This document provides information about different citation styles (MLA, APA, Chicago) and best practices for research and writing. It discusses how to properly cite sources using quotes and paraphrases in each style. Key differences between the styles are highlighted such as use of title pages, headings, and formatting of in-text citations and reference lists. Tips are provided for conducting online research and evaluating source credibility. The document emphasizes avoiding plagiarism and properly citing all sources of information that is not common knowledge.

1. MLA, APA & Chicago
Style Guide
WISE WRITES
Slides Advance Automatically
When You Click Your Mouse on the Page.

2. Dr. Emily Dotson
(English)
233 Smiddy Hall
ead2y@uvawise.edu

3. Purdue Online Writing Lab
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

4. Don’t Plagiarize:
Acknowledge the Work of Others
You must cite all
information
other than common
knowledge
which you discover in
another source

5. The best research is
peer reviewed by experts in that field
in academic journals.
Choose Peer Reviewed when searching a Database
Wikipedia is a start, but should never be the end.
Find and Cite the original source whenever possible.

6. Visual/Audio Plagiarism
Educational Fair Use allows you to (Usually) use an original
digital work if you meet the following four criteria:
• You have a non commercial educational purpose
• You aren’t using creative or original work
• You use only a small part of the work
• You use has no market effect on the original
Look for Creative Commons pics rather than Google Images

7. Don’t mess with the mouse!!
A Fair(y) Use Tale:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJn_jC4FNDo

8. What is Good ONLINE Research?
• Is it in an academic database (journal collections online)?
• Can you find it again in another respected site ( Fact check it)?
• Does it have references or live (working) links to legitimate sites?
• Are the ads around it academic?
• Be wary of hijacked sites: DrCrazypantsSmith/Yale.edu or census.gov/nuts.com
• Be wary of community knowledge ( Wikipedia, Blogs)

9. Wikipedia
Test
Stephen Colbert
v.
English 1010
“Stephen Colbert
spent his early 20s as
a cat wrangler in a cat
circus in Vegas
(catfancy.com).”
STAYED UP:
5 years!!

10. WHEN IN DOUBT ?
ASK A LIBRARIAN
Phone
Call the library reference
desk at
276-328-0157.
Email
Send us an email with your
question to
reference@uvawise.edu.

11. Does is smell right?

12. When you write about authors…
Tag authors not nationally known and give their first and last
name initially. Then, use only the last name. Book or article
titles are only necessary when it is a groundbreaking work.
Historian John Smith’s recent book discussed the development
of Vietnamese Irrigation. Smith argues that while French …
Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species argues …

13. Only
use
an author’s
first name
if you are
drinking
buddies! English Poet Dylan Thomas

14. Use a QUOTE to identify exact language
Must have both “quotation marks” and a cite.
Even one distinctive word counts
Quote only what is important.
Use each quote only once.

15. Don’t drop
the
mic or quote
and
run!

16. GOOD QUOTES SHOULD BE AN OREO
(State your idea or set up the quote.)
Gooey Middle: Original Quote
(Explain the quote.)

17. Paraphrases
are complete revisions of an original sentence or idea
in which the wording,
and the sentence structure
are completely different from the original.

18. Style Guides
Modern Languages American The Chicago
Association (MLA) Psychological Manual of
Association (APA) Style (CMS)
(Humanities) (Social Sciences) (History-Notes and Bibliography)
Author Author Date
(Sciences- Author/Date)

19. What They Share
12pt Times Roman Font
Double Spaced
1”margins
Block quotes (prose of 5+ lines)are indented and single spaced
All require some form of in text citation and a final reference list

20. Formatting Differences
MLA APA CMS
Title Page NO YES YES
Heading YES NO NO
Abstract NO YES NO
Labeled Internal Sections NO YES YES

21. Fun Fact About Writing:
Breaks ARE Good!
Set goals and specific calendar deadlines for yourself (breaks)
even if your Professor doesn’t require it. Reward yourself with
small breaks to think about the project.
Always give yourself time to take a break at the end to read and
improve your first draft. Another draft will always improve your
writing.

22. MLA
Student 1
Sally Student
Professor Good
English 1010
12 September 2016
Catchy Title
My paper begins …

23. APA
RUNNING HEAD: CHILDHOOD OBESITY RISKS 1
Childhood Obesity Risks
Sally Student
UVA-Wise
Running
head
continues,
but with
just the
title

24. Childhood Obesity Risks
Sally Student
History 1010
Professor Good
November 12, 2016
CMS Page #s
start on
page 2
Student 2
in top left
corner

25. MLA QUOTES
Quote with Author Named: Smith argues, “Water rights are fundamental elements of village
life.” ( 32).
Quote with No Author Named: Many believe, “Water rights are fundamental elements of
village life.” ( Smith 32).
One Word Quote with Unnamed Author: Critics argue early settlements had a “fundamental”
need for water (Smith 32).

26. APA QUOTES
NOTE: SIGNAL PHRASE PREFERRED
Quote with Author Named: Smith (2002) argues, “Water rights are fundamental
elements of village life.” (p. 592).
Quote with Unnamed Author: Some critics argue that, “Water rights are fundamental
elements of village life.” (Smith, 2002, p. 592).
One Word Quote with Author Not Named: Critics argue early settlements had a
“fundamental” need for water (Smith, 2002, p. 592).

27. APA & MLA PARAPHRASE
New Words and New Structure
ORIGINAL: “Water rights are fundamental elements of village life.”
APA Paraphrase from Multiple Sources: Many critics ( Smith, Jones, Simpson) assert that early
settlements were very dependent upon access to water.
MLA Paraphrase: Critics assert that early settlements were very dependent upon access to water. ( Smith,
Jones, Simpson).
Note: Good Paraphrase: Flipped or Different Structure and Different words

28. CMS
NOTE: FOOTNOTES
Quote with Author Named: Smith argues, “Water rights are fundamental elements of
village life.”1
Quote with Unnamed Author: Critics argue access to water is “fundamental” to the
health and well being of early Vietnamese settlements.1
Paraphrase: Critics assert that early settlements were very dependent upon access to
water.1
John Smith. Vietnam's Irrigation Woes. (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 182. This
finding is disputed by some more recent studies including “Water Treatment and Well
Spring,” by Irving Lee, 2013, Journal of Water Ways, pp. 280-290.
28

29. Fun Fact About Writing:
The Second Draft is Always Better
Always give yourself time to take a break at the end
to read and improve your first draft.

30. MLA Works Cited/APA References
( Usually Only what I Used in the Paper)
Bibliography (Everything I looked At)
MLA Works Cited and APA References
• Alphabetical Order
• Works Cited by Author Last Name
• Double spaced
• Second line indented one tab
Chicago: Bibliography
• Each fact is assigned a number which
appears in both footnote/endnote and
bibliography
• Notes allow for cite as well as commentary
• References are cited in foot note or
endnotes on the page and in bibliography
• Single spaced

31. MLA
Student 5
Works Cited
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow,
www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-
chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time, 20
Nov. 2000, pp 33-35.
Book
Web Article
Print journal
article

32. Student 5
References
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01Azari,
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of
the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161-180.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105
APA

33. Need Other Rules?
Need Sample Papers?
Purdue OWL
Online Writing Lab
https://owl.english.purdue
.edu/owl/

34. Thank You.
Wise Writes