This document discusses factors that influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, including types of alcoholic drinks, weight, gender, time spent drinking, and food consumption. It notes that BAC is affected by the size and alcohol content of drinks. Higher BAC levels impair brain function and can cause intoxication, reduced coordination, impaired judgment, and unconsciousness. The document also discusses how drugs like marijuana and prescription medications can negatively impact driving ability.
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
A presentation given at the 2016 Traffic Safety Conference during Breakout Session 14: Drugs and Driving. By Robert D. Johnson, Ph.D., F-ABT, Chief Toxicologist, Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Office
Alcohol
ALCOHOL INTAKE
Rakkan Fagirah
Alcohol Beverages
Beer: is a mild intoxicant brewed by a mixture of grains and usually has 3-6% alcohol by volume.
Ales and Malt Liquor: They are also made by grains and similar to beer usually contains 6-8% per volume
Wines: It is made by fermenting the juice of fruits. And it has 9-14% per volume.
Hard Liquor: it is made by distilling fermented or brewed grains or other plants. Usually contains about 35-50%
Concentration of Alcohol
The concentration of Alcohol is indicated by it is Proof Value: which amounts to two times the percentage concentration. So if the beverage has an 80 proof, then it contains 40% alcohol by volume. So two ounces of an 80 proof Vodka it contains 80% alcohol.
Standard vs Actual Servings
The term one drink or a standard drink refers to a drink with an amount of 0.6 ounce of alcohol.
12-ounce bottle of beer.
8-ounce Malt liquor
5-ounce glass of a wine.
1.5-ounce shot of liquor.
Even though this is the standard servings size people tend to drink way more than that.
Calories content
Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram.
In a typical one drink there is 100-120 calories.
In regular beer there is 150 calories.
Light beer contains 100 calories.
5-ounce glass of wine contains 100 calories
3-ounce of Margarita contains 157 calories
6-Ounce of rum and coke contains about 180 calories
Absorption of Alcohol
When Alcohol ingested 20% of it is absorbed from the stomach.
75% is absorbed through the stomach and the upper part of the small Intestine
The rest is absorbed from the GI (Gastrointestinal)
The rate of absorption is affected by various factors:
Carbonation increases the rate.
Artificial sweeteners have the same affect
Food slows the rate absorption
Drinking high concentrated drinks also slows the rate of absorption
Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol Metabolizes, transfers into usable and waste parts mainly in the liver.
Small amount of alcohol is metabolized in the stomach
2-10% of the alcohol excreted unchanged by the lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands.
Excreted alcohol causes the telltale to smell on a drinker’s breath and it is the basis analysis of a person’s breath and urine to tests the alcohol levels.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
BAC: is the ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood by weight, or the percentage of alcohol measured in deciliter of blood.
It is affected by metabolizes 0.3 ounce of alcohol per hour.
The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined by genetic factors
and drinking behavior.
Although the rate of absorption can be affected by many factors the rate of Metabolism cannot be slowed.
A person can lower the rate of the BAC only by drinking over long period of time.
How to calculate BAC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C3TFjAGMVI
ALCOHOL AND HEALTH
Immediate and Long term affects
Mohammed Bantalal
Immediate affects
Low concentration:
It happens at a BAC of 0.03-0.05%:
Light Headedness
Relaxation
Release of inhib.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Module 7 2009
1. BAC Factors
BAC & factors
Types of drinks
Different weights
Male VS Female
2. 5 reasons people choose to drink
• Peer pressure
• Parents or siblings drink
• Have a good time
• Relieve stress/anxiety
• Our culture accepts
& encourages it
3. At what age is Drinking & Driving
Legal???
• Legal limit VA over 21 = .08
• Teens = .02 (zero tolerance)
• Most DUI’s are right at the legal limit, not
drunk
• Social drinkers
NEVER!
4. Blood Alcohol Concentration FactorsBlood Alcohol Concentration Factors
LiquorLiquor
BeerBeer
• Weight (blood volume)Weight (blood volume)
• Time Spent DrinkingTime Spent Drinking
• GenderGender
• FoodFood
• Alcohol Content andAlcohol Content and
Size of DrinkSize of Drink
WineWine
BAC is theBAC is the mathematicalmathematical ratio of the percentage ofratio of the percentage of
alcoholalcohol in thein the blood streamblood stream..
Factors affecting BACFactors affecting BAC
5. 100 proof = 50% alcohol
Proof = Half
.042 % - 12 oz. Beer = .50 oz
.045 % - 16 oz. Beer = .72 oz
.035 % - 12 oz. Lt Beer = .42 oz
80 proof – 1 oz. Whiskey = .40 oz.
80 proof – 1.5 oz. Whiskey = .60 oz.
.12 % - 5 oz. Wine = .60 oz.
.077 % - 12 oz Malt Liquor = .92 oz.
Are all
alcoholic
drinks the
same?
NO, but
similar
6. Are They The SameAre They The Same ??
LiquorLiquor
• BeerBeer
• WhiskeyWhiskey
• WineWine
• CoolerCooler
• MargaritaMargarita
T – 7.7BeerBeer
WineWine
Myth
A “DRINK” is:
•a 12-ounce beer,
•a 4- to 6-ounce glass
of wine, or
•a shot of liquor.
Fact
A “DRINK” is ½ an
ounce of alcohol.
7. What two factors are responsible
for the differences in alcohol
content?
• The size of the drink
• Percentage of alcohol in the drink
8. 200 LBS vs. 150 LBS Men &
Women
• 22oz-200 lb Male
• 18oz-200 lb Female
• 17oz-150 lb Male
• 13oz- 150 lb Female
9. BAC FactorsBAC Factors
WeightWeight **Heavier people have more blood**Heavier people have more blood
and other body fluids to diluteand other body fluids to dilute
alcohol consumed.alcohol consumed.
0.04 0.08
220 lbs
110 lbs
****Their BAC level will be lowerTheir BAC level will be lower
than the BAC of a smallerthan the BAC of a smaller
person who drank the sameperson who drank the same
volume of alcohol.volume of alcohol.
GenderGender Women process alcohol at a
slower rate than men. This is
because they usually weigh less
and produce less of the enzyme
dehydrogenase needed by the liver
to break down alcohol.
**Men also have a higher percentage of bodyMen also have a higher percentage of body
fluids which dilutes the alcohol.fluids which dilutes the alcohol.
10. Time Spent DrinkingTime Spent Drinking
On average, a person’s BAC isOn average, a person’s BAC is oxidizedoxidized at aat a
rate ofrate of 0.015 per hour0.015 per hour
90% of the alcohol detoxified
is oxidized (burned up) by the
liver
10% is eliminated in breath,
urine, and sweat
NOTE: Alcohol is toxic to the liver and brain. Hence, the term intoxication
denotes the toxic effect alcohol has on these organs.
FoodFood
•Food in your stomach does very little to
reduce the effect alcohol has on the brain
and liver.
•However, food coats the lining of the stomach and
slows (some) absorption into the blood stream.
Note: When alcohol is mixed with carbonated beverages the
absorption rate is faster because gases are absorbed faster
than liquids.
11. Elimination RateElimination Rate
MythMyth
The average person can tolerate one drink perThe average person can tolerate one drink per
hour without substantial impairment.hour without substantial impairment.
Facts
•Sobriety returns ONLY withSobriety returns ONLY with time.time.
•Alcohol is eliminated at approximately .015 BACAlcohol is eliminated at approximately .015 BAC
per hour.per hour.
Titanic PrincipleTitanic Principle
If you take in more than your system can pumpIf you take in more than your system can pump
out, sooner or later you’ll sink!out, sooner or later you’ll sink!
12. Elimination of AlcoholElimination of Alcohol
ELIMINATION PROCESSELIMINATION PROCESS
An adult male with normal liver function eliminates
Breath
Urine
Sweat}10% LIVER 90%
about 0.015 BAC per hour.
Therefore: BAC of 0.05 = 3.5 hours for removal
BAC of 0.07 = 5.0 hours for removal
BAC of 0.10 = 7.0 hours for removal
BAC of 0.15 = 10.0 hours for removal
13. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
HRS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Elimination RateElimination Rate
Stops Drinking at 12:30amStops Drinking at 12:30am
.16 = BAC Peak at 1 am.16 = BAC Peak at 1 am Still legally INTOXICATEDStill legally INTOXICATED
(.08) at 6 am(.08) at 6 am
StillStill IMPAIREDIMPAIRED (.05) at(.05) at
9:30AM9:30AM
ABSORPTIONABSORPTION ELIMINATIONELIMINATION
BACBAC
14. Tolerance
• Consume more of a drug to reach a given
effect. Or body to eliminate the drug
faster.
– Many drinkers develop an ability to mask theMany drinkers develop an ability to mask the
effects alcohol has on their brain and body.effects alcohol has on their brain and body.
– This ability, however, has NO affect on theirThis ability, however, has NO affect on their
intoxication level.intoxication level.
15. Mood & Alcohol
One of two things:
• Existing mood intensifies (upset to angry)
• Completely alters mood (happy to mad)
22. Aggression
• Aggressive behavior
is enhanced.
Especially when
combined with
competition
• Deadly when
combined with road
rage.
• I bet you cant…
23. Alcohol & Other Drugs
• Synergistic effect
• Chemical reaction that produces much greater
effect than one drug alone.
• Can even cause death
24. BAC Levels Affect the BrainBAC Levels Affect the Brain
.01 - .05
Reduces Inhibitions
Impairs Judgment
Gives a False Sense of Confidence
Weakens Willpower
.05 - .10
Slows Reaction Time
Reduces Coordination and Balance
Affects All Driving Skills
.10 - .20
Slurred Speech
Blurred Vision
Impaired Judgment, Memory and Self-
Control
.20 - .35
Physical Abilities Become
Severely Impaired
Mental Confusion
Unconsciousness,
Blackouts or Stupor are
Common
.35 - higher
Subnormal Temperature
Little or No Reflexes
Breathing May Stop
DEATH
•NOTE: “Chugging” large
amounts of alcohol in a short
period of time can result in
respiratory paralysis and death.
25. How does alcohol affect vision?
• Eye Focus – Delayed ability to change focus
close to far, the faster the worse.
• Double Vision – impairs ability of eyes to work
together. Closing eye would help, but no
peripheral vision.
• Distance – Can’t do it accurately.
• Side Vision – As alcohol increases, side vision
decreases.
• Night Vision – Eyes dilate. Can’t control amount
of light entering the eyes—intensifies glare.
26. BAC’s
BAC form .015-.049
produce risk taking
.03 diminish multi-
tasking
16-19 .015 is 2.5
times more likely to
be killed
16-19 .08 40 times
more likely to be killed
27. Drugs and DrivingDrugs and Driving
PerceptionPerception
JudgmentJudgment
CoordinationCoordination
VisionVision
MoodMood
29. MarijuanaMarijuana
The active ingredient THC (delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol) impairs
memory and learning
perception (sight, sound, time,
touch)
problem-solving ability
motor coordination
tracking ability
concentration
30. Other Types of Drugs and DrivingOther Types of Drugs and Driving
Over the CounterOver the Counter Medications That AffectMedications That Affect
Driving AbilityDriving Ability
• TranquilizersTranquilizers
• StimulantsStimulants
• NarcoticsNarcotics
• Blood PressureBlood Pressure
• InsulinInsulin
PrescriptionPrescription MedicationsMedications
•Antihistamines
•Cold Medications
32. DUIDUI
• Criminal offense
(Jail), not traffic
At arrest you will:
• Lose license for
one week (7 days)
• Spend the night in
jail
• Post bail
33. Fatigue:Fatigue:
The Body’s “Downtime”
Follows a Period of:
• Extended mental activity
• Extended physical activity
Characterized by:
• Reduced capacity for work
• Reduced efficiency of brain
function
Definition of FatigueDefinition of Fatigue
34. Examples of FatigueExamples of Fatigue
• Not enough sleep—
several days.
• Burnt out
• SAT/ACT test
• AP tests.
36. Delaying Fatigue OnsetDelaying Fatigue Onset
AvoidAvoid Long DrivesLong Drives
AvoidAvoid Leaning Forward or BackwardLeaning Forward or Backward
Keep Your Eyes MovingKeep Your Eyes Moving
Get Plenty of Fresh AirGet Plenty of Fresh Air
37. Three Types of Aggressive DriversThree Types of Aggressive Drivers
• complainingcomplaining
• rushingrushing
• competingcompeting
• resistingresisting
• yellingyelling
• cussingcussing
• staringstaring
• honkinghonking
• insultinginsulting
• cutting offcutting off
• blockingblocking
• chasingchasing
• fightingfighting
• shootingshooting
Quiet Road-Rage:Quiet Road-Rage: Verbal Road-Rage:Verbal Road-Rage: Epic Road-Rage:Epic Road-Rage:
AAAAAGHH!!!AAAAAGHH!!!
YOU’RE TOOYOU’RE TOO
SLOW~SLOW~ MOVE!!!MOVE!!!
What’s the hold up!!!What’s the hold up!!!
Come on, HURRY UPCome on, HURRY UP
LET’S GO!!!LET’S GO!!!
38. Aggressive Driving/Road RageAggressive Driving/Road Rage
MostMost CrashesCrashes are NOTare NOT AccidentsAccidents
•They are often the result of drivers whoThey are often the result of drivers who
•speed;speed;
•tailgate;tailgate;
•run red lights;run red lights;
•weave in and out of traffic; orweave in and out of traffic; or
•vent frustrations or emotions in thevent frustrations or emotions in the
vehicle.vehicle.
39. Signs of an Aggressive DriverSigns of an Aggressive Driver
• Tailgating to pressure a driver to go faster or get outTailgating to pressure a driver to go faster or get out
of the wayof the way
• Flashing lights to signal the driver to move out of theFlashing lights to signal the driver to move out of the
wayway
• Weaving in and out of trafficWeaving in and out of traffic
• Cutting people offCutting people off
• Racing to beat a yellow lightRacing to beat a yellow light
40. Signs of an Aggressive DriverSigns of an Aggressive Driver
• Behaving impatiently withBehaving impatiently with
slower driversslower drivers
• Honking the horn or screamingHonking the horn or screaming
• SpeedingSpeeding
• Not coming to a complete stopNot coming to a complete stop
at stop signsat stop signs
• Making gesturesMaking gestures
• Passing on shoulder or unpavedPassing on shoulder or unpaved
areasareas
41. Factors Leading toFactors Leading to Aggressive DrivingAggressive Driving//RoadRoad
RageRage
•More Traffic CongestionMore Traffic Congestion
•More CarsMore Cars
•More FrustrationMore Frustration
•More StressMore Stress
•More HostilityMore Hostility
•More ViolenceMore Violence
42. Did you know?
In the past 30 years in the US:
• population has increased 30%
• number of licensed vehicles has
increased 87%
• vehicle miles traveled increased 130%
• highway capacity has only increased
5%
Factors Leading toFactors Leading to Aggressive DrivingAggressive Driving//RoadRoad
RageRage
43. Preventing Road RagePreventing Road Rage
• Don’t RespondDon’t Respond ---- Stay COOL. Don’t react to otherStay COOL. Don’t react to other
drivers’ aggressive actions.drivers’ aggressive actions.
• Don’t EngageDon’t Engage ---- Stay away from vehicles drivingStay away from vehicles driving
recklessly.recklessly.
• Don’t Up the AnteDon’t Up the Ante ---- Don’t take traffic problemsDon’t take traffic problems
personally.personally.
• Swallow Your PrideSwallow Your Pride ---- Take a courteous and helpfulTake a courteous and helpful
attitude toward other drivers.attitude toward other drivers.
• Choose the Road “LESS Traveled”Choose the Road “LESS Traveled” ---- AvoidAvoid
aggressive drivers by traveling less congested roadways.aggressive drivers by traveling less congested roadways.