This study investigated the use of coconut shell powder for removing copper (Cu(II)) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments showed that coconut shell powder achieved high adsorption of Cu(II), removing over 90% from solutions. The adsorption capacity was influenced by pH and particle size. Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich fitted the equilibrium data well. Kinetic models also described the adsorption process. Adsorption increased with pH from 42% at pH 5 to 96% at pH 9, with little change above pH 7. Functional groups on the coconut shell surface influenced metal uptake.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Bioadsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on Eucalyptus Camaldulensis LeavesIJEAB
Herein, the efficiency of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves as biosorbent for lead and copper was investigated. The particle size distribution was determined by Granulometric analysis and the functional groups were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The effects of contact time, pH and initial metal ions concentration were investigated. The experimental kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity up to 71 mg g-1 and 37 mg g-1 for Cu2+ and Pb2+ respectively. The selectivity was examined in a binary ions solution where the adsorbent showed preference for lead over copper.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Bioadsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on Eucalyptus Camaldulensis LeavesIJEAB
Herein, the efficiency of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves as biosorbent for lead and copper was investigated. The particle size distribution was determined by Granulometric analysis and the functional groups were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The effects of contact time, pH and initial metal ions concentration were investigated. The experimental kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity up to 71 mg g-1 and 37 mg g-1 for Cu2+ and Pb2+ respectively. The selectivity was examined in a binary ions solution where the adsorbent showed preference for lead over copper.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
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1. Chemical Sciences Journal, Vol. 2011: CSJ-17, accepted version Nov 4, 2011 (Research Article)
Study of Biosorption of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Coconut Shell
Powder
CVR Murthy1, *P Ramesh2, A Ramesh2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagram, India.
*Correspondence to: Pala Ramesh, pala_ramesh@yahoo.com
Abstract
The metal taking capacity of several types of biomass, agro products and by-products has
gained attention during recent years. Coconut shell powder was chosen as the biosorbent
for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of this sorbent
was investigated by batch experiments. High adsorption (>90 %) is achieved in the present
study. The influence of pH and particle size was studied and adsorption isotherm models
were fitted. An appropriate kinetic model was also attempted.
Keywords: Biosorption, Copper, Coconut shell powder, Adsorption isotherms.
1. Introduction
In recent years contamination of aquatic bodies by various pollutants has intensified
the deterioration of several ecosystems. Among these, heavy metals cause severe damage
to the living systems at various levels. Exposure of the aquatic systems to heavy metal
pollutants from various industrial operations like metal ore refining, electroplating,
pigments, mining, battery and accumulator manufacturing has been a serious threat to the
environment. Acute ingestion of excess copper in drinking water can cause gastrointestinal
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(GI) tract disturbances and chronic ingestion can lead to liver toxicity in sensitive
populations.
The uptake of both metal and non-metal species by biomass is termed as
biosorption. Work on the metal binding capacity of some type of biomass and agroproducts
[1-3] has gained momentum recently. A number of agricultural waste and by-products like
coffee beans, rice husk, cellulose extracted from rice husk (RH-cellulose), cellulose and lignin
extracted from coirpith, tea waste, Aspergillus niger, spent-grain, litter of natural trembling
poplar (Populus tremula) forest, nutshells of walnut, hazelnut, pistachio, almond, apricot
stone and Aspergillus Fumigatus, Bacillus Sphaericus, Anoxybacillus gonensis immobilized on
Diaion [4-13] are studied in literature for their removal capacity Cu(II) ions and other heavy
metals from aqueous solutions.
Coconut shell- Cocos nucifera is an attractive and inexpensive option (0.05 - 0.1 % of
activated carbon powder) for the biosorption removal of dissolved metals. Various metal
binding mechanisms are thought to be involved in the biosorption process including
ionexchange, surface adsorption, chemisorption, complexation, and adsorption
complexation. [14-16]. Coconut shell powder is composed of several constituents, among
them lignin acid, around 35-45% and cellulose around 23-43%, bear various polar functional
groups including carboxylic and phenolic acid groups which are involved in metal binding
[14, 17]. Cellulose and lignin are biopolymers and are considered appropriate for the
removal of heavy metals.
In the current work, coconut shell powder as biosorbent for Cu (II) ions and influence
of parameters like pH and particle size is presented. Characterising of coconut shell powder
was done. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms and kinetic models were studied.
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2. Methods
2.1 Biosorbent material
The powder of coconut shell powder used in the present work was prepared in our
laboratory using mechanical unit operations equipment like jaw crusher, hammer mill, rotap
sieve shaker and standard sieves by the method described by Coconut Board of India.
2.2 Biosorption Experiments
Biosorption experiments were performed batch wise at (27o C) in Erlenmeyer flasks,
stirred in reciprocal shaker for 4 h. In all sets of experiments, accurately weighed coconut
shell powder was thoroughly mixed in to 250 ml of aqueous metal solution. At regular
intervals of time (15 min), a sample of the mixture is filtered to remove the fine particulates
and the filtrate was analyzed by atomic adsorption spectrometer (AAS) for the
concentration of metal species. The solution of metal species was prepared dissolving
CuSO4.5H2O (analytical grade supplied by Merck, Mumbai, India) in deionised water and pH
adjustments were made using HCl and NaOH solution.
2.3 Apparatus
Perkin-Elmer Analyst 200 atomic absorption spectrometer was used in the studies.
All measurements were carried out in an air/acetylene flame and hollow cathode lamps
were used. The pre reading calibration is done with four samples prepared from standard
1000ppm solution from Merck (Mumbai, India). The initial metal concentrations indicated
by AAS are used for further investigation.
2.4 Equilibrium modelling
This set of experiments are conducted at different initial concentrations of Cu (II) (
20 – 90 ppm) and different adsorbent loading (1g/l to 7 g/l). Adsorption isotherms are basic
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requirements for the design of adsorption systems. Classical adsorption models like
Langmuir and Freundlich were studied to describe the equilibrium between adsorbed metal
ions over coconut shell powder (qeq) and metal ions in the solution (Ceq) at a constant
temperature. The Langumir equation is valid for mono layer sorption on to a surface with
finite number of identical sites and is given by Eq. (1)
q max bC eq
qeq (1)
1 bC eq
Where qmax (mg/g) is the maximum amount of metal ion per unit weight of coconut shell
powder and b (1/mg) is a constant related to the affinity of the binding sites. The qmax
represents practical limiting adsorption capacity when the surface is fully covered with
metal ions and assists in the comparison of adsorption performance, particularly in cases
where the sorbent did not reach its full saturation in experiment. The qmax and b can be
determined from the linear plot of Ceq/qeq versus Ceq [14, 18-20]. The empirical Freundlich
equation based on sorption on a heterogeneous surface is given by Eq. (2).
qeq K f C eq/ n
1
(2)
Where Kf and n are the Freundlich constants, characteristic of the system. Kf and n are
indicators of adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity respectively. The linearized Eq. (2)
in logarithmic form is used to determine Freundlich constants [14, 19-21].
2.5 Kinetic modelling
A pseudo-second order model [22] can be used to explain the adsorption kinetics.
This model is based on the assumption that adsorption follows second order chemisorption.
The pseudo-second order model can be expressed as:
dq
k ad (qeq q) 2 (3)
dt
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where kad is the rate constant of second-order biosorption (g mg-1min-1). For the boundary
conditions t=0 to t=t and q=0 to q=qeq, the integrated form of Eq. (3) becomes
1 1
k ad t (4)
qeq q qeq
this integrated rate law for a second-order reaction can be rearranged to a linear form:
t 1 1
2
t (5)
q k ad q eq q eq
The plot of t/q against t of Eq. (5) should give a linear relationship, from which qeq and kad
can be determined from the slope and intercept of the plot.
3.Results and discussion
3.1 Effect of pH
pH is an important parameter in determining biosorption levels. The effect of pH (in
the range 5-9) on the uptake levels of powder of coconut shell from an aqueous solution is
evaluated. The effect of initial pH is presented in Fig 1. The Cu (II) removal increased from 42
% at pH 5 to 96% at pH 9. There is no significant increase from pH 7 onwards. Both the
surface functional groups present on the coconut shell powder and metal chemistry in
solution relate to the dependence of metal uptake on pH. At low pH, the surface ligands are
closely associated with the hydronium ions (H3O+) and restricted the approach of metal
cations as a result of repulsive force [23]. Further, the pH dependence on the metal ion
uptake by coconut shell powder can be justified by association-dissociation of certain
functional groups like carboxylic and hydroxyl group present on biomass. At low pH, most of
carboxylic group are not dissociated and cannot bind the metal ions, though they take part
in complexation reactions where as at high pH carboxylic groups are dissociated and can
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further bind more metal ions to increase the percentage adsorption. With these
observations, further experiments are performed at pH 7 only.
Fig. 1. Percentage adsorption of Cu (II) by coconut shell for different pH values. Initial
concentration of metal: 30 ppm. Coconut shell concentration: 5g/l. Particle size: 0.105-0.063
mm. Temperature: 27 oC. Contact time: 4 h.
3.2 Effect of particle size
Influence of the particle size of coconut shell powder used for uptake of Cu (II) was
studied using different particles sizes which are segregated using standard sieves. The
results presented in Fig. 2 show a gradual decrease and then increase in removal of Cu(II)
with decrease in particle size. It is important to note that larger particles with spherical
surfaces, present higher external mass transfer. In this case, higher metal adsorption from
these particles is attributed to mass transport inside the sorbent particles [15]. At the same
time as the particle size decreases the surface area for adsorption increases which in turn
contribute to high adsorption at fine particle size. Optimum particle size can be obtained if
precise contributions of mass transport and surface diffusion are ascertained. This has been
not formed part of this work.
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Fig. 2. Percentage adsorption of Cu (II) by coconut shell for different ranges of particle size.
Initial concentration of metal: 30 ppm. Coconut shell concentration: 5 g/l. pH value: 7.
Temperature: 27 oC. Contact time: 4 h.
3.3 SEM Analyses
Scanning Electron Microscope is used to evaluate the characteristics of coconut shell
powder. The micrographs of coconut shell powder before metal uptake and respective
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses are shown in Fig. 3 and 4 respectively. Fig. 5
and 6 show the same for coconut shell after Cu (II) uptake. Fig. 3 shows that the material is
irregular and porous. This surface characteristic would substantiate high adsorption through
mass transport inside the sorbent. Fig. 4 presented EDS analysis, and it shows the presence
of C, O, Al, Cl, K as natural species. The presence of these elements could have an effect on
adsorption mechanism through ionexchange interactions. Fig. 5 does not show any
significant difference between the surface before and after metal uptake, same was
observed by Pino et al. [16], and reason attributed was low percent of voids are been
occupied by the adsorbed species. Fig. 6 shows the particle loaded with Cu(II), the presence
of Cu bands and absence of Cl, K bands. The possible reason for the absence of these bands
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is the ion exchange mechanism between Cu (II) and these elements on the surface of the
particle.
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrograph of coconut shell powder before Cu (II) adsorption.
Fig. 4. EDS diffractogram of micrographs of coconut shell powder before Cu (II) adsorption.
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Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrograph of coconut shell powder after Cu (II) adsorption.
Fig. 6. EDS diffractogram of micrographs of coconut shell powder after Cu (II) adsorption.
3.4 Adsorption isotherms
Linearized Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms of Cu (II) at 27 oC are given
in Fig 7 and 8. Adsorption constants evaluated from both isotherms are presented in Table
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1. It is observed that very high regression correlation coefficient (0.98) is obtained for
Langmuir model, but Freundlich model gave low regression correlation coefficient (0.014).
An adsorption isotherm is characterized by certain constants, the values of which
indicate the surface properties, biosorptive capacity of biomass. Values of qmax and b have
been calculated from Langmuir plot. The maximum capacity qmax determined from Langmuir
isotherm defines the total capacity of biosorbent for Cu (II) (7.463 mg/g) and value of b is -
0.68. Freundlich constants Kf and n values are found as 10.592 and -20.408 respectively.
Table 1. Adsorption isotherm coefficients of Langmuir and Freundlich models
Metal Langmuir Freundlich
2 2
qmax(mg/g) b R Kf n R
Cu(II) 7.463 -0.68 0.98 10.592 -20.408 0.014
Fig. 7. The linearized Langmuir adsorption isotherms of Cu (II) by coconut shell powder.
Particle size: 0.105-0.063 mm. pH value: 7. Temperature: 27 oC. Contact time: 4 h.
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Fig. 8. The linearized Freundlich adsorption isotherms of Cu (II) by coconut shell powder.
Particle size: 0.105-0.063 mm. pH value: 7. Temperature: 27 oC. Contact time: 4 h.
3.5 Biosorption kinetics
Biosorption kinetics of Cu(II) ions is analyzed by applying pseudo first order and
pseudo second order kinetic models. The first order rate constant (kad) and qeq values are
determined and the correlation coefficient obtained shows a reasonable value (0.854) but
the theoretical qeq value (1.135 mg/g) gave a lower value than experimental qeq value (5.312
mg/g). Hence, using Eq. (5) t/q was plotted against t at 27 oC and second order biosorption
rate constant (kad) and qeq values were determined from slope and intercept of the plots
(Fig. 9). The correlation coefficient for the second–order kinetic model obtained was 0.999.
The theoretical qeq value (5.405 mg/g) is close to the experimental qeq value (5.312 mg/g)
and kad is 0.048 ( g/mg min) in the case of pseudo-second order kinetics. The results suggest
that biosorption follows second order model, based on the assumption that the rate limiting
step may be biosorption, provides the best correlation of the data.
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Fig. 9. Psuedo second order kinetics of Cu (II) by coconut shell powder. Initial concentration
of metal: 30 ppm. Coconut shell concentration: 5g/l. Particle size: 0.105-0.063 mm. pH
value: 7. Temperature: 27 oC.
4. Conclusions
Coconut shell powder was confirmed as a potential biosorbent in the removal of
copper from aqueous solutions. Investigations showed that pH and particle size influence
the uptake of Cu (II). The micrographs obtained by SEM analyzes before and after the
uptake by coconut shell powder do not show any significant difference indicating the Cu
bands and absence of Cl, K bands in EDS after metal uptake indicate that a possible ion
exchange mechanism. The equilibrium study shows that the data fitted Langmuir model
with excellent correlation coefficient and a biosorption capacity of 7.463 mg/g was
obtained. The pseudo-second order kinetic model provided best correlation coefficient and
the theoretical qeq values match with the experimental qeq value.
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