This document provides information on processing information for moderate risk driving environments. It discusses topics including processing information, intersections, curves and hills, and passing. It provides guidance on visual searches, positioning the vehicle, understanding lane markings, limited lines of sight, and determining the time and space needed for passing. The overall focus is on the visual and cognitive skills needed to safely navigate roads with intersections, curves, hills and other vehicles.
This document provides information about driving on expressways, including:
- Characteristics of expressways like controlled access, high speeds, divided lanes, and only allowing motor vehicles.
- Types of expressway interchanges like cloverleaf, diamond, trumpet, and frontage road and their characteristics.
- Proper techniques for entering, exiting, merging, passing, and lane changes on expressways.
- The purpose and components of entrance ramps, exit ramps, acceleration lanes, and deceleration lanes. It emphasizes the importance of signaling, scanning traffic, and adjusting speed when maneuvering on expressways.
The document provides information on basic driving maneuvers and tasks for a low risk environment. It discusses topics such as basic maneuvers, vision and perception, controlling risk using a space management system, and developing good driving habits. The document contains guidance on tasks like entering roadways, backing up, maintaining proper vision areas, determining following intervals based on speed, and developing an effective space management system through searching and evaluating risks.
Drivers must consider visibility, space, time, and traction when maneuvering their vehicle. They need to search for potential hazards by scanning their field of vision from 4-30 seconds ahead. When passing, drivers must determine if they are in a legal passing zone, calculate the time and space needed to pass safely based on vehicle speeds, and check for oncoming traffic to ensure adequate distance to complete the maneuver. Failing to properly process roadway information and plan maneuvers can lead to unsafe driving situations.
This document provides information on basic maneuvering tasks for driving in a moderate risk environment. It discusses topics including risk, space management systems, lane changes, turnabouts, and parking. The document contains lesson plans and slides on risk assessment, vehicle operating zones, searching for hazards, evaluating risk, and executing maneuvers like turning at intersections while maintaining space, speed, and visibility. The overall goal is to teach drivers how to reduce risk through proper space management, decision making, and developing safe driving habits.
The document describes characteristics and considerations for expressways. It defines expressways as having controlled access, high speeds up to 65 mph, barriers dividing lanes, and allowing only motorized vehicles. It discusses entrance and exit ramp designs including cloverleaf, diamond, trumpet, and frontage road interchanges. It also covers entrance and exit procedures, lane selection, reduced risk lane changes, weave lanes, and dangers of multiple lane roads like pack driving.
This document provides information about Virginia driver responsibilities related to preparing to operate a vehicle. It discusses topics like driver preparation procedures, identifying vehicle control devices, operating vehicle control devices, vehicle balance considerations, and standard vehicle reference points. The document contains guidance on pre-drive tasks like checking the vehicle exterior and interior, starting tasks, securing tasks after parking, and identifying various vehicle control, safety, and comfort devices. It also discusses maintaining vehicle balance in terms of roll, pitch, and yaw.
This document discusses driver responsibilities in adverse conditions and is divided into multiple topics. It addresses issues like reduced visibility at night, precautions in fog and bad weather, and dangers of low water crossings. Specific tips are provided, such as using low beam headlights in fog to reduce glare, slowing down in rain to account for longer braking distances, and understanding that flash floods are the leading cause of vehicle-related deaths. Overall, the document stresses being cautious, slowing speeds, and taking additional safety measures when visibility is limited by conditions like darkness, weather, or flooding.
This document provides information about driver responsibilities related to vehicle functions. It discusses topics like vehicle functions and malfunctions, anti-lock braking systems, vehicle performance, and highway transportation system agencies. Specific sections cover dashboard warning symbols, vehicle failures, vehicle systems including steering/suspension, brakes, fuel, and electrical systems, and anti-lock braking systems. The document is intended to educate drivers on important vehicle components and what to do in situations like malfunctions or emergencies.
This document provides information about driving on expressways, including:
- Characteristics of expressways like controlled access, high speeds, divided lanes, and only allowing motor vehicles.
- Types of expressway interchanges like cloverleaf, diamond, trumpet, and frontage road and their characteristics.
- Proper techniques for entering, exiting, merging, passing, and lane changes on expressways.
- The purpose and components of entrance ramps, exit ramps, acceleration lanes, and deceleration lanes. It emphasizes the importance of signaling, scanning traffic, and adjusting speed when maneuvering on expressways.
The document provides information on basic driving maneuvers and tasks for a low risk environment. It discusses topics such as basic maneuvers, vision and perception, controlling risk using a space management system, and developing good driving habits. The document contains guidance on tasks like entering roadways, backing up, maintaining proper vision areas, determining following intervals based on speed, and developing an effective space management system through searching and evaluating risks.
Drivers must consider visibility, space, time, and traction when maneuvering their vehicle. They need to search for potential hazards by scanning their field of vision from 4-30 seconds ahead. When passing, drivers must determine if they are in a legal passing zone, calculate the time and space needed to pass safely based on vehicle speeds, and check for oncoming traffic to ensure adequate distance to complete the maneuver. Failing to properly process roadway information and plan maneuvers can lead to unsafe driving situations.
This document provides information on basic maneuvering tasks for driving in a moderate risk environment. It discusses topics including risk, space management systems, lane changes, turnabouts, and parking. The document contains lesson plans and slides on risk assessment, vehicle operating zones, searching for hazards, evaluating risk, and executing maneuvers like turning at intersections while maintaining space, speed, and visibility. The overall goal is to teach drivers how to reduce risk through proper space management, decision making, and developing safe driving habits.
The document describes characteristics and considerations for expressways. It defines expressways as having controlled access, high speeds up to 65 mph, barriers dividing lanes, and allowing only motorized vehicles. It discusses entrance and exit ramp designs including cloverleaf, diamond, trumpet, and frontage road interchanges. It also covers entrance and exit procedures, lane selection, reduced risk lane changes, weave lanes, and dangers of multiple lane roads like pack driving.
This document provides information about Virginia driver responsibilities related to preparing to operate a vehicle. It discusses topics like driver preparation procedures, identifying vehicle control devices, operating vehicle control devices, vehicle balance considerations, and standard vehicle reference points. The document contains guidance on pre-drive tasks like checking the vehicle exterior and interior, starting tasks, securing tasks after parking, and identifying various vehicle control, safety, and comfort devices. It also discusses maintaining vehicle balance in terms of roll, pitch, and yaw.
This document discusses driver responsibilities in adverse conditions and is divided into multiple topics. It addresses issues like reduced visibility at night, precautions in fog and bad weather, and dangers of low water crossings. Specific tips are provided, such as using low beam headlights in fog to reduce glare, slowing down in rain to account for longer braking distances, and understanding that flash floods are the leading cause of vehicle-related deaths. Overall, the document stresses being cautious, slowing speeds, and taking additional safety measures when visibility is limited by conditions like darkness, weather, or flooding.
This document provides information about driver responsibilities related to vehicle functions. It discusses topics like vehicle functions and malfunctions, anti-lock braking systems, vehicle performance, and highway transportation system agencies. Specific sections cover dashboard warning symbols, vehicle failures, vehicle systems including steering/suspension, brakes, fuel, and electrical systems, and anti-lock braking systems. The document is intended to educate drivers on important vehicle components and what to do in situations like malfunctions or emergencies.
This document discusses risk assessment and space management strategies for driving. It defines risk as the chance of injury, damage or loss from a crash, and identifies behaviors that increase risk like speeding and distracted driving. It describes how to assess open, closed and changing zones around your vehicle to manage space. The document provides guidance on turning, lane changes, parking and turnabouts including techniques for path of travel, reference points, signaling and reducing risks.
The document provides information about endurance events for off-road vehicles. Endurance events test a vehicle's ability to operate continuously over rough terrain in any weather conditions. They can be run for a set time period, usually 4 hours, or for a set distance. The team that completes the distance first or greatest distance within the time wins. Scoring is based on the number of laps completed, with bonus points given to the top finishers. The document also outlines the various terrain features and command flags used in endurance races.
Traffic management safety six key issues (presentaion 1)Shze Hwa Lee
This document provides a summary of a presentation on traffic management for occupational safety and health. It discusses the key issues of traffic management including minimizing vehicle movements, visibility, keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart, ensuring competence of people on site, managing risks of reversing vehicles, and using proper signs and instructions. Specific strategies are outlined for each issue, such as providing separate routes, barriers, lighting, training, and signage. The presentation aims to reduce accidents and ensure worksite traffic safety.
This document provides an outline for a driver education classroom instruction module. It covers several topics related to driver readiness including driving practices, fatigue, and aggressive driving. For each topic, it lists learning objectives and references textbooks, websites, and videos for students to review. It also includes example test questions to assess students' understanding of key concepts like right-of-way rules, stopping procedures, and countermeasures to reduce risks from fatigue and aggression. The goal is for students to learn safe, legal, and responsible driving techniques through classroom study and applied exercises.
The document summarizes the key regulations that apply to medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicle operators. If a vehicle weighs over 10,001 pounds or transports hazardous materials, and operates on public roads, the carrier is subject to regulations regarding safety, drivers, hours of service, and vehicle maintenance. Drivers of vehicles requiring a commercial driver's license must also follow CDL and drug testing rules. Carriers are responsible for ensuring compliance and can face penalties if roadside inspections or audits find violations by the carrier, drivers, or vehicles.
This document provides an overview of the modules covered in the National Child Passenger Safety Technician Renewal Testing Course. The course aims to update technicians on changes in child passenger safety, including updated state laws, technical changes to restraint systems, injury prevention information, and recommendations for correctly transporting children of various ages in car seats, booster seats, and seat belts. Key topics covered include air bags, lower anchors and tethers, extended rear-facing and forward-facing car seat limits, booster seat use, and conducting checkup events to ensure proper child restraint installation.
This document provides an overview of the modules covered in the National Child Passenger Safety Technician Renewal Testing Course. The course aims to update technicians on changes in child passenger safety laws, technologies, and best practices. Key topics covered include updated guidelines for rear-facing and forward-facing car seats, booster seats, seat belts, lower anchors and tethers, airbags, and child passenger safety in different vehicle types. The course emphasizes the technician's role in educating caregivers to make informed choices for safely transporting children.
This document provides an overview of lower anchors and tethers for securing child car seats (LATCH system) in 6 key points:
1. LATCH is an alternative to seat belts for installing car seats using two lower anchors and one tether anchor. Lower anchors are usually only required for rear-facing seats.
2. Lower anchors attach to anchor bars in the vehicle while tethers hold the back of the car seat against the vehicle seat.
3. Not all vehicles have lower anchors in the center seating position so caregivers should check their vehicle and car seat manuals.
4. Tethers and lower anchors have weight limits around 65 pounds.
5. Anchor locations are identified
This document provides an overview of seat belt systems and how to properly install car seats using different belt types. It begins by listing the objectives of the module, which are to identify federal standards, seat belt parts, latchplate and retractor types, and best practices for caregivers. It then defines different belt systems and parts like lap belts, latchplates, and retractors. The rest of the document explains how to identify, test, and work with various retractor and latchplate types, including when to use locking clips, belt-shortening clips, or additional locking steps. Key questions for caregivers regarding seat belt functionality and child passenger safety are also outlined.
Traffic regulatory measures subjective assignment 2 - academic writingChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Traffic Regulatory Measures. Prepared on behalf of UGC MOOC through Swayam Platform.
Car crashes are caused by human error, faulty equipment, weather, and other factors. To test vehicle safety, experiments are conducted including frontal impact, side impact, and rollover tests. Vehicles are given star ratings based on factors like structural integrity and injury measures. Safety features include active systems like ABS and DSC that help prevent crashes, and passive systems like airbags and seatbelts that mitigate injury during a crash. Proper use of all vehicle safety systems and features can help reduce accident risks and injuries.
The document provides instructions for basic driving maneuvers including:
1. Checking visibility, time, and space when moving into or leaving traffic.
2. Planning ahead and maintaining a 4 second gap when changing lanes safely.
3. Signaling and positioning the vehicle in advance of right turns.
4. The four methods for executing turns - driving around the block, two-point turns, three-point turns, and U-turns.
CarSafe is a dual-camera smartphone app that aims to alert drowsy and distracted drivers. It uses the front and rear cameras along with sensors to detect dangerous driving events like drowsy driving, tailgating, and lane weaving. The paper describes CarSafe's architecture which includes pipelines for driver, road, and car classification. It also discusses the challenges of real-time dual camera processing on mobile and how CarSafe addresses these through techniques like context-driven camera switching and multicore computation planning. An evaluation shows CarSafe can accurately detect dangerous events with overall precision and recall of 83% and 75%.
The study evaluated the effectiveness of simulator-based training for novice drivers by comparing drivers who received simulator training to those who did not. In part A, questionnaires found that drivers with simulator training reported higher intentions for unsafe driving like speeding. In part B, 40 drivers were directly observed and had their driving objectively measured. Results found that drivers with simulator training performed better on measures of driving safety and had fewer dangerous driving events. The study provides support for including simulator training in driver education programs to promote safe driving among novices.
This document discusses driver performance and the effects of alcohol and other drugs on driving. It covers six topics: introducing alcohol and choosing not to use it, the nature of alcohol-related crash problems, the physiological and psychological effects of alcohol, how alcohol and other drugs affect driving abilities, dealing with driver fatigue, and preventing road rage. The document provides information on Virginia's zero tolerance law for underage drinking and driving, factors that influence blood alcohol concentration, and guidelines for determining blood alcohol content from different types and amounts of alcoholic beverages. It aims to help drivers make responsible decisions about alcohol use and understand the dangers of drinking and driving.
This document discusses driver responsibilities related to insuring and maintaining a vehicle. It covers four main topics: insuring a vehicle, purchasing a vehicle, trip planning, and Virginia's conservation concerns. Under insuring a vehicle, it outlines Virginia's requirements for minimum liability insurance coverage and the penalties for driving without insurance. It also explains the different types of auto insurance coverage including liability, medical payments, uninsured motorist, collision, comprehensive, towing and labor, and rental reimbursement. The document concludes by discussing factors that determine insurance costs such as the type of car, driver characteristics, and available discounts.
The document discusses various topics related to owning and operating a vehicle, including:
- Required minimum auto insurance coverage in Virginia of $25,000 bodily injury per person, up to $50,000 per incident, and $20,000 property damage.
- Factors that determine auto insurance premium costs such as driver age, vehicle type, and driving record.
- Steps to take in the event of a collision, including notifying police and exchanging insurance information.
- Formulas for calculating the total cost of a vehicle including interest, as well as the monthly loan payment amount.
- Considerations for trip planning like lodging costs, fuel efficiency calculations, and maps for navigation.
This document provides information on Virginia driver responsibilities and licensing. It covers 4 topics: 1) the goals and requirements for a driver's license, 2) the types of Virginia licenses and requirements to obtain them, 3) right-of-way concepts at intersections and special situations, and 4) vehicle inspection and registration requirements. The document includes tables and illustrations to explain licensing types, right-of-way rules, and when to yield to other vehicles or pedestrians. It is intended to educate drivers on Virginia road rules and regulations.
This document discusses factors that influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, including types of alcoholic drinks, weight, gender, time spent drinking, and food consumption. It notes that BAC is affected by the size and alcohol content of drinks. Higher BAC levels impair brain function and can cause intoxication, reduced coordination, impaired judgment, and unconsciousness. The document also discusses how drugs like marijuana and prescription medications can negatively impact driving ability.
This document provides information about various vehicle systems and functions, warning symbols, failures, and safety tips. It discusses topics like:
- Dashboard warning lights and their meanings for issues like temperature, oil pressure, alternator, brakes, and more.
- Actions to take for failures such as tire blowouts, stuck accelerators, brake failures, and vehicle fires.
- Components and purposes of systems like tires and suspension, engines, and electrical, braking, and exhaust systems.
- Safety information for sharing the road with trucks, bicyclists, and motorcyclists.
This document provides information on various driving safety topics such as headlight alignment, overdriving headlights, dealing with glare from other vehicles' headlights, fog conditions, winter weather conditions, hydroplaning, traction loss, and occupant protection. It discusses proper techniques for headlight alignment, determining safe speeds based on lighting conditions, adjusting mirrors to reduce glare, driving in fog and snow, determining water depth at low water crossings, using brakes to dry them, and minimizing glare. It also covers tips for dusty areas, underinflated tires, snow and ice conditions, dealing with wind, using safety restraints properly, airbag safety, and new automotive technologies that improve safety.
This document discusses risk assessment and space management strategies for driving. It defines risk as the chance of injury, damage or loss from a crash, and identifies behaviors that increase risk like speeding and distracted driving. It describes how to assess open, closed and changing zones around your vehicle to manage space. The document provides guidance on turning, lane changes, parking and turnabouts including techniques for path of travel, reference points, signaling and reducing risks.
The document provides information about endurance events for off-road vehicles. Endurance events test a vehicle's ability to operate continuously over rough terrain in any weather conditions. They can be run for a set time period, usually 4 hours, or for a set distance. The team that completes the distance first or greatest distance within the time wins. Scoring is based on the number of laps completed, with bonus points given to the top finishers. The document also outlines the various terrain features and command flags used in endurance races.
Traffic management safety six key issues (presentaion 1)Shze Hwa Lee
This document provides a summary of a presentation on traffic management for occupational safety and health. It discusses the key issues of traffic management including minimizing vehicle movements, visibility, keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart, ensuring competence of people on site, managing risks of reversing vehicles, and using proper signs and instructions. Specific strategies are outlined for each issue, such as providing separate routes, barriers, lighting, training, and signage. The presentation aims to reduce accidents and ensure worksite traffic safety.
This document provides an outline for a driver education classroom instruction module. It covers several topics related to driver readiness including driving practices, fatigue, and aggressive driving. For each topic, it lists learning objectives and references textbooks, websites, and videos for students to review. It also includes example test questions to assess students' understanding of key concepts like right-of-way rules, stopping procedures, and countermeasures to reduce risks from fatigue and aggression. The goal is for students to learn safe, legal, and responsible driving techniques through classroom study and applied exercises.
The document summarizes the key regulations that apply to medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicle operators. If a vehicle weighs over 10,001 pounds or transports hazardous materials, and operates on public roads, the carrier is subject to regulations regarding safety, drivers, hours of service, and vehicle maintenance. Drivers of vehicles requiring a commercial driver's license must also follow CDL and drug testing rules. Carriers are responsible for ensuring compliance and can face penalties if roadside inspections or audits find violations by the carrier, drivers, or vehicles.
This document provides an overview of the modules covered in the National Child Passenger Safety Technician Renewal Testing Course. The course aims to update technicians on changes in child passenger safety, including updated state laws, technical changes to restraint systems, injury prevention information, and recommendations for correctly transporting children of various ages in car seats, booster seats, and seat belts. Key topics covered include air bags, lower anchors and tethers, extended rear-facing and forward-facing car seat limits, booster seat use, and conducting checkup events to ensure proper child restraint installation.
This document provides an overview of the modules covered in the National Child Passenger Safety Technician Renewal Testing Course. The course aims to update technicians on changes in child passenger safety laws, technologies, and best practices. Key topics covered include updated guidelines for rear-facing and forward-facing car seats, booster seats, seat belts, lower anchors and tethers, airbags, and child passenger safety in different vehicle types. The course emphasizes the technician's role in educating caregivers to make informed choices for safely transporting children.
This document provides an overview of lower anchors and tethers for securing child car seats (LATCH system) in 6 key points:
1. LATCH is an alternative to seat belts for installing car seats using two lower anchors and one tether anchor. Lower anchors are usually only required for rear-facing seats.
2. Lower anchors attach to anchor bars in the vehicle while tethers hold the back of the car seat against the vehicle seat.
3. Not all vehicles have lower anchors in the center seating position so caregivers should check their vehicle and car seat manuals.
4. Tethers and lower anchors have weight limits around 65 pounds.
5. Anchor locations are identified
This document provides an overview of seat belt systems and how to properly install car seats using different belt types. It begins by listing the objectives of the module, which are to identify federal standards, seat belt parts, latchplate and retractor types, and best practices for caregivers. It then defines different belt systems and parts like lap belts, latchplates, and retractors. The rest of the document explains how to identify, test, and work with various retractor and latchplate types, including when to use locking clips, belt-shortening clips, or additional locking steps. Key questions for caregivers regarding seat belt functionality and child passenger safety are also outlined.
Traffic regulatory measures subjective assignment 2 - academic writingChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Traffic Regulatory Measures. Prepared on behalf of UGC MOOC through Swayam Platform.
Car crashes are caused by human error, faulty equipment, weather, and other factors. To test vehicle safety, experiments are conducted including frontal impact, side impact, and rollover tests. Vehicles are given star ratings based on factors like structural integrity and injury measures. Safety features include active systems like ABS and DSC that help prevent crashes, and passive systems like airbags and seatbelts that mitigate injury during a crash. Proper use of all vehicle safety systems and features can help reduce accident risks and injuries.
The document provides instructions for basic driving maneuvers including:
1. Checking visibility, time, and space when moving into or leaving traffic.
2. Planning ahead and maintaining a 4 second gap when changing lanes safely.
3. Signaling and positioning the vehicle in advance of right turns.
4. The four methods for executing turns - driving around the block, two-point turns, three-point turns, and U-turns.
CarSafe is a dual-camera smartphone app that aims to alert drowsy and distracted drivers. It uses the front and rear cameras along with sensors to detect dangerous driving events like drowsy driving, tailgating, and lane weaving. The paper describes CarSafe's architecture which includes pipelines for driver, road, and car classification. It also discusses the challenges of real-time dual camera processing on mobile and how CarSafe addresses these through techniques like context-driven camera switching and multicore computation planning. An evaluation shows CarSafe can accurately detect dangerous events with overall precision and recall of 83% and 75%.
The study evaluated the effectiveness of simulator-based training for novice drivers by comparing drivers who received simulator training to those who did not. In part A, questionnaires found that drivers with simulator training reported higher intentions for unsafe driving like speeding. In part B, 40 drivers were directly observed and had their driving objectively measured. Results found that drivers with simulator training performed better on measures of driving safety and had fewer dangerous driving events. The study provides support for including simulator training in driver education programs to promote safe driving among novices.
This document discusses driver performance and the effects of alcohol and other drugs on driving. It covers six topics: introducing alcohol and choosing not to use it, the nature of alcohol-related crash problems, the physiological and psychological effects of alcohol, how alcohol and other drugs affect driving abilities, dealing with driver fatigue, and preventing road rage. The document provides information on Virginia's zero tolerance law for underage drinking and driving, factors that influence blood alcohol concentration, and guidelines for determining blood alcohol content from different types and amounts of alcoholic beverages. It aims to help drivers make responsible decisions about alcohol use and understand the dangers of drinking and driving.
This document discusses driver responsibilities related to insuring and maintaining a vehicle. It covers four main topics: insuring a vehicle, purchasing a vehicle, trip planning, and Virginia's conservation concerns. Under insuring a vehicle, it outlines Virginia's requirements for minimum liability insurance coverage and the penalties for driving without insurance. It also explains the different types of auto insurance coverage including liability, medical payments, uninsured motorist, collision, comprehensive, towing and labor, and rental reimbursement. The document concludes by discussing factors that determine insurance costs such as the type of car, driver characteristics, and available discounts.
The document discusses various topics related to owning and operating a vehicle, including:
- Required minimum auto insurance coverage in Virginia of $25,000 bodily injury per person, up to $50,000 per incident, and $20,000 property damage.
- Factors that determine auto insurance premium costs such as driver age, vehicle type, and driving record.
- Steps to take in the event of a collision, including notifying police and exchanging insurance information.
- Formulas for calculating the total cost of a vehicle including interest, as well as the monthly loan payment amount.
- Considerations for trip planning like lodging costs, fuel efficiency calculations, and maps for navigation.
This document provides information on Virginia driver responsibilities and licensing. It covers 4 topics: 1) the goals and requirements for a driver's license, 2) the types of Virginia licenses and requirements to obtain them, 3) right-of-way concepts at intersections and special situations, and 4) vehicle inspection and registration requirements. The document includes tables and illustrations to explain licensing types, right-of-way rules, and when to yield to other vehicles or pedestrians. It is intended to educate drivers on Virginia road rules and regulations.
This document discusses factors that influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, including types of alcoholic drinks, weight, gender, time spent drinking, and food consumption. It notes that BAC is affected by the size and alcohol content of drinks. Higher BAC levels impair brain function and can cause intoxication, reduced coordination, impaired judgment, and unconsciousness. The document also discusses how drugs like marijuana and prescription medications can negatively impact driving ability.
This document provides information about various vehicle systems and functions, warning symbols, failures, and safety tips. It discusses topics like:
- Dashboard warning lights and their meanings for issues like temperature, oil pressure, alternator, brakes, and more.
- Actions to take for failures such as tire blowouts, stuck accelerators, brake failures, and vehicle fires.
- Components and purposes of systems like tires and suspension, engines, and electrical, braking, and exhaust systems.
- Safety information for sharing the road with trucks, bicyclists, and motorcyclists.
This document provides information on various driving safety topics such as headlight alignment, overdriving headlights, dealing with glare from other vehicles' headlights, fog conditions, winter weather conditions, hydroplaning, traction loss, and occupant protection. It discusses proper techniques for headlight alignment, determining safe speeds based on lighting conditions, adjusting mirrors to reduce glare, driving in fog and snow, determining water depth at low water crossings, using brakes to dry them, and minimizing glare. It also covers tips for dusty areas, underinflated tires, snow and ice conditions, dealing with wind, using safety restraints properly, airbag safety, and new automotive technologies that improve safety.
The new scrubber uses technology that was developed for land based incineration systems.
specialized in removing PM and acid gases from the exhaust gas from incineration plants.
The original idea was that the exhaust gas was accelerated through orifice openings which produced millions of highly turbulent mixing zones downstream of the orifice.
The advantage of this was that there was no packing involved in the scrubber design, so there is nothing to plug.
The disadvantage was that there was a high pressure drop required on the exhaust gas side which would result in a high pressure blower required to prevent a back pressure on the engine.
The new design replaces the pressure drop on the gas side with a higher pressure drop in the wash water injection nozzles.
KEY POINTS OF NEW SCRUB CO. PM SCRUBBER SYSTEM
The higher pressure drop produces 3 effects:
1. The injected water is broken up into much smaller droplets at this higher pressure, resulting in more surface area for scrubbing.
2. The droplets leave the nozzle at a much higher velocity than the gas stream, producing better mixing 3. The droplets leave the nozzle at a much higher velocity than the gas stream, producing an eduction effect in the scrubber. This reduces the pressure drop across the scrubber.
If we look at the scrubber systems presently available, the main differences with the new design are as follows:
a. The quench section is contained inside the scrubber shell, reducing space requirements
b. The majority of the quench section is manufactured in GRE pipework, a less expensive material compared to the alloys used in existing designs.
c. Depending on the size it would be possible to build the shell of the scrubber also in GRE.
d. The design has no packing to plug. The mass transfer is obtained using higher injection pressure at the spray nozzles.
e. The de-mister is a "vane" design, which is less likely to plug compared to the wire mesh used in existing designs.
f. The water treatment plant is a pressurized design, which could result in the elimination of Return Pumps which are required in existing designs
This document provides guidance on traffic rules and safe driving practices for drivers in Assam, India. It covers rules regarding right of way, traffic lights and signs, road markings, and precautions to take at intersections, roundabouts, and when overtaking other vehicles. Key points emphasized include slowing down at intersections, yielding to traffic on the right, being cautious when traffic signals change, and only overtaking when it is safe to do so without endangering pedestrians or oncoming traffic.
This Pennsylvania driving manual covers many topics related to obtaining a learner's permit and driver's license including classroom and behind-the-wheel instruction, licensing procedures, traffic laws, signs and signals, defensive driving techniques, and more. Key areas of focus are choosing safety first, everyday driving skills like managing space and speed, and negotiating intersections, turns, and other special circumstances. The course meets the 30 hours of classroom and 6 hours of behind-the-wheel instruction required by the state.
This document provides instruction on techniques for safely entering and exiting roadways, including proper visual scanning methods, maintaining space around your vehicle, and making decisions at intersections. Key steps include performing thorough traffic checks, selecting an appropriate gap, and gradually accelerating into the lane while steering to the center. It emphasizes establishing a targeted area 20 seconds ahead and adjusting speed based on visibility. Potential hazards include pedestrians, oncoming vehicles, and bicyclists. The top driver errors that cause crashes are following too closely, failure to yield, speeding, and improper lane changes.
This document provides information about obtaining a driver's license in Virginia. It discusses the requirements for a learner's permit and driver's license, including proof of identification, residency, and legal presence. It also outlines the testing process and additional requirements for applicants under age 18. The document reviews different license types, renewals, restrictions, and consequences of suspensions or revocations. It includes sections on organ donation, right-of-way concepts, railroad safety, traffic signs and signals, and pavement markings.
This document provides information and procedures for driver preparation and vehicle checks. It discusses:
1. Performing pre-drive checks of the vehicle exterior and ensuring no children or pets are near the vehicle.
2. Adjusting mirrors, seats, seatbelts and other controls upon entering the vehicle.
3. Understanding vehicle control devices like the brake, accelerator, and gear selector and how to properly operate them.
4. Checking fluid levels, tires, lights and other components regularly to maintain vehicle safety and performance.
This document outlines the objectives and requirements of a forklift safety training course. It covers regulatory standards, injury statistics, case studies, and operating principles to teach trainees how to safely and properly operate forklifts. The training includes classroom instruction, discussions of different forklift types, hazard situations, and proficiency testing to ensure trainees understand forklift safety regulations and can safely operate forklifts.
Traffic engineering deals with planning and designing streets and highways to facilitate the efficient movement of people and goods. It considers road user characteristics like vision and reaction time, vehicular characteristics like size, weight and braking, and roadway characteristics like geometry, sight distance and friction. The goal is to allow traffic to flow safely and freely with the fewest possible accidents. Key aspects studied include traffic flow, analysis and control, planning, geometric design, and administration.
This document provides information on a CDL training programme aimed at helping individuals gain the necessary skills and knowledge to obtain a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) in order to work as professional truck drivers in the United States. The programme covers topics like vehicle inspection, loading, driving on the road, after-trip inspection, prohibited practices, and use of brake-door interlocks. It is designed for experienced drivers, those wanting to enter the trucking profession, and individuals seeking employment in the US transport industry upon emigrating. The training outcomes include passing the required tests and assessments to acquire a CDL.
New 1 - Transporting Passengers Safely.pptxJimsonOgbejele
This CDL training program aims to provide participants with the knowledge and skills required to obtain a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) in the United States. The program is suited for experienced drivers, as well as individuals entering or changing careers. Through online learning modules, tasks, and tests, participants will learn about vehicle inspections, loading procedures, road safety, and passenger transportation. Upon completing the training and passing all assessments, participants will earn the certification needed to apply for a CDL.
This document outlines the processes and procedures for transporting hazardous materials by truck. It defines key terms like process and procedure. It then provides detailed step-by-step procedures for pre-trip inspections, driving, loading products, and unloading products at customer sites. The document emphasizes safety at every step, from inspecting the vehicle to using proper lifting techniques to connecting and disconnecting hoses. Following these established processes and procedures helps ensure safe and compliant transport of hazardous materials.
Safety paper wrote on Safe Construction Zones while on a Jobsite visit with Brent Posten from George J. Igel & Company at the Alum Creek Drive Project. This paper goes over the five main zones used to keep the construction workers safe while working on an active road project.
The document summarizes an underground trial of a collision avoidance system on a shuttle car at Centennial Coal's Myuna Colliery mine in Australia. Key details include:
- The trial tested a Mine Site Technology/Strata Worldwide proximity detection system to alert operators if they entered the warning or danger zones around the shuttle car.
- Data from the system showed numerous instances where operators' helmet lights were detected in the warning and danger zones over the course of a shift, with 25 recorded hazard intrusions.
- The trial helped identify areas for improvement in the equipment certification process and need for adjustments to magnetic fields during commissioning. Overall it provided safety benefits by alerting operators if they got too close to
Ce2026 traffic engineering and management notesNayana 54321
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on traffic engineering and management. It covers five main units: introduction, traffic surveys and analysis, traffic control, design of geometric intersections, and traffic management. The introduction unit defines traffic engineering and its basic components, which include road users, vehicles, roads, and control devices. It also discusses road user characteristics such as fields of vision and perception-reaction time that influence traffic flow. The remaining units cover topics like traffic surveys, traffic control signals, intersection design principles, and approaches to traffic system and demand management.
Many-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Online Testing of DNN-Enabled SystemsLionel Briand
This document proposes MORLOT (Many-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Online Testing) to address challenges in online testing of DNN-enabled systems. MORLOT leverages many-objective search and reinforcement learning to choose test actions. It was evaluated on the Transfuser autonomous driving system in the CARLA simulator using 6 safety requirements. MORLOT was significantly more effective and efficient at finding safety violations than random search or other many-objective approaches, achieving a higher average test effectiveness for any given test budget.
The document provides instructions for basic driving maneuvers including:
1. Checking visibility, time, and space when moving into or leaving traffic.
2. Planning in advance by knowing where your vehicle is and where you want to go, and leaving a 4 second gap between vehicles when changing lanes.
3. Signaling and positioning your vehicle in the correct lane well ahead of turning right.
This slide is prepared by me for the students studying in 1st Semester of Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. This is only the the introduction of Maintenance Practices involved in Aircraft Maintenance. Reference is taken from various aviation books and websites. Suggestions are welcome. Pls leave a like
PS- after downloading please don't change the name of author as you will be disregarding all the hard work done by me.
This presentation discusses road construction worker safety hazards and fatalities. It notes that over 844 roadway construction workers died from 1995-2002, mostly from motor vehicle or construction equipment accidents. Specific dangers discussed include workers on foot being at risk from multiple hazards like construction vehicles, impaired drivers, and large blind spots that vehicle operators have. The presentation emphasizes the importance of having traffic control plans, using flaggers and signs properly, restricting access points and backing zones for vehicles, and workers wearing high-visibility clothing. It provides examples of regulations on backing safety for dump trucks to protect workers on foot.
Transportation involves the movement of people and goods over time and space using various modes. It should be safe and environmentally friendly. The document discusses the history and development of different transportation modes like railways and cars. It also covers concepts in transportation engineering like transportation planning, traffic operations, and level of service analysis. The future of transportation focuses on more environmentally friendly options like hybrid vehicles.
Safety in construction stage (by Md Abdur Rahman)Md Abdur Rahman
The slideshow presents the current scenario of Ashram Chawk where a underpass is under construction and safety features are not proposed as per guidelines.
This document summarizes the agenda and key topics from an Apex Safety Committee meeting. The agenda included discussions on emergency alarms and exits, safety contacts, driving safety such as types of road users in India and unsafe driving behaviors, defensive driving techniques, speed limits, safety signage, personal protective equipment requirements, and checklists for commercial vehicle drivers. The presentation materials included accident images and information on causes of accidents and how to avoid them.
The document discusses factors that contribute to road accidents in India. It covers road-related factors like design, signs, and conditions. Vehicle factors like braking systems, lighting, and inspection are addressed. Driver characteristics such as age, skills, and impairment are examined. The collection and analysis of accident data is described, including the uses of data in engineering, enforcement, policy, education, and administration. Standard forms and factors are outlined for properly reporting accidents to gather comprehensive information that can be accurately analyzed.
Intersections present safety risks because different road users must share the same space. They are locations of up to 50% of urban crashes and 10-20% of rural crashes. The main principles to consider for intersection safety are reducing speeds, separating conflicts in space and time, and providing clear right-of-way rules. Common intersection controls include signs, roundabouts, and traffic signals. Roundabouts are often the safest option as they reduce conflict points and speeds. Traffic engineering can greatly improve intersection safety through proper sight distances, control types, and road design.
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This document summarizes NIOSH research on blind spots around heavy construction equipment and internal traffic control plans. It reports that over 900 worker deaths from 1992-2000 were vehicle-related in work zones. Studies evaluated proximity warning systems, measured blind areas, and developed GPS and video methods. Guidelines for internal traffic control plans aim to limit worker exposure to vehicles by coordinating equipment movement and establishing pedestrian-free zones. Case studies investigated fatalities to identify interventions like redesigning traffic patterns.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Module 05 2004
1. Information Processing:Information Processing:
Moderate Risk Driving EnvironmentModerate Risk Driving Environment
Topic 1 --Topic 1 -- Processing InformationProcessing Information
Topic 2 --Topic 2 -- Intersections, Curves, and HillsIntersections, Curves, and Hills
Topic 3 --Topic 3 -- PassingPassing
Module Five TransparenciesModule Five Transparencies
VirginiaVirginia Department of EducationDepartment of Education
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor VehiclesProvided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles
2. Processing InformationProcessing Information
T – 5.1
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Basic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for Driving
VISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTIONVISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTION
DRIVER REQUIREMENTS
VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS
TO MANEUVERTO MANEUVER
SAFELYSAFELY
DriversDrivers need visibility,need visibility,
space, and timespace, and time
ANDAND
VehiclesVehicles require time,require time,
space, and tractionspace, and traction
3. Processing InformationProcessing Information
T – 5.2
Topic 1 Lesson 1
• SEARCHSEARCH for objects orfor objects or
conditions;conditions;
• EVALUTEEVALUTE the path ahead forthe path ahead for
alternate paths of travel; andalternate paths of travel; and
• EXECUTEEXECUTE any neededany needed
adjustments in speed oradjustments in speed or
positionposition in Timein Time
Visibility is critical to theVisibility is critical to the SEEiTSEEiT
Space Management SystemSpace Management System
More detailed information on SEEiT system may beMore detailed information on SEEiT system may be
reviewed in Module 4.reviewed in Module 4.
The driver must:The driver must:
4. Field of VisionField of Vision
T – 5.3
Topic 1 Lesson 2
90 percent of driving decisions are based90 percent of driving decisions are based
on information gathered with the eyes.on information gathered with the eyes.
Area a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight Ahead
PeripheralPeripheral
VisionVision
Central VisionCentral Vision
Focus VisionFocus Vision
Motion & ColorMotion & Color
ChangesChanges
TargetingTargeting
(Reading Signs)(Reading Signs)
Viewing Path of TravelViewing Path of Travel
5. Search PracticesSearch Practices
Topic 1 Lesson 2Topic 1 Lesson 2
Where to searchWhere to search involves identifyinginvolves identifying
objects or conditions that increase yourobjects or conditions that increase your
level of risk and adjusting your speed orlevel of risk and adjusting your speed or
vehicle position in time to minimizevehicle position in time to minimize
these risksthese risks..
When to searchWhen to search involves systematicallyinvolves systematically
scanning the driving environment. Thescanning the driving environment. The
defensive driver constantly monitors thedefensive driver constantly monitors the
conditions around the vehicle, especiallyconditions around the vehicle, especially
before initiating any maneuverbefore initiating any maneuver
How to searchHow to search involves looking in ainvolves looking in a
pattern that goes from 20 – 30 secondspattern that goes from 20 – 30 seconds
ahead of the vehicle to the dashboard, asahead of the vehicle to the dashboard, as
well as to the left, right, and to the rear ofwell as to the left, right, and to the rear of
the vehicle.the vehicle.
T – 5.4T – 5.4
6. SearchingSearching
Position of VehiclePosition of Vehicle
Speed of VehicleSpeed of Vehicle
T – 5.5
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Looking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other Drivers
Actions of the DriverActions of the Driver
DistractionsDistractions
•Cell PhoneCell Phone
•PassengersPassengers
LostLost
ImpairedImpaired
Vehicle SignalsVehicle Signals
•TurningTurning
•BackingBacking
•Hazard LightsHazard Lights
•Hand SignalsHand Signals
HeadlightsHeadlights
HornHorn
Brake LightsBrake Lights
7. Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches
Topic 1 Lesson 2
T – 5.6
Search far ahead to identify potential conflictsSearch far ahead to identify potential conflicts
• Objects in Path of Travel
• Limitations to Line of Sight
20- to 30-Second Search Area20- to 30-Second Search Area
TargetTarget
AreaArea
20- to20- to
30-sec.30-sec.
12- to12- to
15-sec.15-sec.
4- to 8-4- to 8-
sec.sec.
8. Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches
Topic 1 Lesson 2
T – 5.6a
Search for Closed or Changing Path of Travel
Identify an Alternate Path of Travel or a Safe Stopping Zone
Evaluate Open Zones to the Sides and Rear
12- to 15-Second Search Area12- to 15-Second Search Area
20- to20- to
30-sec.30-sec.
12- to12- to
15-sec.15-sec.
4- to 8-4- to 8-
sec.sec.
9. Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches
4- to 8-Second Search Area4- to 8-Second Search Area
• Immediate Path of Travel
• Direct Response Area
• Stopping Zone and Following Interval
T – 5.7
Topic 1 Lesson 2
20- to20- to
30-sec.30-sec.
12- to12- to
15-sec.15-sec.
4- to4- to
8-sec.8-sec.
10. Determining Following IntervalsDetermining Following Intervals
Two secondTwo second following intervalfollowing interval at speeds less than 35 mph
•allows the driver time to steer out of problem areas on dry surfaces
•designed for use if there is an alternate path of travel
T – 5.8
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Four secondFour second following interval at speeds up to 65 mphfollowing interval at speeds up to 65 mph
•allows the driver time to steer out of problem areas on dry surfacesallows the driver time to steer out of problem areas on dry surfaces
•allows the driver time to stop before problem areas on dry surfacesallows the driver time to stop before problem areas on dry surfaces
Alternate Path of TravelAlternate Path of Travel
13. Processing TRAFFIC CONTROL DevicesProcessing TRAFFIC CONTROL Devices
SignsSigns
•Regulatory
•Warning
•Guide
•RR
SignalsSignals
•Stop/Go
•Lane Usage
•Flashing
T – 5.11
Topic 1 Lesson 3
InterchangesInterchanges
RoadwayRoadway
MarkingsMarkings
•Passing
•Traffic Flow
•Crosswalks
UnmarkedUnmarked
IntersectionsIntersections
SensorySensory
Input to theInput to the
BrainBrain
14. Motor VehiclesMotor Vehicles
Road HandlingRoad Handling
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
TypeType
•AutomobileAutomobile
•SUVSUV
•CamperCamper
•Pick-upPick-up
•Motor HomeMotor Home
•MotorcycleMotorcycle
•Farm MachinesFarm Machines
•Tractor-TrailerTractor-Trailer
T – 5.12
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Drivers mustDrivers must
understand theunderstand the
handlinghandling
characteristics ofcharacteristics of
other motor vehiclesother motor vehicles
sharing the roadway.sharing the roadway.
15. Non-MotorizedNon-Motorized Users…Users…
• KIND AND SIZE
• NUMBERS
• AGE OF RIDER
• ACTIVITY
• RIDER ABILITY
In-Line Skates,
Skateboards
Pedestrians
Bicycles
T – 5.13
Topic 1 Lesson 3
present special processing challengespresent special processing challenges
Animals
16. Positioning the VehiclePositioning the Vehicle
Topic 1 Lesson 4Topic 1 Lesson 4
T – 5.14T – 5.14
Vehicle Placement is Critical for EstablishingVehicle Placement is Critical for Establishing
a Good Visual Fielda Good Visual Field
Controlling Space to the FrontControlling Space to the Front
Lane PositionLane Position
Staggered StopsStaggered Stops
17. Maintaining Space/Visibility to the FrontMaintaining Space/Visibility to the Front
T – 5.14a
Topic 1 Lesson 4
Three ways to control space in front of the vehicle:Three ways to control space in front of the vehicle:
1.1. Time your Arrival –Time your Arrival – adjust speed early to avoidadjust speed early to avoid
unnecessary braking, stops, and to conserve fuelunnecessary braking, stops, and to conserve fuel
2.2. Forward Placement at an Intersection –Forward Placement at an Intersection – maintain amaintain a
position that allows you to monitor the intersectionposition that allows you to monitor the intersection
3.3. Following Interval --Following Interval -- control space while in motioncontrol space while in motion
to establish a space cushion and open line of sightto establish a space cushion and open line of sight
18. Lane PositionLane Position
Create Space and Improve Visibility by AdjustingCreate Space and Improve Visibility by Adjusting
the Position of the Vehicle in the Lanethe Position of the Vehicle in the Lane
Lane Positions –Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 51, 2, 3, 4, and 5
T – 5.15
Within LaneWithin Lane PositionsPositions Straddle Lane PositionsStraddle Lane Positions
Topic 1 Lesson 4
LP 3
LP 2
LP 4
LP 5
LP 1
19. Staggered StopsStaggered Stops
StopStop your vehicleyour vehicle
(RED car)(RED car) behindbehind
the white stop barthe white stop bar
SelectSelect LaneLane
Position 3 toPosition 3 to
give the truckgive the truck
as much spaceas much space
as possibleas possible
T – 5.16
Topic 1 Lesson 4
Improving Visibility and Creating SpaceImproving Visibility and Creating Space
for a Truck Making a Left Turnfor a Truck Making a Left Turn
20. Intersection Search PatternsIntersection Search Patterns
Topic 2 Lesson 1
T – 5.17
Step 1 (Search)
Step 2 (Evaluate)
Step 3 (Execute)
Intersection Approach:Intersection Approach:
Identify intersection
Identify controls
Check rear areas
Search for intersection problems
Scan path of travel 1st
Scan all other areas
Look for closed or changing
frontal areas
Adjust speed
Maintain lane position
Stop behind crosswalk, or
Proceed through open space area
iinn TTimeime
22. Special Lane Markings
Topic 2 Lesson 1Topic 2 Lesson 1
T – 5.18aT – 5.18a
Shared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn Lane
Drivers traveling in eitherDrivers traveling in either
direction may use thisdirection may use this
lane for making left turns.lane for making left turns.
Drivers may not travelDrivers may not travel
further than 150 feet infurther than 150 feet in
this shared lane.this shared lane.
Driver may use the sharedDriver may use the shared
left turn lane to enter aleft turn lane to enter a
street from a driveway.street from a driveway.
Reversible LanesReversible Lanes
Traffic in these lanes moves inTraffic in these lanes moves in
one direction during certainone direction during certain
periods of the day and in theperiods of the day and in the
opposite direction duringopposite direction during
other times of the day.other times of the day.
Often found in areas with aOften found in areas with a
large volume of traffic cominglarge volume of traffic coming
in a city during the morningin a city during the morning
hours and going out duringhours and going out during
the afternoon hours.the afternoon hours.
23. Limited Line of Sight Through CurvesLimited Line of Sight Through Curves
T – 5.19
Topic 2 Lesson 2
24. LOS/POT CurvesLOS/POT Curves
T – 5.20
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Entering a Curve to the Right
• Determine Line of Sight / Path of Travel
• LP2 provides the best visibility
• Check traffic to the rear
Path of Travel
Line of Sight
Begin in Lane
Position 2
Lane Position 3
Apex Point
Exiting the Curve
• Adjust speed and
position for best
visibility and space
cushion
Moving Through the Curve
• Determine target area
• LP3 provides best space
cushion
Exit in
Lane
Position 1
25. LOS/POT Curves
T – 5.21
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Begin in Lane
Position 3
Lane Position
2 Apex Point
Exit in
Lane
Position 1
Path of Travel
Line of Sight
Entering a Curve to the LeftEntering a Curve to the Left
•Determine Line of Sight/Path of TravelDetermine Line of Sight/Path of Travel
•LP 3 provides the best visibilityLP 3 provides the best visibility
•Check traffic to the rearCheck traffic to the rear
Moving Through the CurveMoving Through the Curve
•Determine target areaDetermine target area
•Determine ApexDetermine Apex
Exiting the CurveExiting the Curve
Adjust speed andAdjust speed and
position for bestposition for best
visibility and spacevisibility and space
cushioncushion
26. Line of Sight Over HillLine of Sight Over Hill
Determine the BestDetermine the Best
Line of Sight andLine of Sight and
Path of TravelPath of Travel
Lane position 3Lane position 3
provides the bestprovides the best
space cushionspace cushion
Line of Sight isLine of Sight is
Restricted Up andRestricted Up and
Down HillDown Hill
T – 5.22
Topic 2 Lesson 2
27. Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space Needs
T – 5.23
Topic 3 Lesson 1
To pass another vehicle safelyTo pass another vehicle safely
you must:you must:
• identify a safe and legal passingidentify a safe and legal passing
zone;zone;
• judge the time and space needed tojudge the time and space needed to
pass;pass;
• judge the relative speed andjudge the relative speed and
distance of other vehicles; anddistance of other vehicles; and
• apply proper passing skills andapply proper passing skills and
complete the maneuver safely.complete the maneuver safely.
28. Identifying a Safe and Legal Passing ZoneIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing Zone
Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space Needs
Topic 3 Lesson 1
T – 5.23a
2. the timetime you will need to pass safely
3.3. thethe spacespace you will need to safely pass the other vehicle
Before you pass, you must determine:Before you pass, you must determine:
TRAVEL TIME = SPACE
Formula – Speed + ½ speed = feet per second (fps) traveled
60 mph -- 60 + 30 = 90 fps
1.1. if you are in a legal passing zoneif you are in a legal passing zone
• broken line = pass withbroken line = pass with
cautioncaution
• solid line = no passingsolid line = no passing
• list other areas where passinglist other areas where passing
is prohibitedis prohibited
29. Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space Needs
T – 5.24
Topic 3 Lesson 1
2 Second Space 60
fps X 2 = 120 ft.
Total distance traveled: 13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.
2 sec. following distance = 120 ft.
1 car length = 15 ft.
1 sec. gap = 60 ft
Total additional distance
traveled = 195 ft.
Time needed to pass:
195 ft. /15 ft. = 13 sec.
Total distance traveled:
13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.
Distance traveled = speed + ½ speed in feet per second
Time to pass = distance traveled to complete pass,
divided by difference in distance traveled per second
by each vehicle
RED car traveling 40 mph = 60 fps
(40 mph X 1.5 fps = 60 fps)
BLUE car traveling 30 mph = 45 fps
(30 mph X 1.5 fps = 45 fps)
60 ft - 45 ft = 15 ft.
Red car is traveling 15 fps faster than Blue car
Judging Time and Space Needed to Pass SafelyJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass Safely
1 car length
= 15 feet
1 Second Space
60 fps x 1 = 60 ft
30. Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space Needs
Topic 3 Lesson 1
T – 5.24a
To estimate the time and distance of an oncoming vehicle, begin counting
when the vehicle is first seen: 1000 and 1; 1000 and 2; etc. Continue the
count until the approaching vehicle is opposite your vehicle.
Practicing this technique will help you develop the ability to judge speed
and distance.
1000 and 20
COUNT ---COUNT --- 1000 and 1 = 1 second1000 and 1 = 1 second
1000 and 2 1000 and 1
Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Other VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Other Vehicles
31. 13 seconds / 780 ft. 13 seconds / 780 ft.
Space
Cushion
200 ft
TOTAL distance required to pass safely is 1760 ft (30 seconds).
To complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into accountTo complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into account
Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming Vehicles
Passing Time/Space Needs —Passing Time/Space Needs — Oncoming VehiclesOncoming Vehicles
Topic 3 Lesson 1
T –5.24 bT –5.24 b
The example below is based on the approaching vehicleThe example below is based on the approaching vehicle
traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.
RedRed vehicle will need 780 feet to complete the passvehicle will need 780 feet to complete the pass
BrownBrown vehicle will travel 780 feetvehicle will travel 780 feet
Allows a minimum 200 ft. space cushionAllows a minimum 200 ft. space cushion
32. Passing Considerations —Passing Considerations — Larger VehiclesLarger Vehicles
T – 5.25
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Passing a 90-foot tractor trailerPassing a 90-foot tractor trailer
• Would require an additional 5 secondsWould require an additional 5 seconds
for thefor the RedRed vehiclevehicle
90-foot truck + 15-foot car = 75 feet additional90-foot truck + 15-foot car = 75 feet additional
distance traveled = 5 secondsdistance traveled = 5 seconds
• 18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet
needed byneeded by RedRed vehiclevehicle
If there is an oncoming vehicleIf there is an oncoming vehicle
traveling 40 mph, the total cleartraveling 40 mph, the total clear
distance needed to pass safelydistance needed to pass safely
becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)
1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)
DaylightDaylight
Headlight UseHeadlight Use
Enhances SafetyEnhances Safety
• an approaching vehicle without
headlights becomes visible at
about 2,200 to 2,500 feet
• an approaching vehicle with
headlights becomes visible at
distances up to 4500 feet
Passing on Multi-lane
Roadways
• safer than on two lane roadways
• head-on crashes are rare
• will not feel rushed into returning
to the lane
• can safely pass larger vehicles
that require more time and
space to pass
33. Passing ProceduresPassing Procedures
T – 5.26
Topic 3 Lesson 1
2 – 3 Seconds
Prepare to Pass:Prepare to Pass:
• Position vehicle two
to three seconds
behind the vehicle
to be passed.
• Check mirrors, blind
spot and oncoming
traffic.
• Check ahead for
safe passing
distance.
• Signal intention.
Overtake the OngoingOvertake the Ongoing
Vehicle:Vehicle:
• Accelerate into passing
lane.
• Accelerate quickly to a
legal appropriate speed.
• Monitor the path ahead.
• Check the mirror for
following vehicles.
Return to Lane:Return to Lane:
• Check rear-view
mirror for the front
of the vehicle being
passed.
• Signal intention.
• Change lanes and
maintain speed.
• Cancel turn signal.
34. § 46.2-838 — Passing when overtaking a vehicle§ 46.2-838 — Passing when overtaking a vehicle
The driver of any vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at least
two feet to the left of the overtaken vehicle and shall not again drive to the right side of the highway until
safely clear of such overtaken vehicle.
In approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle or moped, the driver of a motor vehicle shall pass at a
safe distance and at a reasonable speed.
§ 46.2-841 — When overtaking vehicle may pass on right§ 46.2-841 — When overtaking vehicle may pass on right
§ 46.2-839 — Passing bicycle or moped§ 46.2-839 — Passing bicycle or moped
A. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another vehicle only:
1. When the overtaken vehicle is making or about to make a left turn, and its driver has given the required
signal
2. On a highway with unobstructed pavement, not occupied by parked vehicles, of sufficient width for two
or more lines of moving vehicles in each direction; or
3. On a one-way street or on any one-way roadway when the roadway is free from obstructions and of
sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles.
B. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle on the right only under conditions permitting
such movement in safety. Except where driving on paved shoulders is permitted by lawfully placed signs, no
such movement shall be made by driving on the shoulder of the highway or off the pavement or main traveled
portion of the roadway
T – 5.27
Virginia LawVirginia Law
Topic 3 Lesson 1
§ 46.2-842 — Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle§ 46.2-842 — Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle
Except when overtaking and passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle shall give way
to the right in favor of the overtaking vehicle on audible signal and shall not increase the speed of his vehicle
until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle. Any over-width, or slow-moving vehicle shall be removed
from the roadway at the nearest suitable location when necessary to allow traffic to pass.