This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including:
- How to cite references in both the text of the paper and in a reference list at the end
- Formatting guidelines for reference list citations of various source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more
- Providing specific examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list citations for different source formats
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Scientific research and its publication
A process and the research process
Writing and submitting a paper to a journal
Other processes in research
Literagure review
Research design
Qualitative research
Conclusion
The review process
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Scientific research and its publication
A process and the research process
Writing and submitting a paper to a journal
Other processes in research
Literagure review
Research design
Qualitative research
Conclusion
The review process
Iphone application development trends for 2016 Jeet7Banerjee
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APA Style Citation Guide This handout is based on the 6th .docxfestockton
APA Style Citation Guide
This handout is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations,
please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
APA requires that information be cited in 2 different ways—within the text and in a reference list at the
end of the paper. The reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the hanging
indent method (all lines after the first one are indented). See also:
‐ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010.
‐ Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:
APA uses the author‐date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication
are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or summarizing
a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.
When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use
quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free‐standing indented
block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
One work by one author:
• In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
• In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
Works by multiple authors:
When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text. When a work
has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then
subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of
the first author followed by et al. and the year. For example:
• First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...
• Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
Works by no identified author:
When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title).
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a
periodical, book, brochure, or report. For example:
• The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
• The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
• Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation like works
with no author.
Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the
reference list ( ...
PPA 2008 – American Government and Public Administration.docxharrisonhoward80223
PPA 2008 – American Government
and Public Administration
APA Formatting and Style Guide
General format;
Reference page;
In-text citations.
(Adapted from Dr. Daniels’s Lectures)
1
What is APA?
APA (American Psychological
Association) is the most
commonly used format for
manuscripts in the Social
Sciences.
2
What does APA regulate?
APA regulates:
Stylistics
In-text citations
References (a list of all
sources used in the paper)
3
APA stylistics: Basics
Use the third person point of view rather than using
the first person point of view;
The study showed that…, NOT
I found out that….
Use the active voice rather than passive voice.
The participants responded…, NOT
The participants have been asked….
4
Language in an APA paper is:
• clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations;
• concise: condense information when you can;
• plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and
minimize the figurative language.
APA stylistics: Language
5
APA: General Format
Your essay should:
be typed, double-spaced, with two spaces after
punctuation between sentences;
with 1” margins on all sides;
in 12 pt. Times New Roman;
include a page header (title) in the upper left-hand
of every page and a page number in the upper
right-hand side of every page.
6
References
Main Body
Abstract
General Format (cont’d)
Title page
Your essay should
include four major
sections:
7
Title Page
Page header (use Insert Page
Header):
title flush left;
page number flush right.
Title (in the upper half of the
page, centered);
name (no title or degree);
affiliation (university, etc.).
8
Abstract Page
Page header: do NOT include
“Running head:”
Abstract (centered, at the top of
the page)
Write a brief (between 150 and 250
words) summary of your paper in an
accurate, concise, and specific
manner. Should contain: at research
topic, research questions,
participants, methods, results, data
analysis, and conclusions. May also
include possible implications of your
research and future work you see
connected with your findings. May
also include keywords. 9
Main Body (Text)
The first text page is page number 3;
Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page;
Type the text double-spaced with all sections following
each other without a break;
Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical
in-text citations;
Format tables and figures.
10
References: Basics
Center the title – References – at the top of the page;
Double space reference entries;
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent
subsequent lines;
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames;
11
References: Basics (cont’d)
Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by
initials);
Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first
author of each work;
Capitalize only the first letter of th.
1 ASA Format The American Sociological Associatio.docxjoyjonna282
1
ASA Format
The American Sociological Association Style is intended for use by authors preparing
manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use ASA style when writing research papers. Consult the American Sociological
Association Style Guide for more detailed information (Ref Desk HM 569.A54 2007).
Manuscript Format
• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a
12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1¼ inches on all four sides.
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors,
word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote
(includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed
with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text
• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:
When Chu (1977) studied…
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994).
• If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon, with
no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards use the
first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus
“et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999)
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks. The citation follows the
end-quote mark and precedes the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid better”
(Hildenbrand 1999:47).
2
Footnotes & Endnotes
• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript
Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the manuscript page or in a separate
section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List
• References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember: Like all other parts of the manuscript, references should be
double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples below).
• Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more authors,
invert only the fir ...
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Apa example
1. APA Style
This handout is based on the 6th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA
citations, please consult the 6th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association.
APA requires that information be cited in 2 different ways—within the text and in a reference list at
the end of the paper. The reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the
hanging indent method (all lines after the first one are indented).
See also:
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010.
Reference Desk Reserve 808.06615 p976m 2010 (at Reference Desk)
• Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,
2010.
Reference Desk Reserve 808.06615 C744r 2010 (at Reference Desk)
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:
APA uses the author-date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of
publication are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or
summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.
When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text
and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free-
standing indented block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
• One work by one author:
In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
2. • Works by multiple authors:
When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text.
When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference
occurs and then subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For example:
First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...
Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author followed by et al. and the year.
• Works by no identified author:
When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry
(usually the title). Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web
page. Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report. For example:
The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation like works
with no author.
• Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they
appear in the reference list (i.e., alphabetically, then chronologically).
Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990) suggest
that...
• Specific parts of a source
Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate information from a specific table,
chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated but not chapter. For example:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis
showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).
If, as in the instance of online material, the source has neither visible paragraph nor page
numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it. This allows the
reader to locate the text in the source. For example:
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith,
2006, Hospital Experiences section, para. 2).
3. CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST:
In general, references should contain the author name, publication date, title, and publication
information. Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.
For information obtained electronically or online include the DOI:
DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to
its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic
journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval
information is needed. Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the
book or report publisher. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; do not
add a period after a URL, to prevent the impression that the period is part of the URL.
In general, it is not necessary to include database information. Do not include retrieval dates
unless the source material has changed over time.
• Book:
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some more stuff.
New York, NY: Macmillan.
Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-compatible learning (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Corwin.
• Chapter of a Book:
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.),
Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to acculturation and
ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.
• Journal Article with DOI:
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3,
635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
• Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social
Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38
-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
4. • Online Newspaper Articles:
Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservation's rewards. The New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
• Encyclopedia Articles:
Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New York, NY: Wiley.
Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia of child development.
Retrieved from http://0-
www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cupchilddev/development
al_genetics
• Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors)
Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report. Retrieved from
http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
• Book Reviews:
Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling knowing? [Review of the book
Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
Psychology, 114, 126-133.
NOTE: For articles that have a DOI, see Journal Article with DOI example.
• Data Sets:
Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national consumer survey [Data file].
New York, NY: Author.
• Blog post:
Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of the ones in the middle.
[Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php
• Website with no author or date of publication:
Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009, from Harvard, Psychology of
Population website, http://harvard.edu/data/index.php
Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time. If no
DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the homepage URL.
5. • Reprint from Another Source:
Citation in the text:
(Newton, 1998/1999).
Reference List Citation:
Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp. 32-
41). New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic,
pp. 2-26, August 1998).
In this example of a reprinted book review, the author of the book is named first,
followed by the editor of the reprinting source, then the reviewer. In your
parenthetical citation, it is necessary to name the author of the book, while the
reviewer is named to distinguish from other reviews of this book.