1. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of three vital systems - nervous, circulatory and respiratory. There are two main types of death - somatic (whole body) and cellular (individual cells).
2. Somatic or clinical death refers to the complete stoppage of brain, heart and lung functions. Cellular death occurs afterwards as individual cells die over time.
3. The three aspects of death are mode, cause, and manner. The main modes are coma, syncope and asphyxia resulting from failure of the nervous, circulatory and respiratory systems respectively.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Indian criminal procedure code,Un natural death,How ro prepare inquest by a magistrate. ppt prepared by I James Joseph Adhikarathil- Mob 9447464502.mysandesham@gmail.com
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Indian criminal procedure code,Un natural death,How ro prepare inquest by a magistrate. ppt prepared by I James Joseph Adhikarathil- Mob 9447464502.mysandesham@gmail.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. FORENSIC NURSING
TOPIC: MODES OF DEATH
Prepared by
Mr. Melvin Jacob MSc (N)
Assistant Professor
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
2. Introduction
• Oxford dictionary gives the meaning of death as
– “The end of life‟.
• Chamber‟s twentieth century dictionary defines
death as – “Extinction of life.‟
• Black’s law dictionary defines death as – “The
cessation of life; the ceasing the exist‟.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
3. Definition
Death may be defined as permanent &
irreversible cessation of three interlinked vital
systems of body , called tripod of life, namely –
the nervous , circulatory & respiratory systems.
(Medico legal definition)
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
4. Types of death
1. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical
death:
It means complete & irreversible stoppage of
vital functions .
2. Cellular death/molecular death :
It means death of tissues & cells of body
individually
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
5. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical
death
Irreversible cessation of functioning brain,
heart, and lungs resulting in complete loss of
sensibility and ability to move the body. It is the
extinction of personality or the death of the body
as a whole.
• Cells of different tissues of the body are still alive
and dies after sometime at different rate.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
6. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical
death
Cessation of heart beating:-Clinical criteria:
1. Absence of pulse (central i.e. carotid )
2. Absence of heart sound on repeated prolonged
auscultation.
3. A flat electrocardiogram (ECG).
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
7. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical
death
Cessation of breathing:-Clinical criteria
1. Absence of respiratory movement
2.Absence of breath sound on thorough
auscultation of chest. (Central)
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
8. Somatic death/systemic death /Clinical
death
Cessation of brain activity:-Clinical criteria
• 1.Generalized flaccidity with generalized
anesthesia.
• 2.Dilated fixed pupils, not responding to light
• 3.Absence of motor responses within the cranial
nerve distribution on painful stimuli.
• 4.Absence of corneal reflexes.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
9. Cellular or molecular death
• Somatic death is followed by progressive
disintegration of body tissues and is called as
cellular or molecular death.
• In absence of circulation and respiration different
cells die at different times.
• Death of some cells are mentioned below in
sequential order from the earliest:-
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
10. Brain Death
Permanent & irreversible cessation of
function of brain irrespective of function of other
organs like heart , lungs.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
11. Types of brain death
Cortical death
• Permanent & irreversible cessation of function of
cerebral cortex is called cortical death.
• Death of the cortex with an intact brain stem.
• Brain stem death
• Cerebrum is intact but loss of all vital centre causes the
victim to be irreversible comatose and incapable of
spontaneous breathing.
• Combined brain death:
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
12. Criteria for diagnosing brain death
• The patient must be in a deep coma, which is
not due to depressant drugs, metabolic or
endocrine disorder.
• The patient must not be in hypothermia.
• The patient must be on a mechanical
ventilator/heart-lung machine.
Cont…..
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
13. • Diagnostic test for brain death:-
Absence of corneal reflex.
Dilated and fixed pupil not reacting to light.
Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Absence of cranial nerve response to painful
stimuli.
Absence of cough reflex.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
14. Difference of somatic & molecular death
Somatic Molecular
Complete & irreversible
stoppage of functions
three vital organs –brain,
heart & lungs .
Death of tissue &
individual cells takes place
.
Muscles response to
electric stimuli
do not response to electric
stimuli .
organs can be removed
for transplantation
organs cannot be
removed for
transplantation
It precedes molecular
death.
It follows somatic death
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
15. Different aspects of death
Three main aspects to be considered:
1. Mood of death
2. Cause of death
3. Manner of death
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
16. 1. Mode of death
The term “mode of death‟ usually refers to
the system that initiates the process of death.
• Stoppage of which system initiated the process
of death.
These modes are:
1. Coma. (failure of nervous system).
2. Syncope (failure of circulatory system).
3. Asphyxia (failure of respiratory system).
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
17. Coma
• Coma means insensibility or loss of
consciousness, which may be partial or
complete depending on the degree of
involvement of the C.N.S.
• Causes - Cerebral compression, Cerebral
injuries, Any growth, Cerebral embolism,
Metabolic disorder, encephalitis, meningitis
etc…
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
18. Asphyxia
Asphyxia is a condition caused by
interference with respiration, or due to lack of
oxygen in respired air due to which the organ
and tissues are deprived of oxygen causing
unconsciousness or death.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
19. Hypoxia & Anoxia
Hypoxia
• Lack of supply of oxygen to the tissues below
normal is known as hypoxia.
Anoxia
• Anoxia means total lack of oxygen in the tissues.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
20. Syncope
Syncope is the sudden
cessation of the action of
the heart and failure of
circulation leading to death.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
21. 2. Cause of death
• Natural causes- Natural disease & geriatric
causes
• Unnatural causes – Injury, poisoning, drowning
etc.
• *Obscure causes.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
22. 3. Manner of death
It is the way by which cause of death was
produced.
1.Natural
2.Unnatural– Suicidal, homicidal, accidental
*Undetermined/unexplained
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
23. WHO Syntax regarding writing cause of
death
I. Cause of death
a) Direct cause ...Myocardial infarction (due to or as
a consequence of)
b) Antecedent cause ...Coronary thrombosis (due
to or as a consequence of)
c) Underlying cause ...Coronary atherosclerosis
II. Contributory causes…
(Usually applicable for geriatric death) DM,
Hypercholesterolemia.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
24. Death certification
A doctor is the person who is legally
authorized to declare a death & issue a death
certificate.
To issue a death certificate/Condition of certifying
death:
• Inspection of the dead body by the doctor himself
• Full satisfaction about the death
Cont…
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
25. • The doctor must sure of the cause of death
• The doctor should free from least suspicion of
foul play
• The doctor has seen/examined the person within
14 days before death as alive.
• The doctor registered as a qualified medical
practitioner
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
26. Death certificate (WHO)
I do herby certify that I attended the deceased (Name) ...................................... aged ....................
residing at ...................................................................... during his last illness and that to the best of
my belief the cause of his death (time)............... on (date) was as stated below:
Cause of Death Approximate interval between onset and death
1. Disease of condition or condition
directly leading to death (a) ................................ Years Months
(due to or as consequence of ) Days Hours
Antecedent cause (b) ................................ Years Months
(due to or as consequence of ) days hours
Morbid conditions, if any, (c) ................................ Years Months
giving rise to the above cause, days hours
stating the underlying condition last
2. Other significant conditions …………………………………… Years Months
contributing to the death but not .....……………………………….. days hours
related to the disease or condition
causing it.
Address or rubber stamp of the institution Signature, designation, degree and
registration number.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
27. Tests for death declaration
1.For stoppage of function of NS
• Look for movement -No movement
• Look for response-No response to stimulus
• Look for jerk-No jerks
• Look for reflex-No reflex
• Confirmation by EEG.
Cont…
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
28. 2.For Stoppage of respiration
• Inspection , palpation & auscultation for
respiration–repeated for at least 5 min.
• Feather test –Feather/cotton –Nose -Movement
• Mirror test –Mirror –Nose/Mouth -Hazy
• Winslow‟s test –Water bowl –Chest –Light
reflection
Cont….
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
29. 3.For stoppage of circulation
• Inspection, palpation & auscultation for HS–repeated for at
least 5 minutes.
• Detection of pulse & BP : absent
• Icard‟stest -1 ml of 20% alkaline fluorescein S/C –Colour
change spread
• Ligature test(Magnusstest) –Ligature –Finger –Swollen &
Bluish
• Finger web inspection (Diaphanous test) –Hand –Light –
Pinkish & translucent / Yellowish & opaque.
• By applying heat –Skin –Hot Object –Blister & redness.
• Confirmation by ECG.
• Earliest & surest sign of death : Segmentation/trucking of
blood
• column in the retinal blood vesceles–by opthalmoscope
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
30. Suspended Animation/Apparent Death /
Death Trance / Catalepsy:
• Death trance is a condition in which all the signs
of life or vitality are seemed to be absent
although the individual still remains alive.
• It is a condition , wherein the vital functions of
body (heart beat and respiration) are maintained
at a low pitch reduced to a minimum for
sometime, that they could not be detected by
routine methods of clinical examination. Cont….
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
31. • Person appears to be dead because of very
feeble or minimum function of his body systems
• The function of circulatory , respiratory or
nervous system may not be perceived by
conventional method though the person is still
alive.
• Function of these system may return after
sometime by proper resuscitation
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
32. Causes of Suspended
Animation/Apparent Death/Death Trance
• Voluntary- Yoga practicing.
• Involuntary-
1. Newborn infants
2. Drowning
3. Electrocution
4. Thunder injury
5. Sever diarrhea/Cholera
6. Poisoning
7. Anesthesia
8. Shock
9. Sun-stroke
10. Snake bite
11. Epilepsy
12. Head injury
13. Sever narcosis
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
33. Medico legal importance of Suspended
Animation
1.It can lead error if precautions are not taken.
2.Confusion may lead to issue of a dead certificate
for a live person
3.An alive person may be sent to mortuary.
4.Premature burial / funeral.
5.May create professional problems for doctor.
6.May create social/public agitation/problems.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
34. Unexpected and Sudden Death
Definition:
Death is biologically, legally, and literally an
absolute and irreversible event.
WHO Definition:
Who dies within 24 hours of symptoms appearing.
Forensic Definition:
Who dies in minutes or even seconds of the
onset of the symptoms.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
35. Sudden death
Sudden death may be defined as a death
which occur suddenly or unexpectedly when a
person not known to have been suffering from
any dangerous disease, injury or poisoning is
found dead or dies within 24hours after the
onset of terminal illness.
• Incidence is approximately 10 %
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
36. Causes Of Sudden Death
• Diseases of Cardiovascular system(40-50%)
• Diseases of Respiratory system(15-23%)
• Diseases of Central Nervous system(10-18%)
• Diseases of Alimentary system(6-8%)
• Diseases of Genito-urinary system(3-5% )
• Miscellaneous(5 -10% )
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob
37. • It is usually not possible to certify the cause of
death
• An autopsy is necessary to obviate the
possibility of unnatural death.
21-03-2023 Mr. Melvin Jacob