This document summarizes the intellectual revolutions and development of science in different regions throughout history. It discusses key figures like Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud who drove intellectual revolutions. It also provides overviews of the development of science in Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, highlighting some of their scientific advancements and influential scientists, such as the Maya's astronomical understanding demonstrated in their architecture, India's contributions to mathematics including the concept of zero and trigonometry, and ancient Egypt's developments in geometry, alchemy, anatomy, and astronomy.

1. 2. Intellectual
revolutions that
defined society
By:
Anna Maria Gracia I. Estardo, RN, MAEd

2.  Copernicus
Darwin
Freud
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei

3. Cradles of early science
o Development of Science in Mesoamerica
o Development of Science in Asia
o Development of Science in Middle East
o Development of Science in Africa

11. Group Activity
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei

12. Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

13. • Entire area of Central
America from
Southern Mexico up
to the border of South
America.
• Maya civilization
lasted for approx.
2000 years.
• Incorporated their
advanced
understanding of
astronomy into their
temples and religious
structures.

14. • The El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza is
situated is situated at the location of the Sun
during the spring and fall equinoxes.

15. • Predicting eclipses
• Astrological cycles in
planting and
harvesting

16. • They built observatories so their priests could
watch the stars and plan the best time for
festivals, religious rituals and cultural
celebrations.

18. • Hydraulics
• Weaving
looms

19. • The Maya hieroglypich writing is arguably one of the
most visually striking writing systems of the world. It
is also very complex, with hundreds of unique signs or
glyphs in the form of humans, animals, supernaturals,
objects, and abstract designs.

23. • largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and
possibly the largest empire in the world in the
early 16th century
• flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and
1533 CE

25. 1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing
water
4. Calendar with 12 months
5. First suspension bridge
6. Quipu
7. Inca textiles

28. • The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous
civilization who built beautiful and sophisticated
cities.
• The highly developed empire had an elaborate
leadership and society that consisted of four
classes.
 Nobles (highest in power)
 Commoners (the majority of population, were mostly
farmers)
 Serfs (worked land for the nobles)
 Slaves (consisted of those captured and indebted
who couldn’t pay)

29. 1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates – cacao beans
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa - irrigation systems
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of the canoe

32. Development of Science in Asia

33. India
• Known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works
• Medicine - Ayurveda

35. • Mathematics
– Tried to standardize measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy.

36. • ARYABHATA
– first of the major first of the
major mathematician-
astronomers from the classical
age of Indian mathematics and
Indian astronomy.
– Aryabhatiya:
• place value system
• Approximation of π
• Trigonometry
– Solar and lunar eclipses were
scientifically explained by
Aryabhata. He states that the
Moon and planets shine by
reflected sunlight.

37. • BRAHMAGUPTA
– Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
– defined the properties of the number zero, both as a
placeholder and a decimal digit
– Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction.

38. China
• Traditional medicine – acupunture
• Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools
• Astronomy – heavenly bodies, lunar calendars

40. Development of Science in Middle East

41. • Dominantly occupied by Muslims
• Greater value on science experiments
• Hasan Ibn al-Haytham
– was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden Age
– Father of Optics

42. • Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi
– concept of the algorithm
in mathematics
– Algebra from al-jabr
(Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-
Muqabala)
– calendars, calculating
true positions of the sun,
moon and planets, tables
of sines and tangents,
spherical astronomy,
astrological tables

43. Development of Science in Africa

44. • Ancient Egyptian Civilization

45. • Development of geometry
• Center of alchemy
• Studied human anatomy and pharmacology
• Astronomy
• Mathematics

46. Unit Quiz!
• End of Unit 2