Modulation
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Amplitude modulation (AM) encodes information by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave. In AM, a high amplitude represents a 1 and a low amplitude represents a 0, while the frequency remains unchanged. AM is used in radio transmission where a carrier wave is modulated by an audio signal containing voice information. Frequency modulation (FM) encodes information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave. In FM, different frequencies represent 1s and 0s, while the amplitude stays the same. Phase modulation encodes information by introducing phase shifts of 0 and 90 degrees to the carrier wave, keeping both the frequency and amplitude constant.
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- Single-sideband modulation improves spectrum efficiency by transmitting only one sideband along with a reduced carrier. It provides a 3dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over AM.
Modulation Basics
This document provides an outline for a lecture on electronics modulation. It begins with introductions for two professors teaching different units of the course. The bulk of the document then focuses on the topic of modulation, defining it as a process of superimposing audio signals on carrier waves to allow for long distance transmission. It describes the need for modulation to increase operating range, allow practical antenna lengths, and enable wireless communication. It outlines the main types of modulation as amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation. Finally, it provides details on amplitude modulation, including analyzing the amplitude modulated wave and its frequency spectrum.
Frequency deviation
This document describes frequency modulation (FM) generation and detection. It discusses how FM works by changing the frequency rather than the amplitude of a carrier signal. FM provides better fidelity than AM as its detectors are not sensitive to amplitude variations. The document explains how to generate an FM signal using a voltage-controlled oscillator chip and how to detect FM signals using slope detectors and matched slope detectors, which produce a linear demodulated signal and reject amplitude noise.
Frequency modulation and demodulation along with types
This document discusses types of frequency modulation (FM) systems, including narrowband FM (NBFM) and wideband FM (WBFM). It compares the parameters of NBFM and WBFM such as modulation index, maximum deviation, bandwidth, and applications. Pre-emphasis is used at the transmitter to boost higher modulating frequencies. De-emphasis is used at the receiver to remove the boosting and recover the original modulating signal. The document also compares AM and FM systems and lists some advantages, disadvantages, and applications of FM systems. Methods for generating FM signals include the direct method using the Armstrong method or reactance modulator, and the indirect method using a varactor diode modulator.
Ppt on modulated and un modulated signal
This document provides an overview of modulation and demodulation techniques used in radio frequency transmission. It discusses how low frequency information signals are modulated onto high frequency carrier signals for transmission, and then demodulated back to their original form on the receiving end. Specifically, it covers the principles of amplitude modulation (AM), including how the AM envelope is formed. It also discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), describing how the carrier frequency or phase varies depending on the modulating signal. Direct FM modulation using a variable capacitor microphone is presented as one method for modulating the carrier frequency directly.
frequency modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) is a type of angle modulation where the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal varies linearly with the modulating signal. There are two types of FM: narrowband FM (NBFM) where the modulation index is less than 1, and wideband FM (WBFM) where the modulation index is greater than 1. The bandwidth of an FM signal can be estimated using Carson's rule, which states that nearly all the signal power lies within a bandwidth equal to twice the maximum frequency deviation plus the maximum modulating frequency. FM signals have constant amplitude but varying frequency, so their average power does not depend on the modulating signal and remains constant.
EST 130, Modulation
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the electromagnetic spectrum classification, attempts to explain the need for modulation and process of analog modulation. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
9 mod analog_am_fm (1)
This document summarizes key concepts in analog modulation techniques including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and their performance in the presence of noise. It discusses topics such as modulation indices, signal-to-noise ratios, threshold effects, and techniques to improve noise performance like pre-emphasis/de-emphasis and phase-locked loop demodulation.
Frequency and phase modulation
This document discusses frequency, modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation. It provides definitions and comparisons of key concepts:
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass per second. Modulation involves converting data into radio waves by varying a carrier signal.
- Phase modulation varies the phase of the carrier wave, while frequency modulation varies the frequency. Phase modulation has better noise immunity than frequency modulation.
- Modulation index is a ratio that compares frequency deviation to modulating frequency in frequency modulation. Percent modulation compares actual to maximum allowed frequency deviation. It indicates the degree of carrier wave variation from the modulating signal.
communication systems ppt on Frequency modulation
This document provides an overview of principles of communication systems with a focus on angle modulation techniques. It discusses topics such as frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), narrowband FM, wideband FM, modulation index, FM generation and demodulation methods including using phase locked loops. It also covers applications of FM like FM radio broadcasting, comparing it with amplitude modulation. Finally, it discusses FM stereo multiplexing and transmission of TV audio using FM.
Radio transmitters
Transmitters and receivers were discussed. Transmitters were classified based on modulation type, service, frequency range, and power. The key components of a transmitter were identified as the modulator, RF oscillator, and power amplifier. Their basic functions are modulation, carrier generation, and amplification. Low-level and high-level AM transmitters were described. Low-level transmitters modulate at low power levels then amplify, while high-level transmitters modulate directly at high power for better efficiency. Audio processing before modulation was also outlined.
Chapter4frequencymodulation 120317021055-phpapp01
Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier signal based on the modulating signal. FM has better fidelity and noise immunity than amplitude modulation (AM). It uses constant carrier amplitude, requiring less complex circuitry than AM. However, FM uses more spectrum space than AM. A modulated FM signal has constant amplitude but varying frequency. Its instantaneous frequency and phase deviation are proportional to the modulating signal. The modulation index indicates the ratio of frequency deviation to modulating frequency. Bessel functions describe the spectrum of an FM signal and relative amplitudes of its carrier and sidebands.
Fm transmitter and receivers
FM transmitters and receivers are used for sending and receiving FM signals. Transmitters modulate a carrier wave with an audio signal to generate an FM signal, which is transmitted through a band. Receivers receive the modulated signal, demodulate it to extract the original audio signal. FM offers advantages over AM like noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power use, though it requires more complex circuits and a larger bandwidth. Applications of FM include radio broadcasting, mobile radio, TV sound, and cellular/satellite communication.
2 Amplitude_Modulation.pdf
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) generation and its key characteristics. It defines AM expression, modulation index, frequency spectrum of AM waves, and power and current calculations. It explains that the amplitude of the carrier signal is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulation index is defined as the ratio between modulating and carrier signal voltages. It describes that the AM wave contains the carrier frequency along with upper and lower sideband frequencies. The total power and bandwidth of the AM signal depend on the modulation index.
modulation of analog communication system
1) Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal in accordance with the message or baseband signal. This allows low-frequency signals to be transmitted over long distances.
2) There are three main types of modulation: amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation varies the frequency, and phase modulation varies the phase.
3) Demodulation or detection is the process of recovering the original message signal from the received modulated signal. Common detection methods for amplitude modulation include square law detection, envelope detection, and rectification.
Similar to Modulation (20)
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation and demodulation along with types
Frequency modulation and demodulation along with types
Recently uploaded
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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1
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) with
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Recently uploaded (20)
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
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Modulation
- 1. Modulation Amplitude Modulation Presented by- Arun Adhikari
- 2. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 1 0 1 0 Amp. 1 Amp. 2 Frequency same 1 = Amp. 1 0 = Amp. 2 A B
- 3. Characteristics of Amplitude Modulation • Amplitude of the analog signal is modulated • One amplitude represents a 0 • Another amplitude represents a 1 • Frequency remains unchanged in both cases • Signals that are modulated at one end are demodulated at the other end
- 4. AM and Radio Transmission Modulated Amplitude Voice Carrier Wave
- 6. Frequency Modulation (FM) 1 0 1 0 Freq. 1 Freq. 2 Amplitude same 1 = Frequency F1 0 = Frequency F2
- 7. Phase of an Analog Signal Y Strength X Time Frame 0 90 180 270 360
- 8. The Concept of Phase Shift 90 degrees phase shift 180 degrees phase shift 0 90 0 180
- 9. Phase Modulation Technique 1 0 90 Degrees phase shift 0 Degree phase shift In PM, both freq and amp remains same
- 10. Phase Modulation Technique 1 0 90 Degrees phase shift 0 Degree phase shift In PM, both freq and amp remains same