The document discusses the different types of antennae found in insects. It begins by providing background on antennae, noting that they are sensory organs located on the head of most arthropods. It then describes 13 main types of insect antennae based on their shape, including filiform, ensiform, setaceous, moniliform, capitate, clavate, serrate, lamellate, flabellate, pectinate, bi-pectinate, plumose, and geniculate antennae. Each type is defined and examples are given of insect orders that possess that antenna type. The document aims to provide classification and identification of antennae among insects.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
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1. ANTENNAE Of INSECT
Publication date : 15.04.2021
Antennae are movable sensory organs on the head of most arthropods. All
insects generally have a pair of antennae except spiders. The antennae are
segmented and usually located above or between the eyes.
2. Tusar K. Ghosal
M.Sc. (Special paper: Entomolgy), Ph.D. in Science (Zoology)
Email : drtkghosal@gmail.com
Published : 15th April 2021
Basic Zoology and Entomology Practical Class : III
3. ANTENNAE
INTRODUCTION
It is a pair of sense organs located on head capsule of the
insect. An antenna is made up of number of individual joints. They are
usually detect odor molecules in the air (the sense of smell).
Primarily, it assess the chemical and physical characteristics of the
environment.
The plural noun form of “antenna” comes in two flavors ie
“antennas” and “antennae.” There are nearly thirteen different
antennae shapes and its form have had an important key to its
identification.
4. Function of Antennae
The antennae generally might be used to detect
odors and tastes.
It may detect wind speed and direction.
It also detect heat and moisture and even touch.
A few insects have auditory organs on their antennae, so
they're involved in hearing.
In some insects, antennae may even serve a non-sensory
function, such as grasping prey, flight stability, or courtship.
5. Antennae
Antenna generally consists of 3 parts -
1. Scape : It is the first segment of antenna. It articulates
with the head capsule through antennifer which
provides movement for the scape.
2. Pedicel : It is the 2nd segment of antenna which
forms a joint between scape and flagellum. It consists
of the special auditory organ known as “Jhonston’s
organ”. Jhonston’s organ on pedicel functions as an
auditory organ responding to sound and also helpful
for measuring the speed of air currents.
3. Flagellum : It is the last segment which consists of
many segments that varies in shape and size.
7. Filiform antennae
The term filiform derives from the Latin ward filum, meaning thread.
Thread like Segments nearly uniform in size, usually cylindrical and have
no prominent constructions at the joints.
eg. Grasshopper (Order: Orthoptera); rock crawlers (order: Grylloblattodea);
Gladiators (Order: Mantophasmatodea); Angel insects (Order: Zoraptera); Ground and
long horned beetle (Order: coleoptera)
Grasshopper (Order: Orthoptera);
9. Ensiform antennae
The segments of flagellum are thin and gradually tapers towards the
apex and form a leaf blade like structures.
eg. Green grasshopper (Order: Orthoptera).
10. Setaceous antennae
The term setaceous comes from the Latin seta, meaning bristle.
Noticeable decrease in the size of segments from the base to the
apex, so that the antenna tapers from a rather thick base to a very
slender tip.
eg. May-flies (Order: Ephemeroptera); Dragon flies and damsel flies (Order:
Odonata). Cockrochaches (Order: Blattodea); Cicada (Hemiptera)
May-flies (Order: Ephemeroptera)
12. Moniliform antennae
Moniliform comes from the Latin word monile, meaning necklace.
The antennae look like strings of beads. The segments are usually
bead-like and uniform in size.
eg. Termites (Order : Isoptera).
13. Capitate antennae
Antennae are clubbed with knob. Capitate antennae have a prominent
club or knob at their last three segments. The term capitate derives
from the Latin caput, meaning head.
eg. Butterflies ( Order : Lepidoptera); Red flour beetle (Coleoptera); Antlion (
14. Clavate antennae
The term clavate comes from the Latin clava, meaning club. Clavate
antennae terminate in a gradual club or knob (unlike the capitate
antennae, which end with an abrupt, pronounced knob.)
eg. Butterflies (Order : Lepidoptera), Carrion beetles (Order : Coleoptera).
Gradually enlarged towards the end except last few segments,
A. Danais, B. Orsotriaena, C. Hypolimnas, D. Pareba, E. Libythea, F. Abisara, G. Papilio, H.
Pieris, j. Lampides, K Tagiades.
15. Clavate & Clavate with hook
Clubbed antennae with hook. Segments are gradually increase in
diameter and Last one end with a small hook like structure.
eg. Butterfly, Skipper (Order : Lepidoptera); Carrion beetle,Blister beetle (Coleoptera)
Butterfly antennae
18. Serrate antennae
The segments of serrate antennae are notched or angled on one side,
making the antennae look like a saw blade. The term serrate derives
from the Latin serra, meaning saw.
eg. Pulse beetles, Leaf beetle, Click beetle (Order: Coleoptera).
19. Lamellate antennae
The term lamellate comes from the Latin ward lamella, means thin
plate or scale. The segments at the tip are flattened, nested and looks
like a folding fan.
eg. Dung beetles, Scarab beetle, Rhinoceros beetle (Order : Coleopteera).
21. Flabellate antennae
Flabellate comes from the Latin flabellum, meaning fan. Its terminal
segments extend laterally with long parallel lobes that lie flat against
one another and feature looks like a folding paper fan.
eg. These are found in several insect groups within the Order : Coleoptera;
Hymenoptera; Stylopids (strepsiptera).
Hymenoptera
23. Pectinate antennae
The segments of pectinate antennae are longer on one side, giving
each antennae a single comb-like shape. The term pectinate derives
from the Latin pectin, meaning comb. eg. Female Arctid moth (Order:
Lepidoptera); Saw-flies (Order: Hymenoptera); Fire coloured Beetles (Order:
Coleoptera); Spring Fishfly (Megaloptera).
Gypsy moth
Spring Fishfly
25. Bi-pectinate antennae
The segments of bipectinate antennae are longer on both side, giving
each antennae a double comb-like shape.
eg.Silk moths (Order: Lepidoptera); Small beetle, Click beetle (Coleoptera).
27. Plumose antennae
The segments of plumose antennae have fine branches alike tuft of
hairy structures, giving them a feathery appearance. The term
plumose derives from the Latin pluma, meaning feather.
eg. Male mosquitos (Order: Diptera); Glow worm beetle (Coleoptera).
28. Pilose antennae
Looks like plumose but each whorl contains less number hairs. The
segments of pilose antennae given them a feathery appearance.
eg. Female mosquitos (Order: Diptera), Mango mealy bug (Order: Hemiptera).
30. ARISTATE antennae
The last segment usually enlarged and bearing a conspicuous dorsal
bristle known as arista.
eg. House flies (Order: Diptera).
arista
31. Stylate antennae
Sty late comes from the Latin word stylus means pointed instrument.
In these antennae, the last or final segment terminates in a long
slender finger like prosess called style. The style may be hairlike but
will extend from the end and never from the side.
eg. Robber flies, Snipe flies, and Bee flies,True flies (Order: Diptera); Aphid (Hemiptera)
33. Geniculate antennae
Geniculate antennae are bent and almost like a knee or elbow
shaped. The term geniculate derives from the Latin genu, meaning
knee.
eg. Ant and bees (Order : Hymenoptera); Weevil (Order: Coleoptera).
