2. What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using the words, ideas,
research results, formulae, images,
or data from another person
without giving credit to the originator
of those words, ideas,
research results,
formulae, images
or data
3. Why is it essential that you provide
citations?
By providing
citations to other
works, a writer is
showing how they are
entering into the
conversation of a
given field, building
upon what’s already
been said and adding
their own voice.
4. When do you need to
cite a source?
Whenever you use the
words (written or spoken)
ideas
theories
research results
images or
data
of another person--unless that
information is common knowledge
5. What is “common
knowledge?”
“Common knowledge” is anything that is
considered known by the vast majority of the
population—or found in generalized
encyclopedias and/or dictionaries.
Of course, common knowledge is not always
correct – so it’s nearly always preferable to
check the facts and cite a source.
6. Example of when you would be
expected to cite a source:
When you’re including information that isn’t common
knowledge, you would want to cite it:
William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, designed
the first swing bridge over the Chicago River (ByCityLight,
2).
The complete reference for this source would then be found
at the end of the paper in the “Works Cited” page:
“Chicago, Illinois.” ByCityLights.com. 31 October 2007
<bycitylights.com/cities/us-il-chicago-history.php>.
7. Another example:
As Julius Smith notes, “[i]n 2D, the Pythagorean Theorem
says that when x and y are orthogonal… then we have:
║x+y║2
= x║ ║2
+ y║ ║2
(x y).┴ ” (Fourier Theorems)
The “Works Cited” page would include this citation:
Smith, J.O. "Fourier Theorems for the DFT" in
Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
with Audio Applications, 2nd
ed. 2007. 31 October 2007
<http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/Fourier_Theore
ms_DFT.html>.
8. It’s fairly obvious that
copying directly from a source
without using quotation marks
and not providing a citation is plagiarism.
What about when we copy from a source and
change a few words (i.e., paraphrase) without
indicating its originator?
This is also plagiarism.
9. Why is paraphrasing
plagiarism?
If you steal your roommate’s pillow and put it in your
pillowcase, it is still your roommate’s pillow, right?
Reproducing ideas or theories that you did not originate is
similar – the core is not something you created, you
have merely altered the packaging.
11. • Center the title (References)
at the top of the page. Do not
bold it.
• Double-space reference
entries
• Hanging Indent
• Order entries alphabetically
by the surname of the first
author of each work
12. • Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials)
• EX:“Smith, J.Q.”
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title
and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the
title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of
the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
• EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue
OWL saved my essay.
13. • Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and
journals
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the
titles of shorter works such as journal articles or
essays in edited collections
14. APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference
list, the strategy below might be useful:
1. Identify the type of source:
Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?
2. Find a sample citation for this type of source
Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
3. “Mirror” the sample
4. Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that
the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics)
15. In-text citations help readers locate the cited
source in the References section of the paper.
Whenever you use a source, provide in
parenthesis:
• the author’s name and the date of
publication
• for quotations and close paraphrases,
provide the author’s name, date of
publication, and a page number
16. Provide the author’s last name and the year of
publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase.
17. Include the author’s name in the signal phrase,
followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.
18. Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:
According to Xavier (2008), “….” (p. 3).
Xavier (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).
Use such signal verbs such as:
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in
signal phrases when they discuss past events.
19. When the parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them in the same way they appear in
the reference list—the author’s name, the year of
publication—separated by a semi-colon.
20. When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all
authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last
name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
(Harklau et al., 1993)
21. When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s
name followed by “et al.”
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….
(Smith et al., 2006)
24. Material Note Bibliographic Entry
Books in
print
1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the
Difference(Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1999), 65.
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the
Difference. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1999.
An article in
a print
journal
8. John Maynard Smith, “The
Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393
(1998): 639.
Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of
Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
An article in
an
electronic
journal
33. Campbell Brown.
"Consequentialize
This," Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011):
751, accessed February 8, 2017,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
Brown, Campbell. "Consequentialize
This." Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011):
749-71. Accessed February 8, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
A website 11. Evanston Public Library Board
of Trustees, “Evanston Public
Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010:
A Decade of Outreach,”
Evanston Public Library, accessed
June 1, 2005,
http://www.epl.org/library/strate
gic-plan-00.html.
Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees. “Evanston Public Library
Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of
Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.
Accessed June 1, 2005.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-
plan-00.html.
25. Author-date style has long been used in the physical,
natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources
are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by
author’s last name and date of publication. The
parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is
provided.
26. Material Parenthetical Citation Reference List
Books in
print
(Doniger 1999, 65) Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the
Difference. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
An article
in a print
journal
(Smith 1998, 639) Smith, John Maynard. 1998. "The
Origin of Altruism." Nature 393: 639–
40.
An article
in an
electronic
journal
(Kiser 2011, 340) Kiser, Lisa J. 2011. "Silencing the
Lambs: Economics, Ethics, and Animal
Life in Medieval Franciscan
Hagiography." Modern Philology108,
no. 3 (February): 323-42. Accessed
February 8, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658052.
A website (Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees 2005)
Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees. 2005. “Evanston Public
Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A
Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public
Library. Accessed June 1, 2005.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic
-plan-00.html.
29. Entire Book:
In-Text:
(Burnett 8).
For more examples of citations of other types of newspaper articles, see the MLA Style Manual or
Purdue OWL's MLA Guide.
30. Web pages
NOTE:
•Include the editor, author, or compiler name (if available) before the name of the site.
•Although the date accessed is an optional element, the MLA Handbook recommends including it because "online works typically could be
changed or removed at any time," therefore making the access date an important indicator of the version you consulted. (MLA Handbook p.
53).
In Text:
(Civil War in Art)
For more examples of citations of other types of newspaper articles, see the MLA Style Manual or Purdue OWL's MLA Guide.
31. One author:
Maggie Jones noted that reading is a "foundational block for elementary
students" (5).
Jones discussed that children need to begin reading at an early age to do
well in school (5).
Two authors:
Williams and Johnson argues that schools should adapt rapidly to change
(5).
Three or more authors:
Include the surname of the first author followed by et al.
According to Smith et al, spending time at the library improves grades
(10).
If more than one author in your bibliography have the same last name,
include all the author's first initials:
(J Anderson 20)
If more than one authors in your bibliography have the same last name
and first initial, provide their full names:
(John Anderson 20)
32. When in doubt…
Ask your professor!
Ask at the Writing Center!
Ask a librarian!
Consult online resources such as Purdue’s Online Writing Lab
Editor's Notes
This slide explains the format and purpose of a references page.
The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the reference page, which appears at the end of the paper.
To create a references page,
center the heading—References—at the top of the page;
double-space reference entries;
flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines. To use “hanging” feature of “Indent and Space” tab, go to “Paragraph” ”Indentation” choose “Hanging” in the ”Special” box.
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames. If a source is anonymous, use its title as an author’s surname.
Note: Unlike MLA, APA is only interested in what they call “recoverable data”—that is, data which other people can find. For example, personal communications such as letters, memos, emails, interviews, and telephone conversations should not be included in the reference list since they are not recoverable by other researchers.
For specific information about entries in the reference list, go to http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05
This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
APA is a complex system of citation, which is time-consuming to learn and difficult to keep in mind. To help students handle the requirements of APA format, this slide introduces a strategy of surviving APA.
The facilitator should stress the importance of correct identification of a type of source: e.g., Is it an article from a newspaper or from a scholarly journal? Hard copy or electronic version?
When the source type is identified correctly, it’s fairly easy to find a sample of a similar reference in the APA chapter of a composition book or in an on-line APA resource. The APA guide on the OWL website is particularly easy to browse since its links are organized by types of sources—scroll down to the box of links http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
After a sample is found, all it takes is to mirror it precisely and arrange entries in the alphabetical order.
Note: Many electronic library databases, e.g. Proquest, have citation feature. The useful strategy is to save and import into a references list citation entries (make sure you choose APA format) while doing literature search. You can always delete later reference entries of the sources you’re not going to use in the paper.
This slide explains the basics of in-text citations.
In-text citations help establish credibility of the writer, show respect to someone else’s intellectual property (and consequently, avoid plagiarism). More practically, in-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the references page. Thus, keep the in-text citation brief and make sure that the information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page; i.e., the body of the paper and the in-text citation together contains the author’s name and the year of publication. To avoid plagiarism, also provide a page number (in p.3 / pp.3-5 format) for close paraphrases and quotations.
APA format is not limited by the rules of citing the sources- in-text citations and entries in the list of References. It also regulates the stylistics of conveying research.
This slide introduces the basics of APA stylistics related to the point of view and voice in an APA paper, which encourages a writer to use personal pronouns and the active voice. The explanations are provided with examples.
This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/15/
The following three slides provide instructions and examples of in-text citations with summary/ paraphrase.
The facilitator should emphasize the importance of developing the skills of critical reading (which enables finding main claims in the text), summarizing, and paraphrasing. When paraphrasing or summarizing, the major concern should be fair and accurate representation of the ideas in the source.
This slide can be supplemented by the “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” section from OWL
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/
and sections on APA in-text citations:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02
Acquiring a rich repertoire of signal words and phrases is the key to success in representing others’ ideas in academic writing. This slide provides a few examples of those and reminds that APA requires to use the past or present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases.
The facilitator might want to point to the chapter in the composition book that introduces and practices signal words.
This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
