety seatsafety seat
T – 8.26
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Buckle up to guard against additionalBuckle up to guard against additional
injury from a secondary collision orinjury from a secondary collision or
ejection from the vehicleejection from the vehicle

29. Movement of Belted OccupantMovement of Belted Occupant
Head = 1.9 ft.Head = 1.9 ft.
Chest = 1.3 ft.Chest = 1.3 ft.
Pelvis = 1.2 ft.Pelvis = 1.2 ft.
31 MPH Crash31 MPH Crash
T – 8.27
Topic 3 Lesson 1

30. Types of Belt-Locking SystemsTypes of Belt-Locking Systems
Normal ConditionsNormal Conditions
Seat Belt Seat Belt
Ratchet Mechanism
Ratchet Mechanism
Pendulum
Pendulum
Bar
Bar
Sudden Car MovementSudden Car Movement
T – 8.28
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Emergency ConditionsEmergency Conditions

31. Wear Lap BeltWear Lap Belt
low and snug across hips (pelvis) tolow and snug across hips (pelvis) to
avoid unnecessary internal injuriesavoid unnecessary internal injuries
Adjusting Belts for Proper FitAdjusting Belts for Proper Fit
T – 8.29
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Wear Shoulder BeltWear Shoulder Belt
over collar bone and chestover collar bone and chest
(sternum) to avoid(sternum) to avoid
shouldershoulder dislocation and ribdislocation and rib
cagecage damagedamage
Seat belts should be worn over
the strongest skeletal bones

32. Highway Safety Design FeaturesHighway Safety Design Features
 Wide clear shoulders and wide lanes
 Rumble strips installed at the road edge
 Redesign of median barriers
 Traffic calming devices
T – 8.30
Topic 4 Lesson 1
Occupant ProtectionOccupant Protection Highway DesignHighway Design Features IncludeFeatures Include

33.  Breakaway sign support posts
Occupant Protection HighwayOccupant Protection Highway
Design Features IncludeDesign Features Include
Highway Safety Design FeaturesHighway Safety Design Features
T – 8.31
Topic 4 Lesson 1
 Crash attenuators such
as vinyl liquid or sand
filled drums
 New design guard rails with
ends angled away from
roadway and buried

34.  Protected left and right turn bays
 Collector/distributor lanes on high
speed, high density highways
- separates slower moving
entering/exiting traffic from
the higher speed through
traffic
 Variable message signs alert
drivers to weather conditions,
construction, and traffic problems
Occupant ProtectionOccupant Protection Highway DesignHighway Design Features Include:Features Include:
Highway Safety Design FeaturesHighway Safety Design Features
T – 8.32
Topic 4 Lesson 1

35.  Anti-Lock BrakesAnti-Lock Brakes
 Crush ZonesCrush Zones
 Traction Control DevicesTraction Control Devices
 Electronic Stability Program (ESP)Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
 Suspension Control DevicesSuspension Control Devices
 Door LatchesDoor Latches
 GlassGlass
 HeadlightsHeadlights
Automotive TechnologyAutomotive Technology
T – 8.33
Topic 4 Lesson 2

36. Controlling ConsequencesControlling Consequences
Drive off road rather than skid off the road
Hit something soft rather than something hard
Hit something going your way rather than something stationary
Hit stationary objects with a glancing blow
Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching object
Steer to avoid oncoming traffic and head on collision
T – 8.34
Topic 4 Lesson 2

37. Dangerous Road Surface ConditionDangerous Road Surface Condition
• Ice, snow, or frostIce, snow, or frost
• Wet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after aWet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a
long dry period when oil and rubber particles havelong dry period when oil and rubber particles have
collected on the road surface and mix with watercollected on the road surface and mix with water
• Heavy rain or standing waterHeavy rain or standing water
• Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, andMud near farm entrances, construction sites, and
truck crossingstruck crossings
T – 8.35
Topic 5 Lesson 1
IceIce
RainRain
SnowSnow
MudMud

38. Dangerous Road Surface ConditionDangerous Road Surface Condition
• Wet leavesWet leaves
• Broken or uneven road surfaceBroken or uneven road surface
• Sand or gravel frequently found on curves in rural areasSand or gravel frequently found on curves in rural areas
On improperly banked or flatOn improperly banked or flat
curves, traction is more likelycurves, traction is more likely
to be lost when roads are wetto be lost when roads are wet
or slippery at slow speeds, oror slippery at slow speeds, or
when dry at higher speedswhen dry at higher speeds
T – 8.36
Topic 5 Lesson 1
NEGATIVE BANKNEGATIVE BANK

39. Causes ofCauses of Traction LossTraction Loss
Brakes unevenly adjusted
Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause
a skid--as can wheels out of alignment when brakes
are applied
Tires with unevenly worn tread
- The size of the front and rear tires do not matched
- The tread depth or tire type of the front and rear tires are different
Condition of the VehicleCondition of the Vehicle
T – 8.37
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Different tire pressure on opposite sides of the
vehicle has a similar effect to uneven brake
adjustment since one tire will drag more than
others

40. Causes ofCauses of Traction LossTraction Loss
 Sudden steering actions on a slippery surface, or
abrupt or sudden changes in vehicle speed
 Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill,
curve or slippery surface
 Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface
Most driver-induced skids are caused by:
 excessive speed
 coupled with excessive steering input
 or improper braking when turning
Loss of traction also occurs with these
driver’s actions at normal speeds on
ice/snow or on roadways covered by
sand, gravel, or water
Driver Actions that may cause loss of tractionDriver Actions that may cause loss of traction
T – 8.38
Topic 5 Lesson 2

41. • Sudden shifts of vehicle weight causes traction loss
- Left, Right, Forward, or Backward
• Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration
creates sudden shifts in vehicle balance
• Traction loss compounds crash consequences
Traction Loss ConsiderationsTraction Loss Considerations
T – 8.39
Topic 5 Lesson 2
LIFTSLIFTS
DROPSDROPS

42. Weight Moves to the Front of the Car CausingWeight Moves to the Front of the Car Causing
– a noticeable drop of the hood
– a noticeable rise of the rear deck
– forward movement of driver and passengers
Traction Loss ConsiderationsTraction Loss Considerations
WhenWhen BrakesBrakes are Applied Too Hard or Quicklyare Applied Too Hard or Quickly
T – 8.40
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Direction of Travel
Force or Weight
Movement
RearRear LIFTSLIFTS
Front DROPSFront DROPS

43. Weight Moves to the Rear of the Car CausingWeight Moves to the Rear of the Car Causing
– a noticeable rise of the hood
– a noticeable drop of the rear deck
– rearward movement of driver and passengers
Traction Loss ConsiderationTraction Loss Consideration
WhenWhen AccelerationAcceleration is Applied Too Hard or Quicklyis Applied Too Hard or Quickly
T – 8.41
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Direction of Travel
Front LIFTSFront LIFTS
Force or Weight
Movement
RearRear DROPSDROPS

44.  Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the CarWeight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car
 Weight Movement Causes:Weight Movement Causes:
– a noticeable drop and tilt of the hood
– a noticeable rise and tilt of the rear deck
– driver and passenger movement towards the car’s corner
Traction Loss ConsiderationTraction Loss Consideration
WhenWhen SteeringSteering is Applied Too Hard or Quicklyis Applied Too Hard or Quickly
T – 8.42
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Force or Weight
MovementFront DROPSFront DROPS
RearRear LIFTSLIFTS
Direction of TravelDirection of Travel

45. Traction Loss to Front TiresTraction Loss to Front Tires
If A Vehicle Keeps Moving Straight Ahead in Spite of Steering
Efforts To the Contrary, It Means Front Traction Has Been Lost
The Technical Term is Called “Understeer”
Actual PathActual Path
of Travelof Travel
Intended PathIntended Path
of Travelof Travel
T – 8.43
Topic 5 Lesson 3
front tiresfront tires
SLIDESLIDE
rear tiresrear tires
PUSHPUSH
The Driver Will First Visually Identify
Unusual Forward Sliding Movement
Caused by the Vehicle’s Weight
Pushing the Front Wheels Straight
Ahead Regardless of Any Steering
Input

46. To Correct Front Traction LossTo Correct Front Traction Loss
Targeted Path of TravelTargeted Path of Travel
Lift Eyes toLift Eyes to TargetedTargeted Path of TravelPath of Travel
T – 8.44
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Intended Path of TravelIntended Path of Travel
Actual PathActual Path
of Travelof Travel
• Direct Vision to Targeted Path of TravelDirect Vision to Targeted Path of Travel
• Activate ABS, if Vehicle is EquippedActivate ABS, if Vehicle is Equipped
– Ease off Conventional Brake System
– Reestablish Rolling Traction
• Ease off Steering InputsEase off Steering Inputs
– Abrupt Steering Can Create Traction Loss
– Allows Tire Tread to Point Toward Path of Travel
• Jab/Stab Brake to Move Weight Forward if ABS is not AvailableJab/Stab Brake to Move Weight Forward if ABS is not Available
(ABS performs this function automatically)(ABS performs this function automatically)

47. Traction Loss to Rear TiresTraction Loss to Rear Tires
• Identified by driver when front of vehicle moves to the left orIdentified by driver when front of vehicle moves to the left or
right of travel path without steering input in that directionright of travel path without steering input in that direction
• Technical term is “Technical term is “Oversteer”Oversteer”
Intended Path of TravelIntended Path of Travel Actual PathActual Path
of Travelof Travel
T – 8.45
Topic 5 Lesson 4
• Vehicle’s Weight Tends to Push RearVehicle’s Weight Tends to Push Rear
Wheels Left or Right Without Steering InputWheels Left or Right Without Steering Input
• Vehicle Begins To YawVehicle Begins To Yaw
front tiresfront tires
ROLLROLL
rear tiresrear tires
SLIDESLIDE

48. • Direct Vision to Targeted Path of TravelDirect Vision to Targeted Path of Travel
Rear Traction Loss CorrectionRear Traction Loss Correction
On Targeted Path
On Targeted Path
Off TargetedOff Targeted
PathPath
T – 8.46
Topic 5 Lesson 4
• Steer Toward Targeted Path of TravelSteer Toward Targeted Path of Travel
• Adjust Steering Input as Needed to Maintain Targeted Path ofAdjust Steering Input as Needed to Maintain Targeted Path of
TravelTravel
• Apply Light Progressive Acceleration (2 mph is goal) to Move theApply Light Progressive Acceleration (2 mph is goal) to Move the
Weight to the Rear. (The Traction Control System will adjust theWeight to the Rear. (The Traction Control System will adjust the
speed and brakes automatically when activated)speed and brakes automatically when activated)
• Activate Traction ControlActivate Traction Control
System, if Equipped:System, if Equipped:
– Ease off brake or
accelerator
– Reestablish rolling
traction
IntendedIntended
Path ofPath of
TravelTravel
Rear Tire Movement
Rear Tire Movement

49. Off-Road RecoveryOff-Road Recovery
• Do not panic and steer too abruptlyDo not panic and steer too abruptly
• Ease off acceleratorEase off accelerator
• DO NOT BRAKEDO NOT BRAKE
• Get both wheels off the pavementGet both wheels off the pavement
• Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadwaySteer the vehicle parallel to the roadway
• If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel atIf clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at
a timea time
• Limit steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn ofLimit steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of
the wheelthe wheel
• Use even less input when the edge of road is highUse even less input when the edge of road is high
• Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid aTarget the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a
“Slingshot” maneuver into oncoming traffic“Slingshot” maneuver into oncoming traffic
T – 8.47
Topic 5 Lesson 5

50. T – 8.47a
Off-Road RecoveryOff-Road Recovery
Topic 5 Lesson 5
Did You Know?
In 2002, 53% of the motor
vehicle fatalities among 16-20
year olds were caused by
run-off-the-road crashes!
Source: DMV Traffic Crash Facts