Miscugli eterogenei ed omogenei, dissoluzione, soluzioni, concentrazione delle soluzioni, metodi di separazione. Per il primo biennio delle scuole superiori
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This is a summary of the topic "Alkanes and Alkenes" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Miscugli eterogenei ed omogenei, dissoluzione, soluzioni, concentrazione delle soluzioni, metodi di separazione. Per il primo biennio delle scuole superiori
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This is a summary of the topic "Alkanes and Alkenes" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This document provides information on distillation and evaporation processes. It discusses different types of distillation such as azeotropic distillation, steam distillation, and fractional distillation. It also describes various evaporator designs including horizontal tube evaporators, vertical tube evaporators, and climbing film evaporators. Factors affecting evaporation rates are also mentioned. The document contains diagrams to illustrate distillation equipment and evaporator components.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent. A solution is formed through solvation, where solvent particles surround solute particles and pull them away from each other. The solubility of a substance depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and the properties of the solute and solvent. Increasing temperature, pressure, surface area, or agitation can increase solubility and the rate of solvation. Concentration refers to the ratio of solute to solvent and affects properties like reaction rates.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where a solute is dissolved in a solvent. The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent. Solutions can be dilute, containing a small amount of solute, or concentrated, containing a large amount of solute. Soft drinks are considered solutions but contain many unhealthy additives like sugar, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, carbon dioxide, preservatives, artificial flavors, colorings, and sodium. Long term consumption of soft drinks can increase risks of diseases, cancer, and other health issues.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses chemical reactions and properties of matter. It defines physical and chemical properties, and explains that a chemical change produces new substances while a physical change does not. It also outlines how to identify chemical reactions through observation of properties like color change, gas production, or precipitate formation. The document then explains how to write and balance chemical equations, and categorizes three main types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and replacement. Finally, it discusses factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions like surface area, temperature, concentration, and catalysts.
Osmium and iridium were discovered in 1803 by British chemist Smithson Tennant in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray metal that is difficult to produce in pure form due to its tendency to form toxic osmium tetroxide when exposed to air. It is primarily used to make very hard alloys for applications requiring minimal frictional wear such as pen tips and electrical contacts. Turkey has the world's largest reserves of osmium.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactions:
1) Decomposition reactions involve a single compound breaking down into simpler substances. An example is calcium carbonate decomposing to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
2) Combination reactions involve two substances combining to form a new compound. An example is calcium oxide and sulfur dioxide combining to form calcium sulfite.
3) Single replacement reactions involve an element replacing another in a compound. An example is copper displacing silver from silver nitrate.
4) Double replacement reactions involve ion exchange between two compounds in solution and forming a precipitate. An example is silver nitrate and sodium chloride forming silver chloride and sodium nitrate precipitates.
5) Combustion reactions
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form in a closed container at a given temperature. Raoult's law states that the partial vapor pressure of each component in an ideal liquid mixture is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. Mathematically, the partial vapor pressure of a component (Pi) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (Pi*) multiplied by its mole fraction (xi) in the mixture. Raoult's law can be represented graphically, with the total vapor pressure shown as a function of mole fraction and the partial pressures of each component.
This document provides information on distillation and evaporation processes. It discusses different types of distillation such as azeotropic distillation, steam distillation, and fractional distillation. It also describes various evaporator designs including horizontal tube evaporators, vertical tube evaporators, and climbing film evaporators. Factors affecting evaporation rates are also mentioned. The document contains diagrams to illustrate distillation equipment and evaporator components.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent. A solution is formed through solvation, where solvent particles surround solute particles and pull them away from each other. The solubility of a substance depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and the properties of the solute and solvent. Increasing temperature, pressure, surface area, or agitation can increase solubility and the rate of solvation. Concentration refers to the ratio of solute to solvent and affects properties like reaction rates.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where a solute is dissolved in a solvent. The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent. Solutions can be dilute, containing a small amount of solute, or concentrated, containing a large amount of solute. Soft drinks are considered solutions but contain many unhealthy additives like sugar, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, carbon dioxide, preservatives, artificial flavors, colorings, and sodium. Long term consumption of soft drinks can increase risks of diseases, cancer, and other health issues.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses chemical reactions and properties of matter. It defines physical and chemical properties, and explains that a chemical change produces new substances while a physical change does not. It also outlines how to identify chemical reactions through observation of properties like color change, gas production, or precipitate formation. The document then explains how to write and balance chemical equations, and categorizes three main types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and replacement. Finally, it discusses factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions like surface area, temperature, concentration, and catalysts.
Osmium and iridium were discovered in 1803 by British chemist Smithson Tennant in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray metal that is difficult to produce in pure form due to its tendency to form toxic osmium tetroxide when exposed to air. It is primarily used to make very hard alloys for applications requiring minimal frictional wear such as pen tips and electrical contacts. Turkey has the world's largest reserves of osmium.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactions:
1) Decomposition reactions involve a single compound breaking down into simpler substances. An example is calcium carbonate decomposing to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
2) Combination reactions involve two substances combining to form a new compound. An example is calcium oxide and sulfur dioxide combining to form calcium sulfite.
3) Single replacement reactions involve an element replacing another in a compound. An example is copper displacing silver from silver nitrate.
4) Double replacement reactions involve ion exchange between two compounds in solution and forming a precipitate. An example is silver nitrate and sodium chloride forming silver chloride and sodium nitrate precipitates.
5) Combustion reactions
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form in a closed container at a given temperature. Raoult's law states that the partial vapor pressure of each component in an ideal liquid mixture is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. Mathematically, the partial vapor pressure of a component (Pi) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (Pi*) multiplied by its mole fraction (xi) in the mixture. Raoult's law can be represented graphically, with the total vapor pressure shown as a function of mole fraction and the partial pressures of each component.
Latitude indicates your position north or south of the equator. It can be measured by taking the angle of the sun or pole star at noon - the higher the sun, the closer you are to the equator. Lines of latitude run parallel to each other. Longitude indicates your position east or west and is measured in degrees from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England. It can be calculated by comparing your local time to Greenwich Mean Time, as there is a one hour difference for every 15 degrees of longitude.
3. MISCUGLIO O MISCELA
Un miscuglio è una parte di materia costituita da due o più sostanze che
mantengono le loro caratteristiche chimiche e che si mescolano in
proporzioni variabili.
Le miscele possono essere omogenee o eterogenee.
4. MISCUGLIO ETEROGENEO
Un miscuglio eterogeneo è una porzione di materia con composizione
diversa da punto a punto.
E’ costituito da componenti che sono individuabili con i sensi.
acqua
sabbia
5. METODI DI SEPARAZIONE DEI
COMPONENTI DI UN MISCUGLIO
ETROGENEO
1. PER FILTRAZIONE: utilizzato per separare miscugli solido- liquido o
liquido-liquido.
2. PER DECANTAZIONE: utilizzato per separare miscugli solido- liquido.
6. METODI DI SEPARAZIONE DEI
COMPONENTI DI UN MISCUGLIO
ETROGENEO
3. SETACCIATURA: utilizzato per separare miscugli solido- solido.
7. MISCUGLIO OMOGENEO O
SOLUZIONE
Un miscuglio omogeneo è una porzione di materia con composizione
identica in ogni suo punto.
E’ costituito da componenti che non sono individuabili con i sensi.
SOLUTO: sale
SOLVENTE: acqua
8. CONCENTRAZIONE DI UNA
SOLUZIONE
La concentrazione di una soluzione è la quantità di soluto contenuta in un
certo solvente.
La concentrazione delle soluzioni si può esprimere riferendosi alla
composizione della soluzione in peso oppure in volume.
La percentuale di soluto in peso evidenzia quanti grammi di soluto sono
disciolti in 100 grammi di soluzione.
COSA SIGNIFICA PREPARARE UNA SOLUZIONE DI ACQUA E SALE
CONCENTRATA AL 5%?
Significa che devo pesare 5 grammi di sale e scioglierli in 95 g di acqua.
9. CONCENTRAZIONE DI UNA
SOLUZIONE
In base alla concentrazione una soluzione può essere definita:
-SATURA: contiene la massima quantità di soluto sciolto nel solvente; il
soluto non si scioglie più e quindi si forma il fondo;
-CONCENTRATA: se è vicina alla saturazione;
-DILUITA: se la soluzione è lontana dalla saturazione.
Acqua + inchiostro
1 gocce 3 gocce 9 gocce
Dalla più diluita alla più concentrata
10. LA SOLUBILITA’
La solubilità di una sostanza è la capacità di sciogliersi in un solvente.
la solubilità dipende da vari fattori, tra cui la temperatura.
soluzione satura di acqua e zucchero scaldare la soluzione lo zucchero presente come
corpo di fondo si scioglie in
breve tempo
LA SOLUBILITA’ AUMENTA ALL’AUMENTARE DELLA TEMPERATURA
11. METODI DI SEPARAZIONE DEI
COMPONENTI DI UNA SOLUZIONE
1. PER CRISTALLIZZAZIONE: consiste nel far evaporare il solvente della
soluzione aumentando la tua temperatura.
soluzione di acqua e sale
la soluzione viene riscaldata finché l’acqua è evaporata e il sale si è
tutta l’acqua evaporerà cristallizzato
12. METODI DI SEPARAZIONE DEI
COMPONENTI DI UNA SOLUZIONE
2. PER DISTILLAZIONE: utilizzato per separare i componenti di una
soluzione liquido-liquido.
Sfrutta il fatto che ogni liquido ha un proprio punto di ebollizione.
13. METODI DI SEPARAZIONE DEI
COMPONENTI DI UNA SOLUZIONE
3. PER CROMATOGRAFIA: la cromatografia permette di separare i
componenti di una soluzione liquida o gassosa. Essa sfrutta la differente
capacità che hanno i componenti di aderire a una superficie solida
quando sono trascinati da un fluido detto eluente.
14. Fonti:
- I segreti delle scienze di Nicoletti, Peretti e Somaschi, Ed. Cedam
- Oro blu di Randazzo, Arzuffi e Stroppa, Ed. La scuola
