This lecture discusses AC electronics and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
DC power and signals are delivered using constant voltages, while AC power and signals use oscillating voltages and currents that change direction. Mains voltage is delivered at 230V AC and is easily converted between voltages using transformers. Analog signals are modulated onto radio frequencies for transmission, such as using amplitude modulation to vary the amplitude of the signal to carry information.
Oscillators introduction and its types, phase shift oscillators and wein bridge oscillators,difference between phase shift and wein bridge, frequency stability, oscillators principle and conditions, block diagram of oscillators, block diagram of phase shift oscillators
Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. It is of two types; linear oscillators and non linear oscillators. The wave shape and amplitude are determined by the design of the oscillator circuit and choice of component values.
Oscillators introduction and its types, phase shift oscillators and wein bridge oscillators,difference between phase shift and wein bridge, frequency stability, oscillators principle and conditions, block diagram of oscillators, block diagram of phase shift oscillators
Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. It is of two types; linear oscillators and non linear oscillators. The wave shape and amplitude are determined by the design of the oscillator circuit and choice of component values.
Water level indicator with alarm for underground tank Adad Med Chérif
This device is designed to
indicate the level of water in the underground tank and produces the sound when the sensor detects the presence of a water at different levels. This enables the occupant of the house to take the necessary precautions to eliminate the wasting of water .
Electronic Oscillator ,classification ,linear and non linear ,circuit description , tank circuit ,working and operation , frequency of oscllation and Applications
Water level indicator with alarm for underground tank Adad Med Chérif
This device is designed to
indicate the level of water in the underground tank and produces the sound when the sensor detects the presence of a water at different levels. This enables the occupant of the house to take the necessary precautions to eliminate the wasting of water .
Electronic Oscillator ,classification ,linear and non linear ,circuit description , tank circuit ,working and operation , frequency of oscllation and Applications
BIOS 203: Lecture 2 - introduction to electronic structure theorybios203
Lecture 2 of BIOS 203 mini-course taught by Heather Kulik at Stanford University. Introduction to electronic structure theory. http://bios203.stanford.edu or email bios203.course@gmail.com for more information.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
Here you find the information about Transistors. And know about
-> Type Of Transistor:
->Region of Transistor:
->P-N Junction Diodes
->Transistor application
->Transistor Connections
Limitation:
->Future of transistor:
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
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Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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2. Lecture 4
AC Electronics
DC vs. AC
All the currents and voltages we have worked with so far are constant positive
voltage and DC (Direct Current). Power and signals are often delivered using
an oscillating current that changes direction, AC (Alternating Current) and
voltage that changes from positive to negative.
Mains voltage is delivered at 230V AC in this country. When this is generated
at the power station, the generating motors’ magnets produce power in AC
form, and it is then easy to convert between voltages through transformers to
the home.
Analogue signals are modulated on to radio frequency (RF) AC for
transmission. In Amplitude Modulation (AM) radio for example the amplitude
of the wave is changed to carry the information.
Waveform
The AC voltage or current can be viewed as a sine wave (the solid line):
Amplitude
sine cosine
A P
Time
T
Where:
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
2
3. A is the amplitude of the waveform. It is measured from zero to the
peak of the wave.
P is the peak-to-peak (p-p) amplitude. It is measured from the peak to
the trough of the wave.
T is the time period of the wave – the time it takes for the wave to go
through one cycle.
The dashed line in the waveform diagram above is a cosine wave. The
difference in starting points of the waves is a phase difference, and is
measured in seconds, or sometimes in degrees (°) where one cycle is 360°.
What is the phase difference in degrees between sine and cosine?
Other Types of Waveforms
Frequency Domain
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
3
4. A useful way of representing AC signals is in the frequency domain, instead
of the time domain, for example for viewing the spectrum of a signal with a
spectrometer. In this domain the Y-axis represents the voltage gain and the
X-axis the frequency.
The frequency of an AC signal is directly related to the period of the wave:
Where:
f is the frequency in Hertz (Hz)
T is the time period of one wave in seconds
In the frequency domain, the X and Y axes are both log scales (logarithmic)
where an equal division represents an increase of x10. The gain is measured
in decibels (dB) and is found using the log function:
Where:
G is the gain in decibels (dB)
Vout is the amplitude of the output in Volts
Vin is the amplitude of the input in Volts
Gain
G
Frequency
Draw a 1kHz sine wave on the above graph, where Vout = Vin.
What is the time period of this wave?
Filters
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
4
5. In order to isolate AC signals, it is necessary to filter out areas of the
spectrum. There are three main types of filters:
• LPF (Low-Pass Filter). Allows low frequencies to pass, but filters high
frequencies.
• HPF (High-Pass Filter). Allows high frequencies to pass, but filters low
frequencies.
• BPF (Band-Pass Filter). Allows a mid-band of frequencies to pass, but
filters lower frequencies and higher frequencies.
An ideal filter would provide a sharp cut-off at the required frequency, but
realistically filters have a roll-off. The point at which the filter has a gain of
-3dBs is the -3dB frequency, f-3dB, and is used to describe the filter.
Gain
(dB) 0
-3
Roll-off
f-3dB
Frequency (Hz)
What is the percentage of Vout / Vin at a gain of -3dBs?
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
5
6. Draw the frequency responses of the other types of filters
and mark the -3db frequency(s):
HPF
Gain
Frequency
BPF
Gain
Frequency
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
6
7. RC Filters
The simplest kind of filter is constructed from a single resistor and capacitor.
In the low pass filter configuration:
R
C
Vin Vout
From capacitor theory we know that the time constant for this RC combination
is:
Where:
τ, (‘tau’) is the time constant in seconds
R is the resistance in Ohms
C is the capacitance in Farads
The resistor and capacitor combine to make a filter, and the -3dB point of the
filter can be found from the time constant:
What is the capacitance in a RC Low Pass Filter with resistance 1k
and a -3dB frequency of 3.4kHz?
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
7
8. Practical: Build an RC Filter
Read the Health and Safety Information on page 5.
• Build the following circuit:
R
C
Vin Vout
Use a signal generator for the AC source, Vin and an oscilloscope
to measure Vout.
• Draw the frequency response of your filter.
• Calculate the -3dB frequency. How does this compare with your
measurements?
Extended Practical: Other RC Filters
• Repeat the above practical for a High Pass Filter, where the
capacitor and resistor are swapped over.
• Design a bandpass filter with two stages, one LPF and one HPF.
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
8
9. Health & Safety Considerations
Soldering and de-soldering:
Solder melts at between 180 and 200°C. Soldering irons will heat up to
between 250 and 400°C. Be extremely careful when soldering and take the
following precautions:
• Switch off the soldering iron at the mains when not in use
• Always keep the iron in its stand
• Make sure your workspace is clear, well lit and well ventilated
• Never solder while your circuit is powered up
• Never solder without tutor supervision
• Only apply the soldering iron for the minimum amount of time
• Keep your soldering tidy and use the minimum amount of solder
• Avoid breathing in solder fumes
• You must only use the lead-free solder provided
• You must use tools e.g. pliers to support components that are
being soldered and ensure the board is secure.
Switching it on:
Powering up a circuit that is incorrectly connected can cause components or
equipment to get extremely hot or even ‘blow’. A short circuit (where
unintended electrical connections are made) for example may damage
equipment or blow components causing them to behave in an unpredictable
way.
• Before powering up your circuit you MUST have it checked by the
tutor
• Have your neighbour physically inspect your work before
powering on
• If your circuit does not behave as you expect, switch it off
immediately
• Use your nose! A faulty circuit with hot components will often
smell or smoke
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
9
10. If your circuit does not behave as you expect:
• With the power off, confirm by eye that your circuit is connected
correctly and that you are using all the correct components and
mounted with the correct polarities
• Inspect your circuit closely for short circuits, soldering faults and
dry joints:
• Do all the testing on your circuit that you can with it powered off.
• Be extremely careful when probing your circuit live as the probe
itself can cause short circuits
• When probing with an oscilloscope ensure the earth connection is
applied safely
Lecture 4: AC Electronics
BTC108: Electronics – James Uren
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