International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
Effect of Grain Size and Reaction Time in Characterisation of Aggregates for ...IJERA Editor
Concrete can deteriorate as a result of alkali aggregate reaction, an interaction between alkalis present in
alkaline pore solution originating from the Portland cement and reactive minerals in certain types of aggregates.
Potential reactivity of aggregates with regard to alkalis present in concrete mix can be determined by Mortar Bar
method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis. Of these the chemical method though is quick and does
not require a large quantity of material for testing yet have its own inherent limitations. It does not ensure
completion of reaction as the observations are limited to 24hour only and also does not assess the effect of
varying the combination of coarse and fine aggregates. A study on chemical method by allowing the reaction for
a prolonged time up to 96 hours and also on different grain size ranged matrix was carried at Central Soil and
Materials Research Station, New Delhi. Simultaneously the test results of the modified method are compared to
the existing Mortar Bar method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis The outcome of the studies clearly
reflects that the grain size play an important role in the reaction, the reaction time has a demarked impact on
reactivity, in the cases having a high value of silica release the choice of reduction in alkalinity as an indicator
of degree of reaction is not reliable, instead measuring remaining Na2O concentration in Sodium hydroxide
solution after the reaction seems to be much more meaningful in justifying the silica release.
A Review On Development Of Flyash Based High Strength Geopolymer Concretecedmmantc5411
Geopolymer concrete is the latest development in the field of concrete technology and it is still
developing. Geopolymers are inorganic, stable, hard and non-inflammable binder. The application of
geopolymer binder are in fire resistance fiber composite, sealant industry, tooling aeronautics SPF aluminium,
foundry equipment’s, radioactive toxic waste, ceramic, bricks and other precast concrete. The current review is
aims to put forward the development in geopolymer concrete for the production high strength geopolymer
concrete having strength more than 90MPa. The development of high strength concrete is aimed to reduce
structural member sizes and for economical construction in case of long span bridges and tall buildings. Also
the use flyash in concrete to reduce green gas house emission into the atmosphere by reducing cement usage
geopolymer is a eco-friendly, popular and resourceful replacement of conventional concretre. there are different types of Geoplymer.In this case no uses of conventional concrete made it most unique and environment friendly.
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
Effect of Grain Size and Reaction Time in Characterisation of Aggregates for ...IJERA Editor
Concrete can deteriorate as a result of alkali aggregate reaction, an interaction between alkalis present in
alkaline pore solution originating from the Portland cement and reactive minerals in certain types of aggregates.
Potential reactivity of aggregates with regard to alkalis present in concrete mix can be determined by Mortar Bar
method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis. Of these the chemical method though is quick and does
not require a large quantity of material for testing yet have its own inherent limitations. It does not ensure
completion of reaction as the observations are limited to 24hour only and also does not assess the effect of
varying the combination of coarse and fine aggregates. A study on chemical method by allowing the reaction for
a prolonged time up to 96 hours and also on different grain size ranged matrix was carried at Central Soil and
Materials Research Station, New Delhi. Simultaneously the test results of the modified method are compared to
the existing Mortar Bar method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis The outcome of the studies clearly
reflects that the grain size play an important role in the reaction, the reaction time has a demarked impact on
reactivity, in the cases having a high value of silica release the choice of reduction in alkalinity as an indicator
of degree of reaction is not reliable, instead measuring remaining Na2O concentration in Sodium hydroxide
solution after the reaction seems to be much more meaningful in justifying the silica release.
A Review On Development Of Flyash Based High Strength Geopolymer Concretecedmmantc5411
Geopolymer concrete is the latest development in the field of concrete technology and it is still
developing. Geopolymers are inorganic, stable, hard and non-inflammable binder. The application of
geopolymer binder are in fire resistance fiber composite, sealant industry, tooling aeronautics SPF aluminium,
foundry equipment’s, radioactive toxic waste, ceramic, bricks and other precast concrete. The current review is
aims to put forward the development in geopolymer concrete for the production high strength geopolymer
concrete having strength more than 90MPa. The development of high strength concrete is aimed to reduce
structural member sizes and for economical construction in case of long span bridges and tall buildings. Also
the use flyash in concrete to reduce green gas house emission into the atmosphere by reducing cement usage
geopolymer is a eco-friendly, popular and resourceful replacement of conventional concretre. there are different types of Geoplymer.In this case no uses of conventional concrete made it most unique and environment friendly.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
The Effect of Dosage and Modulus of Activator on the Strength of Alkali Activ...ijtsrd
In this study, the effect of dosage and modulus of activator on the strength of alkali activated slag and fly ash based geopolymer mortar is studied. Fly ash from Tingyi is used. Blast furnace slag from No 1 Iron and Steel Industry, Pyin Oo Lwin is used. NaOH and Na2SiO3 are used as alkaline activator. Firstly, the physical properties of slag, fly ash and sand are tested. Alkali activated slag mortar is mixed with various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for slag mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water slag cement ratio of 0.35 is used for this test. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar is mixed various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water fly ash ratio of 0.33 is used for this test. For both testing, samples are cured at 85°C for 24 hours and left at room temperature until the day of testing. The samples are tested for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days compressive strength. Then the compressive strength test results obtained from various dosages of activator and without activator are compared. Nyein Nyein Thant | Zin Mar Soe "The Effect of Dosage and Modulus of Activator on the Strength of Alkali Activated Slag and Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Mortar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27997.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27997/the-effect-of-dosage-and-modulus-of-activator-on-the-strength-of-alkali-activated-slag-and-fly-ash-based-on-geopolymer-mortar/nyein-nyein-thant
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
The current research aims to investigate alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag was partially replaced with OPC by 30% by weight. The workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete were studied. All results of alkali activated slag concrete were compared to control concrete on plain GGBS. The ground granulated blast furnace slag is activated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activating solutions. The activated slag pastes are cured at 23 2°C for 28 days in sealed plastic containers, the resulting hardened alkali activated pastes are impregnated with epoxy and then polished. The results indicated that the workability decreased as the slag content increased.
Valorization of an industrial waste (sludge) as an artificial pozzolan in cem...IJERA Editor
The present study fits within the framework of sustainable management of sludge generated from wastewater treatment in industrial network. The studied sludge comes from an industry manufacturing sanitary ceramic products. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization was carried out in order to give an identity card to the sludge. We noted the absence of metal pollution. In order to evaluate its pozzolanic character, the industrial sludge has been subjected to thermal activation at various temperatures (from 650°C to 1000°C). The pozzolanic activity was evaluated by physico-chemical and mechanical methods. Pozzolanicity measurement by conductivity, Frattini and Chapelle Test revealed the existence of pozzolanic properties of calcined samples. The best pozzolanic reactivity was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C. We noticed a decrease in the reactivity of the samples calcined from 850°C. In addition, analysis by means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that sludge recrystallization begins at a temperature of 850°C. Pozzolanicity index of the thermally treated samples was determined by measuring the mechanical resistance of mortar specimens previously kept in a saturated lime solution for 28 days. The best pozzolanic activity index was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C (109.1%). The study of mechanical performances and resistance to chemical attacks of mortars incorporating sludge (calcined at 800°C) with different percentages and at various ages showed an improvement of mechanical and chemical resistance compared to the control mortar (100% cement) . This work is a contribution to the research for new supplying sources of raw materials and additives in the field of construction. It presents a proposition of a promising solution for the valorization of waste material as an additive instead of being discharged into open air dumps causing a major environmental problem.
Kinetics Etude of the Experimental Leaching of Sphalerite Using Acidic Lixivi...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The influence of physico-chemical parameters such as acid concentration, temperature, particle size and time of leaching on the chemical dissolution of the sphalerite ore in sulfuric acid was examined. At a temperature of 358 K by 2 mol.l-1 H2SO4, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, initial solid / liquid ratio of 10 g/L and particle size (-125 +63^m), about 99 % of zinc was extracted inside 120min. The experimental data of this leaching technique was established by way of the shrinking core model under chemically reaction controlled processes, the corresponding activation energy for the recovery of zinc Ea calculated from the Arrhenius expression to be 18.63kJ/mole.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
The Effect of Dosage and Modulus of Activator on the Strength of Alkali Activ...ijtsrd
In this study, the effect of dosage and modulus of activator on the strength of alkali activated slag and fly ash based geopolymer mortar is studied. Fly ash from Tingyi is used. Blast furnace slag from No 1 Iron and Steel Industry, Pyin Oo Lwin is used. NaOH and Na2SiO3 are used as alkaline activator. Firstly, the physical properties of slag, fly ash and sand are tested. Alkali activated slag mortar is mixed with various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for slag mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water slag cement ratio of 0.35 is used for this test. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar is mixed various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water fly ash ratio of 0.33 is used for this test. For both testing, samples are cured at 85°C for 24 hours and left at room temperature until the day of testing. The samples are tested for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days compressive strength. Then the compressive strength test results obtained from various dosages of activator and without activator are compared. Nyein Nyein Thant | Zin Mar Soe "The Effect of Dosage and Modulus of Activator on the Strength of Alkali Activated Slag and Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Mortar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27997.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27997/the-effect-of-dosage-and-modulus-of-activator-on-the-strength-of-alkali-activated-slag-and-fly-ash-based-on-geopolymer-mortar/nyein-nyein-thant
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
The current research aims to investigate alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag was partially replaced with OPC by 30% by weight. The workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete were studied. All results of alkali activated slag concrete were compared to control concrete on plain GGBS. The ground granulated blast furnace slag is activated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activating solutions. The activated slag pastes are cured at 23 2°C for 28 days in sealed plastic containers, the resulting hardened alkali activated pastes are impregnated with epoxy and then polished. The results indicated that the workability decreased as the slag content increased.
Valorization of an industrial waste (sludge) as an artificial pozzolan in cem...IJERA Editor
The present study fits within the framework of sustainable management of sludge generated from wastewater treatment in industrial network. The studied sludge comes from an industry manufacturing sanitary ceramic products. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization was carried out in order to give an identity card to the sludge. We noted the absence of metal pollution. In order to evaluate its pozzolanic character, the industrial sludge has been subjected to thermal activation at various temperatures (from 650°C to 1000°C). The pozzolanic activity was evaluated by physico-chemical and mechanical methods. Pozzolanicity measurement by conductivity, Frattini and Chapelle Test revealed the existence of pozzolanic properties of calcined samples. The best pozzolanic reactivity was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C. We noticed a decrease in the reactivity of the samples calcined from 850°C. In addition, analysis by means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that sludge recrystallization begins at a temperature of 850°C. Pozzolanicity index of the thermally treated samples was determined by measuring the mechanical resistance of mortar specimens previously kept in a saturated lime solution for 28 days. The best pozzolanic activity index was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C (109.1%). The study of mechanical performances and resistance to chemical attacks of mortars incorporating sludge (calcined at 800°C) with different percentages and at various ages showed an improvement of mechanical and chemical resistance compared to the control mortar (100% cement) . This work is a contribution to the research for new supplying sources of raw materials and additives in the field of construction. It presents a proposition of a promising solution for the valorization of waste material as an additive instead of being discharged into open air dumps causing a major environmental problem.
Kinetics Etude of the Experimental Leaching of Sphalerite Using Acidic Lixivi...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The influence of physico-chemical parameters such as acid concentration, temperature, particle size and time of leaching on the chemical dissolution of the sphalerite ore in sulfuric acid was examined. At a temperature of 358 K by 2 mol.l-1 H2SO4, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, initial solid / liquid ratio of 10 g/L and particle size (-125 +63^m), about 99 % of zinc was extracted inside 120min. The experimental data of this leaching technique was established by way of the shrinking core model under chemically reaction controlled processes, the corresponding activation energy for the recovery of zinc Ea calculated from the Arrhenius expression to be 18.63kJ/mole.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
Surfactant-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceria-Zirconia Nanostructured M...IOSR Journals
CeO2–ZrO2 oxides were prepared by the surfactant-templated method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template and modified with chromium nitrate. These were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. The XRD data showed that as prepared CeO2-ZrO2 powder particles have single phase cubic fluorite structure. HRTEM shows mesoscopic ordering. Average particle size is 12-13 nm as calculated from particle histogram. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm were classified to be type IV isotherm, typical of mesoporous material. The presence of uni-modal mesopores are confirmed by the pore size distribution which shows pore distribution at around 60 A°. Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
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Optimization of temperature imposed on activator before mixing
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 3 Issue 11 || November 2014 || PP.56-62
www.ijesi.org 56 | Page
Optimization of temperature imposed on activator before mixing
Debabrata Dutta1, Dr.Somnath Ghosh2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, W.B,
India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata- 700032, W.B., India.
ABSTRACT: The research has been performed to assess the impact of temperatures on activator prior
mixing. In this program, a set of activators having 8% of Na2O by weight of fly ash were subjected to
different temperatures ranging from 20o
C to 95o
C, for a period of 24 hours and 48 hours. The properties of
geopolymer were investigated through workability and compressive strength. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) along with EDAX was done to predict the microstructural and mineralogical changes.
Geopolymer paste prepared with the activator, which was subjected to a temperature ranging 35o
C-50o
C
for duration of 48 hours, exhibited better mechanical properties.
KEYWORDS: Geopolymer, Sodium Silicate, temperature, SEM-EDAX, workability.
I.INTRODUCTION
The geopolymerisation process also depends on many parameters including the chemical and
mineralogical composition of the starting materials, curing temperature, water content, concentration of
the alkaline compound, etc. (J. Temuujin. et. al. 2009). It is a geo-synthesis (reaction that chemically
integrates minerals) that involves naturally occurring silico-aluminates (Hermann E. et. al. 1999).
Geopolymers are cross-linked aluminium silicate networks with charge balancing alkaline cations with
water retained in the internal pores (J. Temuujin. et. al. 2009). Geopolymers have been receiving
increased attention over the last years because of their superior mechanical, chemical and thermal
properties when compared to Portland based cements, and that also with significant lower CO2 production.
Geopolymers are generally synthesized by activation of an alumino-silicate source like fly ash,
blast furnace slag, silica fume with an alkaline hydroxide and silicate solution. The geopolymer gel
binder consists of a predominantly X-ray amorphous alumino-silicate network, where the tetrahedral
Al sites are charge-balanced by alkali metal cations (Catherine A et al. 2008). As a conventional
practice, activating solutions of high soluble silicate concentrations are often used to produce
geopolymers so that favorable setting and mechanical properties can be achieved (W.K.W. Lee et
al. 2002). From the basic laws of chemistry, according to Le’Chatelier’s principle (wikipedia.org, 2012),
“If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial
pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change and a new equilibrium is
established”. It is a well-known fact that the dissolution of NaOH in water is an exothermic process,
NaOH(aq)=Na+
(aq)+OH-
(aq)+(heat). If the temperature increases then according to Le’Chatelier’s
principle, the backward reaction will be favoured. As a result of which, the dissolution rate of sodium
hydroxide will be decelerated. Hence there must be an optimum temperature when the dissolution is
higher. In this experimental study, we subject the activators to different temperatures and try to assess its
impact on the mechanical properties of the geopolymer. The activator was subjected to different
temperatures ranging from 20o
C to 95o
C, for a period of 24 hours. The research was concluded with the
effect of that imposing temperature on the geopolymer properties.
II.MATERIALS AND METHOD
MATERIALS PROPERTIES : The chemical composition of low calcium Class F fly ash, collected from
Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant near Kolkata, India, is given in TABLE 1. About 75% of particles were
finer than 45 micron and Blaine’s specific surface was 380m2
/kg. Laboratory grade sodium hydroxide in
pellet form (98 percent purity) was used. Sodium silicate solution (Na2O=8%, SiO2=26.5% and 65.5%
water) with silicate modulus~3.3 and a bulk density of 1410 kg/m was supplied by Loba Chemie
Ltd, India. The alkaline activating solution was prepared by dissolving required quantity of sodium
hydroxide pellets directly into water. The activator solution (Sodium hydroxide and water) was left at
20o
C to 95o
C temperature for 24 hours after that predetermined quantity of sodium silicate solution was
2
2. Optimization Of Temperature Imposed On…
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added 3 hours before being used to manufacture geopolymer specimens. This activator solution had
Na2O content equal to 8.0% of fly ash and SiO2/Na2O ratio equal to 1. Water to Fly ash ratio was of 0.33.
TABLE 1 Chemical analysis report of Fly ash
Chemical composition Fly ash
SiO2 56.01
Al2O3 29.8
Fe2O3 3.58
TiO2 1.75
CaO 2.36
MgO 0.30
K2O 0.73
Na2O 0.61
SO3 Nil
P2O5 0.44
Loss on ignition 0.40
Sample preparation
General : Fly ash was mixed with predetermined quantity of activator solution in a Hobart mixer, for 5
minutes. The mix was then transferred into 50mm x 50mm x 50 mm cubes. Table vibration was
provided for 2 minutes to expel any entrapped air. Then, the cubes were cured in an oven for a period
of 48 hours at 85o
C and allowed to cool inside the oven (Thakur R. et. al., 2007). After curing the
specimens were removed and stored at room temperature at a dry place before testing. Table 2 depicts some
important features of typical mixing details. After three days from curing, the geopolymer specimens were
tested for its compressive strength and micro structural properties.
Fig. 1 SEM- EDAX of Fly ash particle
TABLE 2 Mixture composition of geopolymer activator
ID
Temperature
imposed on
Hydroxide
solution prior
mixing
Na2O*
content in
activator
SiO2/ Na2O
content
in
activator
Water to
fly ash
Curing temp. Curing Duration
PS20
20
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
PS35
35
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
PS50
50
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
PS65
65
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
PS80
80
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
PS95
95
0
C
8 1 0.33
85
0
C
48 Hrs.
*(%) of fly ash
3. Optimization Of Temperature Imposed On…
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Workability : To inspect the flow characteristics of the geopolymer paste, the workability has been
predicted by a polar graph has been used in which there are 50 concentric circles and 40 spokes
dividing the area into smaller parts to measure the areal change of the slump of the geopolymer paste. A
cylindrical container and a circular glass slab (as shown in the Fig. 2-Fig. 5) has been used. The flow
behavior of the geopolymer paste is quite different from the flow behavior of cement concrete. The
increase or decrease in the workability indicates the change in polycondensation which effect on strength
directly.
Typical procedure : In this experiment, the workability of a particular geopolymer sample paste has been
determined by careful observation and study of the extent of spread of that particular geopolymer paste. A
7mm thick circular glass slab of 50cm diameter was used in this set up. A polar graph was used to study
the extent of the spread. The polar graph consists of 50 concentric circles, equally spaced with the
outermost circle having a diameter of 50cm.The circle was again divided into a number of sectors by 40
numbers of spokes (i.e. radial lines).This polar graph was placed below the glass slab. A brass cylinder,
6cm in diameter and 8cm in height, was used as a mould to hold the geopolymer paste. The mould was
placed exactly at the center of the setup, ensuring that its center coincides with the center of the glass slab
and that of the polar graph. After filling the mould with geopolymer paste it was raised slowly, ensuring
that it was raised vertically, and thus allowing the paste to flow. After the flow had stopped, the readings
corresponding to the outermost periphery of the flow was taken. The nth circle has n cm diameter. By the
radii of all the concentric circles, the area of spread was calculated. In this study this phenomena was taken
as the prime indication of the effect of imposing temperature on activator to the green geopolymer.
Area factor : factor denoted as AREA FACTOR, defined by the ratio of the final area of the slump to the
area of the cylinder was calculated to assess the differential consistency. The increase of the area factor
indicates the increase of geopolymer mobility.
Fig. 2 The experimental setup Fig. 3 Flow pattern of geopolymer paste
1.Cylindrical bras container. 2.Polar graph. 3.Circular glass slab.
Fig. 4 For sample PS20 Fig. 5: For sample PS50
4. Optimization Of Temperature Imposed On…
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III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Workability : With increase in OH- concentration, (Zuhua Z. et. al., 2009) the dissolution of fly ash is
accelerated. Development of Si–O–Al–O skeleton is proceeded with the compensation of charge on Al
atoms. These charges are compensated by Na+ ions (františek škvára et. al. 2006). Hence it is evident that
optimum polymerization is not possible without presence of adequate Na+
and OH-
in the activator solution.
Presence of Na+
and OH-
in activator depends on dissolution of Sodium Hydroxide which is affected by
temperature imposed on it. Maximum area factor is obtained for sample PS35 and PS50 which implies
maximum dissolution and polymerization .In both the cases of PS20 and PS95 very low area factor were
obtained.
TABLE 3 Results of workability test of the geopolymer paste
SAMPLE
ID
INITIAL
DIAMETER(D1)
(cm)
FINAL EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER
(D2 )
(cm)
INTIAL
AREA
(A1)
(cm
2
)
FINAL AREA
AFTER
FLOW(A2)
(cm
2
)
AREA
FACTOR=A2/A1
PS15 6 6 28.26 28.26 1.0
PS30 6 20 28.26 314 11.11111
PS45 6 26 28.26 530.66 18.77778
PS60 6 18 28.26 254.34 9
PS75 6 9 28.26 63.585 2.25
PS90 6 6 28.26 28.26 1.0
Microstructural investigations : At least 25 mm2
of sampling area is needed to obtain a reliable result (J.
Van Brakel, 1981). Fig. 6 characterize the ESEM micrographs for geopolymer paste specimens PS20, PS50,
PS65, PS80 and PS95 along with their EDAX chart. It depicts an unreacted morphology for geopolymer
sample PS20 and PS95.
The micrographs reveal mostly an amorphous phase in case of PS35 and PS50. In PS20 and PS90 unreacted
crystalline component is clearly visible this may be Sodium Hydroxide.
EDAX spectra of specimens show major elements such as Silicone (Si), Oxygen (O), Aluminum (Al), and
Sodium (Na). The weight percentages according to EDAX quantification of PS20 and PS95 subjected at a
specified position were O (38.8%), Na (12.12%) and O (27.62%), Na (20.5%) respectively. The weight
percentage of those elements in case of PS50 shows O (44.32%), Si (19.32%), Al (12.32%), Na (8.13%)
and Ca (0.24). For PS65 EDAX analysis capitulated the following O (35.7%), Si (17.27%), Al (9.02%), and
Ca (3.91).
6. Optimization Of Temperature Imposed On…
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Fig. 6 SEM –EDAX analysis of different geopolymer specimens
Compressive strength : Successful result was defined only when there was a single break of the materials
(Kriven, W. M. et. al. 2008). Fracture behavior of the geopolymer samples was often irregular as few areas
were chip of before to ultimate facture. The compressive strength of the geopolymer paste was determined
after 3 days respectively from manufacture. Ten specimens for each series were crushed in a digital
compression testing machine and the average is reported. Compressive strength obtained for the specimens
are presented in Fig. 7. Sample PS35 gave maximum compressive strength of 37 Mpa. Lowest compressive
strength was achieved for sample PS20 as 19 MPa. For sample PS95 the compressive strength was
measured as 15 Mpa.
Fig. 7 Compressive strength of different Geopolymer sample
7. Optimization Of Temperature Imposed On…
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IV.CONCLUSION
[1] Imposing temperature within a range of 35o
C to 50o
C to the activator prior mixing is much favouarble
to compressive strength.
[2] Compressive strength was very low for specimens PS20 and PS95 while imposing temperature on the
activator were 200C and 950C respectively before mixing.
[3] Structural morphology shows better reaction for PS35and PS50 under Scanning Electron
Microscopy.
[4] Consistency of geopolymer in green state is low for sample PS20 and PS95 implies less dissolution
geopolymer species.
REFERENCES
[1] JTemuujin, R.P.Williams, A. van Riessen, (2009), Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymer
cured at ambient temperature. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 209, pp 5276-5280.
[2] Hermann E, Kunze C, Gatzweiler R, Kiebig G, Davitovits J, (1999), Solidification of various radioactive residues by
geopolymere with special emphasis on long term stability, In Proceedings of Geopolymers, pp 211.
[3] Catherine A. Rees, John L Provis, Grant C. Lukey, Jannie S.J. van Devente, (2008), The mechanism of geopolymer gel
formation investigated through seeded nucleation, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 318,
pp 97–105.
[4] W.K.W. Lee, J.S.J. van Deventer, (2002), Structural reorganisation of class F fly ash in alkaline silicate solutions. Colloids
and Surfaces A: Physicochemical engineering Aspects, 211(1), pp 49-66.
[5] Le Chatelier's principle, Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia, available at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_principle, accessed on January 2012.
[6] Thakur, R., Ghosh, S., (2007), Fly ash based geopolymer composites, Proceedings of 10th NCB International seminar on
cement and building materials, New Delhi, India 3, pp 442-451.
[7] Zuhua Z, Xiao Y, Huajun Z, Yue C.,2009, Role of water in the synthesis of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer, Applied Clay
Science, 43 (2), pp. 218–223.
[8] Františekškvára, lubomír kopecký, jiøínìmeèek, zdenìkbittnar’,(2006), Microstructure of geopolymer materials based on fly
ash, Ceramics-Silikáty, 50(4), pp 208-215.
[9] J. Van Brakel, (1981), A special Issue Devoted to Mercury Porosimetry, Powder Tech, 29(1), pp 1-209.
[10] Kriven, W. M. and Bell, J. L. (2008), Effect of Alkali Choice on Geopolymer Properties, in 28th International Conference on
Advanced Ceramics and Composites B: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 25 (4), (EDITED by- E. Lara-Curzio
and M. J. Readey), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.