State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Construction and working of silverson emulsifierRajdeepaKundu
The document describes the construction and working of a Silverson emulsifier. It consists of a head attached to a central shaft powered by a motor. The head contains turbine blades surrounded by a perforated mesh. Liquids are sucked into the head and subjected to intense mixing by the high-speed blades. This creates small emulsion globules that exit through the mesh openings, producing a fine emulsion. The Silverson emulsifier provides advantages like rapid mixing, particle size reduction, and homogenization through its high-shear action. Occasional clogging of the mesh pores is its main disadvantage.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
This document discusses various physicochemical properties of drug molecules that are important for product development, including refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and dissociation constant. It provides definitions and measurement techniques for each property, as well as their applications in areas like product formulation, storage conditions, identification of substances, and understanding acid-base equilibria. Measurement of these properties allows for characterization of drug molecules and optimization of drug products.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Construction and working of silverson emulsifierRajdeepaKundu
The document describes the construction and working of a Silverson emulsifier. It consists of a head attached to a central shaft powered by a motor. The head contains turbine blades surrounded by a perforated mesh. Liquids are sucked into the head and subjected to intense mixing by the high-speed blades. This creates small emulsion globules that exit through the mesh openings, producing a fine emulsion. The Silverson emulsifier provides advantages like rapid mixing, particle size reduction, and homogenization through its high-shear action. Occasional clogging of the mesh pores is its main disadvantage.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
This document discusses various physicochemical properties of drug molecules that are important for product development, including refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and dissociation constant. It provides definitions and measurement techniques for each property, as well as their applications in areas like product formulation, storage conditions, identification of substances, and understanding acid-base equilibria. Measurement of these properties allows for characterization of drug molecules and optimization of drug products.
This document discusses solubility, solvation, and association. It defines solvation as the interaction between solute and solvent molecules, with hydration referring specifically to water as the solvent. Solvation of ions involves electrostatic interactions, while solvation of molecules involves weaker intermolecular forces. Factors that affect solvation include surface area, agitation, and temperature. Association refers to the joining of oppositely charged ions and is explained by Coulomb's law. Factors that impact association include the magnitude of electric charges, dielectric constant, and distance between charges. The key factors affecting solubility are outlined as the nature of solute and solvent, surface area, temperature, pressure, and pH.
This document discusses surface and interfacial phenomena. It defines interfaces and divides them into solid and liquid interfaces. Liquid interfaces deal with liquid-gas or liquid-liquid phases and have applications in infiltration, biopharmaceuticals, and suspensions/emulsions. Surface tension exists between solid-gas and liquid-gas phases, while interfacial tension exists between immiscible liquids. Various methods are described to measure surface tension, interfacial tension, and surface free energy. Surfactants are also discussed, including how they lower tensions and are used in products. Adsorption at interfaces and isotherms are briefly covered.
This document discusses various methods for size separation of powders, as outlined in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. It describes 5 grades of powder sizes defined by the IP based on their ability to pass through various mesh sieves. Common separation techniques include sieving, cyclone separation, air separation, and elutriation. Sieving involves using a set of sieves arranged from largest to smallest mesh size to separate powder fractions. Cyclone and air separators use centrifugal forces to separate solids from gases. Elutriation separates powders based on particle density differences in a moving fluid.
This document provides information on complexation and protein binding. It defines complexation as the association between two or more molecules to form a non-bonded entity through interactions like coordination bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, etc. It classifies complexes into metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, and inclusion complexes. It also discusses ligand types, methods of analyzing complexes, and applications of complexation. The document then defines protein binding and discusses factors that affect binding like drug and protein properties, drug interactions, and patient factors. It explains kinetics of protein binding and methods to determine binding constants and sites like direct plots, Scatchard plots, and others.
This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
This document discusses the solubility of drugs and defines key terms like solute, solvent, and solution. It explains that solubility is the concentration of a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture. The mechanism of solute-solvent interactions is discussed, noting that "like dissolves like" and factors like temperature, pressure, and pH influence solubility. Solubility expressions are provided to classify solubility from very soluble to practically insoluble. The document also discusses solubility of gases, liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, azeotropes, and Nerst's distribution law.
This document discusses distillation, which is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It defines distillation and provides examples of its applications. It then classifies different types of distillation, including simple distillation, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, and molecular distillation. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principle, construction, working, and some applications. The document is presented by an assistant professor and provides detailed information on various distillation methods.
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
The document discusses three main modes of size reduction: cutting, compression, and impact. Cutting involves using sharp blades to cut fibrous and waxy materials, like in a cutter mill. Compression crushes soft materials between rollers through applied pressure, as in a roller mill. Impact involves high-speed hammers or bars splitting materials apart on impact, making it suitable for all drugs. Examples of impact mills are fluid energy mills and ball mills. Attrition breaks down brittle drugs through rubbing action between surfaces, as also seen in fluid energy and ball mills.
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
The climbing film evaporator uses long, narrow steam-jacketed tubes to heat and evaporate liquid. As the preheated liquid rises through the tubes, bubbles form and coalesce into larger bubbles that trap liquid and rise as well. This forms a liquid film on the tube walls that rapidly vaporizes. The mixture of vapor and entrained liquid is then separated by an entrainment separator at the top, with vapor exiting and concentrated liquid collected below. Climbing film evaporators are well-suited for heat-sensitive and foaming liquids due to their short contact time and ability to break foam. However, they are also expensive to construct and maintain.
Evaporation - Pharmaceutical Engineering 1stRAHUL PAL
Evaporation is the process of removing a solvent from a solution by heating the liquid in a vessel and collecting the vapor, leaving behind a concentrated product. Key factors that affect the evaporation rate include temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and moisture content of the feed material. Common equipment used for evaporation include steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, and climbing film evaporators.
This document provides information about mixing in pharmaceutical processes. It defines mixing as a process that combines two or more components so that each particle is in contact with particles of the other ingredients. Ideal mixing occurs when the quantity of materials is the same in all parts of the system. The objectives, types, mechanisms, equipment, and flow patterns involved in liquid and powder mixing are described in detail. Different types of impellers like propellers, turbines, and paddles used for mixing are also explained.
4th (30.10.2014) on eutectic mixture by Diptarco SinghaDiptarco Singha
this ppt is very simple and has immence importance in physical pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
Mr. Shashikant D. Modekar's document discusses solubility expressions and the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). It defines solubility expressions as the number of milliliters of solvent needed to dissolve one gram of solute. For example, one gram of boric acid dissolves in 18 mL of water and 4 mL of glycerine. Substances with unknown solubility values are described using terms like "slightly soluble" or "very soluble." The document also introduces the BCS, which classifies drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
Mixing is a process used to ensure even distribution of ingredients in pharmaceutical products. It can be carried out to produce solutions, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, powders, capsules and tablets. There are three types of mixtures: positive, negative, and neutral. Mixing mechanisms include bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow and molecular diffusion. Common mixing equipment includes batch and continuous mixers. Batch mixers use impellers, air streams or liquid jets to power mixing in a contained tank, while continuous mixers produce a continuous output through a mixing tube or recirculating chamber.
This document discusses solubility, solvation, and association. It defines solvation as the interaction between solute and solvent molecules, with hydration referring specifically to water as the solvent. Solvation of ions involves electrostatic interactions, while solvation of molecules involves weaker intermolecular forces. Factors that affect solvation include surface area, agitation, and temperature. Association refers to the joining of oppositely charged ions and is explained by Coulomb's law. Factors that impact association include the magnitude of electric charges, dielectric constant, and distance between charges. The key factors affecting solubility are outlined as the nature of solute and solvent, surface area, temperature, pressure, and pH.
This document discusses surface and interfacial phenomena. It defines interfaces and divides them into solid and liquid interfaces. Liquid interfaces deal with liquid-gas or liquid-liquid phases and have applications in infiltration, biopharmaceuticals, and suspensions/emulsions. Surface tension exists between solid-gas and liquid-gas phases, while interfacial tension exists between immiscible liquids. Various methods are described to measure surface tension, interfacial tension, and surface free energy. Surfactants are also discussed, including how they lower tensions and are used in products. Adsorption at interfaces and isotherms are briefly covered.
This document discusses various methods for size separation of powders, as outlined in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. It describes 5 grades of powder sizes defined by the IP based on their ability to pass through various mesh sieves. Common separation techniques include sieving, cyclone separation, air separation, and elutriation. Sieving involves using a set of sieves arranged from largest to smallest mesh size to separate powder fractions. Cyclone and air separators use centrifugal forces to separate solids from gases. Elutriation separates powders based on particle density differences in a moving fluid.
This document provides information on complexation and protein binding. It defines complexation as the association between two or more molecules to form a non-bonded entity through interactions like coordination bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, etc. It classifies complexes into metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, and inclusion complexes. It also discusses ligand types, methods of analyzing complexes, and applications of complexation. The document then defines protein binding and discusses factors that affect binding like drug and protein properties, drug interactions, and patient factors. It explains kinetics of protein binding and methods to determine binding constants and sites like direct plots, Scatchard plots, and others.
This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
This document discusses the solubility of drugs and defines key terms like solute, solvent, and solution. It explains that solubility is the concentration of a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture. The mechanism of solute-solvent interactions is discussed, noting that "like dissolves like" and factors like temperature, pressure, and pH influence solubility. Solubility expressions are provided to classify solubility from very soluble to practically insoluble. The document also discusses solubility of gases, liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, azeotropes, and Nerst's distribution law.
This document discusses distillation, which is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It defines distillation and provides examples of its applications. It then classifies different types of distillation, including simple distillation, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, and molecular distillation. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principle, construction, working, and some applications. The document is presented by an assistant professor and provides detailed information on various distillation methods.
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
The document discusses three main modes of size reduction: cutting, compression, and impact. Cutting involves using sharp blades to cut fibrous and waxy materials, like in a cutter mill. Compression crushes soft materials between rollers through applied pressure, as in a roller mill. Impact involves high-speed hammers or bars splitting materials apart on impact, making it suitable for all drugs. Examples of impact mills are fluid energy mills and ball mills. Attrition breaks down brittle drugs through rubbing action between surfaces, as also seen in fluid energy and ball mills.
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
The climbing film evaporator uses long, narrow steam-jacketed tubes to heat and evaporate liquid. As the preheated liquid rises through the tubes, bubbles form and coalesce into larger bubbles that trap liquid and rise as well. This forms a liquid film on the tube walls that rapidly vaporizes. The mixture of vapor and entrained liquid is then separated by an entrainment separator at the top, with vapor exiting and concentrated liquid collected below. Climbing film evaporators are well-suited for heat-sensitive and foaming liquids due to their short contact time and ability to break foam. However, they are also expensive to construct and maintain.
Evaporation - Pharmaceutical Engineering 1stRAHUL PAL
Evaporation is the process of removing a solvent from a solution by heating the liquid in a vessel and collecting the vapor, leaving behind a concentrated product. Key factors that affect the evaporation rate include temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and moisture content of the feed material. Common equipment used for evaporation include steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, and climbing film evaporators.
This document provides information about mixing in pharmaceutical processes. It defines mixing as a process that combines two or more components so that each particle is in contact with particles of the other ingredients. Ideal mixing occurs when the quantity of materials is the same in all parts of the system. The objectives, types, mechanisms, equipment, and flow patterns involved in liquid and powder mixing are described in detail. Different types of impellers like propellers, turbines, and paddles used for mixing are also explained.
4th (30.10.2014) on eutectic mixture by Diptarco SinghaDiptarco Singha
this ppt is very simple and has immence importance in physical pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
Mr. Shashikant D. Modekar's document discusses solubility expressions and the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). It defines solubility expressions as the number of milliliters of solvent needed to dissolve one gram of solute. For example, one gram of boric acid dissolves in 18 mL of water and 4 mL of glycerine. Substances with unknown solubility values are described using terms like "slightly soluble" or "very soluble." The document also introduces the BCS, which classifies drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
Mixing is a process used to ensure even distribution of ingredients in pharmaceutical products. It can be carried out to produce solutions, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, powders, capsules and tablets. There are three types of mixtures: positive, negative, and neutral. Mixing mechanisms include bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow and molecular diffusion. Common mixing equipment includes batch and continuous mixers. Batch mixers use impellers, air streams or liquid jets to power mixing in a contained tank, while continuous mixers produce a continuous output through a mixing tube or recirculating chamber.
Mixing: Objectives, applications & factors affecting mixing,
Difference between solid and liquid mixing,
mechanism of solid mixing, liquids mixing and semisolids mixing.
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Double cone blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of twin shell blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of ribbon blender
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Sigma blade mixer
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of planetary mixers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Propellers
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Turbines
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Paddles
And
Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier.
Mixing is defined as a process that converts two or more components into a homogeneous mixture. Ideal mixing thoroughly combines materials, while random mixing yields proportional representation. Factors like particle size, shape, charge, viscosity, and temperature affect mixing efficiency. Mechanisms of liquid mixing include bulk transport by rotating blades, turbulent mixing via velocity gradients, laminar/streamline mixing through layer folding, and molecular diffusion of thermally moving molecules.
Industrial pharmacy
Mixing
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
Introduction
Importance of mixing
Types of mixtures
Fluid mixing, its mechanisms and types of fluid mixers
Semi-solid mixing, mechanism and equipments used
Solid mixing, mechansims ans types of solid mixing equipments
5 November, 2015
This is a part of our assignment in which we are told to pick one of the pharmaceutical engineering topics and make a paperwork + presentation out of it.
Presentation slide can be found in: http://www.slideshare.net/annisahayatunnufus/power-point-mixing-pharmaceutical-engineering
Recorded presentation can be found in: https://youtu.be/O4QvWmW37YA
Students of Bachelor of Pharmacy
Management & Science University
This document discusses mixing and blending in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines mixing as a unit operation aimed at reducing non-uniformity in a material's properties. The main goals of mixing are producing a uniform blend and ensuring each component is in contact with the others. Mixing can involve single or multiphase systems and the types of mixtures are positive, negative, and neutral. Key mixing mechanisms for liquids include bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow, and molecular diffusion. Common mixing equipment uses impellers or paddles to induce flow. Problems in mixing include segregation which depends on particle properties. Proper equipment selection considers material properties and processing factors.
1.Unit processes used in pharmacy- INTRODUCTION (1).pdfSARADPAWAR1
Pharmaceutical Processing is the process of drug manufacturing and can be broken down into a range of unit operations, such as blending, granulation, milling, coating, tablet pressing, filling, and others.
This document outlines the syllabus for a mass transfer course. It includes topics such as basic concepts of mass transfer, mass conservation equations, steady state diffusion, prediction of diffusion coefficients, theoretical mass transfer models, mass transfer in porous media, convective mass transfer with chemical reactions, and mass transfer across phase boundaries. It also discusses design calculations for separation processes like distillation, gas absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. Resources for the course are listed and a weekly schedule is provided that covers these mass transfer concepts and process design over a 15 week period.
This document discusses mixing in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines mixing as a process that randomizes particles within a system. The objectives of mixing include achieving a physical mixture, promoting chemical reactions, and heat and mass transfer. Mixing can involve solids, liquids, or semi-solids and occurs through mechanisms like convection, shear, and diffusion. Proper mixing is important to ensure a homogenous product, while segregation should be avoided. Various mixing equipment and considerations for mixer selection are also outlined.
mehods to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugsPraveenHalagali
Mr. Praveen Halagali presented on different techniques to enhance drug solubility to Dr. D.V. Gowda. The presentation covered the importance of solubility for drug bioavailability and listed various physical, chemical, and technological methods to improve solubility. These included reducing particle size, modifying crystal forms, complexation, and use of surfactants, cosolvents, and nanotechnology approaches like nanocrystals and nanomorphs. The mechanisms and specific techniques involved in each method were described in detail.
Mass transfer is the net movement of a component in a mixture from one location to another due to a concentration gradient. It occurs through mechanisms such as diffusion, where molecules move through random motion, and convection, where bulk fluid motion enhances diffusion. Mass transfer plays a key role in chemical reactions by bringing reactants together. It is quantified by mass transfer coefficients and can be modeled by theories like two film theory. Mass transfer is important in many industrial processes like distillation, drying, and absorption.
This document discusses the development and evaluation of nanosuspensions to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. It begins by explaining the challenges of oral delivery for class II and IV drugs in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System due to their poor solubility. Several techniques to overcome poor solubility are then reviewed, including particle size reduction through nanosuspension formation. The key methods of preparing nanosuspensions - media milling, high pressure homogenization, and homogenization in nonaqueous media - are described in detail. Media milling uses high shear forces to break down drug particles, while high pressure homogenization applies intense pressures. Homogenization in nonaqueous media avoids issues with water by using alternative
Solubility & Method for determination of solubility Zulcaif Ahmad
This document provides information about solubility and techniques to enhance drug solubility. It defines solubility qualitatively as the spontaneous interaction between substances to form a homogeneous mixture, and quantitatively as the maximum concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. Poor solubility is a major challenge for drug development. Several techniques are described to improve solubility, including reducing particle size, solid dispersions, complexation, and use of surfactants. Factors like temperature, pressure, and surface area can also impact solubility. Proper characterization of solubility is important for applications in pharmaceutical sciences.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The document discusses various methods to improve drug solubility including physical modifications like particle size reduction through micronization or formation of nanosuspensions, modification of crystal habit through polymorphism, and drug dispersion in carriers through techniques like solid dispersions. It also discusses chemical modifications such as changing pH, use of buffers, and derivatization. Other methods covered are complexation, solubilization by surfactants to form microemulsions, co-crystallization, cosolvency, hydrotrophy, and solvent deposition. The biopharmaceutical classification system relating solubility and permeability to drug absorption is also summarized.
This document discusses mixing in pharmaceutical applications. It defines mixing as putting together components so that particles are in contact with each other. The objectives of mixing are to achieve uniform composition and promote reactions. Mixing is used in processes like granulation, direct compression, and capsule filling. Factors like particle properties, proportions, and equipment used can affect mixing. The mechanisms of solid, liquid, and semisolid mixing are explained. Different mixing equipment and their workings are also presented.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. It begins by defining solubility and factors that affect solubility such as particle size, temperature, and pressure. It then describes techniques like particle size reduction through micronization and nanosuspensions, modifying crystal habits through polymorphism, drug dispersion in carriers like solid dispersions and solid solutions, complexation using agents like cyclodextrins, and solubilization using surfactants to form microemulsions. Other approaches discussed include co-crystallization, cosolvency, hydrotrophy, and nanotechnology methods like producing nanocrystals. The conclusion emphasizes that solubility is a key factor in oral drug bioavailability and various
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on hazardous waste management taught by Dr. Kitipan Kitbamroong. The course covers topics such as chemical fate and transport in the environment, mass balances, physical transport processes of chemicals, basic environmental chemistry concepts, and the distribution of chemicals among different environmental phases. The goal is to integrate information on chemical properties to better understand how hazardous chemicals released into the environment are transported and transformed over time. Case studies will also be examined to understand the long-term social and environmental effects of chemical releases.
UNIT 1_QUALITY ASSURANCE_QC,QA,GMP,TQM and NABLSayali Powar
UNIT – I
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Qualitycontrol, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM), NABL
UNIT 1 QUALITY ASSURANCE B. PHARMACY PART 2Sayali Powar
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality control, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies
ICH Guidelines: purpose, participants, process of harmonization, Brief overview of QSEM, with special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, ICH stability testing guidelines
Quality by design (QbD): Definition, overview, elements of QbD program, tools
ISO 9000 & ISO14000: Overview, Benefits, Elements, steps for registration
NABL accreditation : Principles and procedures
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and its major pathways. It describes glycolysis as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with ATP production. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is then discussed as the oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2, providing most of the cell's ATP. Other pathways discussed include gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis from non-carbs), glycogenesis/glycogenolysis (glycogen formation and breakdown), and the pentose phosphate pathway for producing NADPH and other essential cell products. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism like glycogen storage diseases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are also mentioned.
The document lists common materials including glass, plastics, rubbers, paper/cardboards, and metals repeatedly over multiple lines without any further details or descriptions provided.
PPT ON ORGANIZATION,PERSONNEL, PREMISES.pptxSayali Powar
This document discusses organization and personnel management as well as premises requirements for quality control. It addresses personnel responsibilities, training, hygiene, and record keeping. It also covers the design, construction, maintenance, sanitation, and environmental controls needed for premises, as well as utilities, sterile areas, and contamination control.
QC test for Packaging Materials used in Pharmaceuticals.pptxSayali Powar
This document discusses quality control testing standards for packaging materials used in pharmaceuticals. It outlines the primary and secondary components that are tested and the critical parameters for setting standards, including appearance, dimensions, compatibility and usability, and chemical testing. Testing procedures are divided into those that test the packaging material in isolation versus those that test the entire package. Material tests include chemical, mechanical, and environmental tests, while package tests focus on mechanical and environmental aspects.
Types of Packaging Materials used in Pharmaceuticals.pptxSayali Powar
The document discusses various packaging materials used in pharmaceuticals including glass, plastics, rubbers, paper/cardboards, and metals. Each material type is described in 1-2 paragraphs outlining their advantages and disadvantages for pharmaceutical packaging. Glass provides protection and labeling but is fragile. Plastics are versatile, inert, and lightweight but can absorb moisture. Metals are impermeable and rigid but expensive. Rubbers are used for closures and have varying properties. Paper provides physical protection and labeling area in cartons.
UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY_BIOMOLECULE_MINI PROJECT.pdfSayali Powar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Bioenergetics deals with the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions. Reactions are classified as exergonic, which release energy, or endergonic, which consume energy. Free energy, the energy available to do work, is an important concept. Cells use energy for functions like growth and reproduction. Energy must be transferred and different systems require energy to function. A key energy carrier in cells is ATP, which serves as the primary energy currency and is involved in complex production processes to power various cellular activities.
LIPIDS UNIT ONE BIOMOLECULE PRESENTATIONSayali Powar
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve as concentrated energy stores and structural components of cell membranes. Lipids are broadly classified into simple, complex, derived, and miscellaneous categories. Simple lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Complex lipids contain additional groups like phosphate, carbohydrates, or proteins. Derived lipids result from hydrolysis of other lipids. Miscellaneous lipids include carotenoids and hydrocarbons.
UNIT 1 BIOMOLECULE_CARBOHYDRATES PRESENTATIONSayali Powar
The document discusses biomolecules and introduces carbohydrates. It states that biomolecules are the building blocks of life and are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Carbohydrates are one of the four major types of biomolecules and include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and include sugars with three to seven carbon atoms. Oligosaccharides contain two to ten monosaccharide units while polysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important biological functions as an energy source, building materials, and energy storage.
UNIT 3 QUALITY ASSURANCE LECTURE 3.pptxSayali Powar
The document discusses pharmaceutical quality assurance and packaging. It states that packaging plays an important role in product quality by providing protection, presentation, identification, information, compatibility and convenience. It also lists the requirements of good packaging, including that the packaging must not react with or impart tastes/odors to the product, and must be nontoxic, FDA approved, and tamper resistant. Finally, it describes the different types of containers used for pharmaceutical products based on their purpose, such as single dose containers for injectables and light-resistant containers for photosensitive medications.
This document outlines a course on pharmaceutical quality assurance that deals with quality control and assurance aspects of the pharmaceutical industry. The course objectives are to understand cGMP requirements, the importance of documentation, quality certifications for pharmaceuticals, and the roles of quality assurance and quality control departments. It also includes puzzles to solve.
The document discusses immunochemistry and the immune system. It describes the two main types of immunity - innate (nonspecific) immunity which is present at birth, and adaptive (specific) immunity which develops after exposure to pathogens. It also discusses antibodies and immunoglobulins which are Y-shaped proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances. The five major immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - are also summarized based on their structure, location in the body, and function. Finally, the process of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is outlined as a common method to detect antigens, antibodies, or hormones in a patient's
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and causes persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stools. Complications include malnutrition, colorectal cancer, and intestinal rupture. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver with symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain. It can cause liver scarring, cancer, and failure. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the synovial membrane in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and joint damage. Osteoporosis is a disease where bone mineral density decreases, risking fractures especially in the spine and hips. Gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in joints due to
The document discusses various infectious diseases including meningitis, typhoid, leprosy, tuberculosis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS, syphilis, and gonorrhea. For each disease, it provides definitions, causes, types (if any), complications, and in some cases pathogenesis. Meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial or fungal/parasitic infections and can lead to hearing loss, seizures or cognitive issues. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi and can cause intestinal perforations or bleeding. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and can result in paralysis and limb damage if untreated.
Iron deficiency anemia is a condition where the body lacks enough red blood cells due to low iron levels, which prevents red blood cells from carrying oxygen to tissues. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, headaches, dizziness, and shortness of breath. The normal range for hemoglobin is 13-18 g/dL for adult men and 12-16 g/dL for adult women.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
3. INTRODUCTION
3
• MIXING is defined as the unit operation that combines two or
more components together by agitation, shear or mixers. The
final product of mixture contains uniform distribution of both
components of mixture.
4. OBJECTIVE MIXING
4
oTo obtain uniform composition of the mixed
components.
o To enhance physical & chemical reaction of mixed
components.
o To improve dissolution & diffusion of mixture.
oMixing critical process quality of final product depends
upon the nature of mixing in mixing lead to non-
homogeneous product
oProper mixing leads to decrease batch cycle time and
operational cost
oTo increase the dissolution or diffusion rate
oTo achieve a physical mixture.
o To bring a physical change.
oTo achieve a dispersion.
oTo promote a chemical reaction.
10. MECHANISM OF SOLID-SOLID
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Convective Mixing: Mixing of the bulk particles
as a whole from one container to another. Also
known as bulk transport.
Shear Mixing: Mixing of particles using shear
forces by agitator or stream of air.
Diffusive Mixing: Mixing of materials by
random movement of particles along its
different layers through diffusion process.
11. MECHANISM OF LIQUID-LIQUID
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Mixing mechanisms fall essentially into four categories:
1. Bulk Transport – movement of a relatively large portion of material
being mixed from one location in the system to another.
2. Turbulent flow – Characterized by the fluid having different
instantaneous velocities at the same instant of time.
3. Laminar Flow – Streamline flow that is encountered most commonly
in highly viscous liquids.
4. Molecular diffusion – Primary mechanism responsible for mixing at
the molecular level which results from the thermal motion of
molecules. Governed by Fick's fist law of diffusion,
dm/dt = - DA dc/dx
Where,
dm/dt – rate of transport of mass across a surface area
D – Diffusion Co-efficient
A – Area across which diffusion is occurring
dc/dx – Concentration gradient
12. MECHANISM SEMIISOLID
12
The mechanisms involved in mixing semi solids depend on
the character of the material which may show
considerable variation.
Many semi solids form neutral mixtures having no
tendency to segregate although sedimentation may
occur.