This document discusses works from the Enlightenment period that helped establish modern scientific thought by moving away from religious authority. It summarizes Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which provided theoretical support for a sun-centered universe, and Galileo Galilei's astronomical observations with a telescope. It also outlines Isaac Newton's Principia, which linked terrestrial and celestial physics under a single set of laws, and Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie, the first work to compile all worldwide research. Finally, it discusses François Quesnay's Economic Table, which applied reason to economics, and Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which called for equality for women.

1. MOD 5 PROJECT
By: J. Blake Griggs
Humanities 1101

2. NAME 5 WORKS DEFENDING…
 “The Enlightenment marks the divide between an
essentially medieval view of the world as dominated
by divine truths and the principals of religious faiths,
and the modern view of the world as governed by
scientific truths and the principals of human
reason.”

3. NEW ASTRONOMY : BY JOHANNES KEPLER
 German mathematician who argued that the magnetic force
emitted from the Sun determined the movement of the planets
and their perspective distances from the Sun (Fiero 294).
 “Theorized” Heliocentricity, contrary to the traditional belief that
Earth was the center of the universe.
“Kepler was convinced there was a similar set of ratios
that defined the movements of the heavenly bodies.
Kepler called this idea "world harmony," and his lifelong
attempt to understand its inner workings led to the
discovery of his three laws of planetary motion. These
laws provided theoretical support for the idea of a Sun-
centered universe and a moving Earth, and became a
critical part of modern astronomy.” (Johannes, retreat into
studies).

4. NEW ASTRONOMY : BY JOHANNES KEPLER
 Galileo Galilei took Kepler’s Theory, and with the perfection of
the telescope, turned the theory of heliocentricity into fact.
 Galileo used the telescope and observed that the moons of
Jupiter orbited the planet, just like Earth’s moon did.
 This brought strict criticism on Galileo from the Catholic
church. Charges were brought upon him and his research was
deemed Heresy.
“Theologically speaking, heliocentrism was declared
formally heretical, on the grounds that it was
explicitly contrary to Scripture” (Finocchirao 9).

5. PRINCIPA MATHMATICA: BY ISSAC NEWTON
 Linked Terrestrial and Celestial Physics under a
single set of laws.
 Newton’s Laws of Motion, and the Law of Universal
Gravitation.
 Suggested the idea of a uniform and intelligible
universe that operated as systematically as a well-
oiled machine (Fiero 297).

6. PRINCIPA MATHMATICA: BY ISSAC NEWTON
 Became a cornerstone piece of the Scientific
Revolution.
 Findings went unchallenged until the late 19th
Century (Fiero 297).
 Inspired many others to start investigating and
applying scientific knowledge to the natural world,
where previously the only answers provided came
from religion.
“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night. God said,
Let Newton be! And all was light.”
–Alexander Pope

7. ENCYCLOPEDIE: PUBLISHED/EDITED BY DENIS
DIDEROT
 Denis Diderot was apart of a group called The
Philosophes.
 The Philosophes (The Philosophers) were a group
of French “Thinkers” who applied scientific models
and the empirical method to all aspects of human
life (Artz 30-31).
“Knowledge took the place of grace, and the
Philosophes appealed to all reasonable men to
overthrow the ideas handed down from the past
and to accept the rule of reason” (Artz 30).

8. ENCYCLOPEDIE: PUBLISHED/EDITED BY DENIS
DIDEROT
 First Time in history that all the research from around
the world was compiled together and mass produced.
 Made true Knowledge available throughout all of
Europe.
 The Government ordered the 2 volumes be discontinued
and forbade the makings of any other sequential
volumes (Artz 91).
 The order read…..
"His majesty has recognized that in these two volumes
they have presumed to insert several maxims tending to
destroy royal authority, to establish the spirit of
independence and revolt, and, beneath obscure and
equivocal terms, to raise the foundations of error, moral
corruption, irreligion, and incredulity“ (Artz 91).

9. A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN:
BY MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
 Attacked the persistence of the female stereotype.
 Called for a “Revolution of Female Manners”
(Johnson Ch. 9).
 Inspired a movement that was the first step to
equality for women.
“Wollstonecraft argued that females are in all the most important
aspects the same as males, possessing the same souls, the
same mental capacities, and thus the same human
rights”(Johnson Ch. 9).

10. ECONOMIC TABLE: BY QUESNAY
 Used Reason, and applied it to Economics.
 Defined 3 social classes and set guidelines that
each class should abide by.
 explained how wealth was distributed throughout
society determined the overall economic health of
the community.
 Called for less Governmental interference and
regulation; “Free Enterprise”.
 With his success, He influenced other Ruler’s to
adapt his philosophy; therefore changing the way
Economics was thought about.

11. IMAGES CITED
www.google.com/images
Microsoft Office 2007 Clip Art.

12. WORKS CITED
Artz, Frederick Binkerd. The Enlightenment In France. Kent, Ohio: Kent State
University Press, 1998. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 18 June
2015.
Fiero, Gloria K. Landmarks in Humanities, 2nd ed. Boston:
McGrawHill,2009. Print.
Finocchiaro, Maurice A. Retrying Galileo, 1633-1992. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 18 June
2015.
"Johannes Kepler: Discovering The Laws Of Celestial Motion." Johannes
Kepler: Discovering The Laws Of Celestial Motion (2003): 1-39.
History Reference Center. Web. 18 June 2015.
Johnson, Claudia L. The Cambridge Companion To Mary Wollstonecraft.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. eBook
Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 18 June 2015.