The document discusses business modeling and how modeling systems can help businesses redesign processes to cut costs. It states that a business model must be adaptable to changing customer needs and priorities. The modeling system allows businesses to link IT systems to organizational information and processes in a relational way to facilitate redesigning processes.

2. The business model is a holistic view of the overall business
with varying levels of detail from high level business
management perspectives to low level operational perspectives.
A business model cannot be static. It must be and will be
reinvented as customer needs and priorities change.
The modeling system permits redesign of the processes to
eliminate these wasted activities in the business, thus cutting
costs from the process and operations of the business. The
relational nature of the modeling system permits a business to
link the IT systems to the organization information and
processes

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Why should IT architects be concerned with an
architecture of business concepts, in the context of
building software systems? After all, IT architects do
not create businesses; they create technology-based
information systems. However, the systems that they
create do have a fundamental impact on businesses
The mutually evolving relationship between business
organizations and IT systems requires the ability to
capture and portray business and technical
information in a way that makes the two sets of
information easy to interrelate
How to organize work.? The work of building
information systems is most effective if it is organized
as a value-chain.
Organized business knowledge gives rise to
requirements for enterprise information systems

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In this methodology the firm recognizes its
business mission , objectives and functions
and how these determine its business
processes.
Data is seen as a valuable corporate
resource and describes the overall
information architecture

5. 
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Technical IS plan – What is the technology
infrastructure? Who designs , builds and manages it?
Application/operational
IS
plan
–
What
operations/functions/processes are supported by
systems and technology? Who takes the initiative in
developing and managing them?
Strategic IS plan – Developing the business plan and
articulating the mission ,vision and objectives of the
organization. Developing the IS vision and planning
how information systems can improve the
performance of the organization. Defining the critical
success factors and how information systems can
support them .

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The business situation provides both motivation
and constraint on what the business can aspire to
accomplish, and the current state of available and
actual information technology is a major factor in
this situation.
Business concept that maps to the whole world of
information systems is the concept of business
function .
The concept of business behavior is the key to
organizing IT functionality. Behavior is defined
and performed by such software components as
workflow engines.
The behavior of a component is made externally
accessible through the interfaces of the component.
It also drives and is embodied in the IT concepts of
collaboration

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The Business / Enterprise Modeling
process constitutes developing the:
The information architecture (functions,
entity types, and interactions),
The business systems architecture
(systems and shared data stores), and
The technical architecture (hardware,
software, and communications) - plus the
information management organization
(organizational structure and tasks)

10. 
Record the Process flow documentation
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Describe the "inputs" and "outputs" for
the process
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"data mapping" or "data modeling" -- the
process of articulating the data (key data
elements ) that must be captured, stored,
and managed, the purpose and/or use of
the data
Selecting or developing an effective
information system is not, primarily, a
technical decision. feedback from the
business process teams

11. 
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System
development
life
cycle
(SDLC)
methodologies are mechanisms to assure that
software systems meet established requirements
The approach deals with all components of the
system, i.e. not only hardware, networking,
systems software and applications software, but
also the substantial amount of human activity
that is involved
There are many review activities that check the
product, the process and resource usage against
plans
The process is cyclical, in the sense that each
version of a product becomes part of the
environment within which the next version is
developed

12.  Problem definition: On receiving a request from the user for systems
development, an investigation is conducted to state the problem to
be solved.
 Deliverables: Problem statement.
 Feasibility study: The objective here is to clearly define the scope
and objectives of the systems project, and to identify alternative
solutions to the problem defined earlier.
 Deliverables: Feasibility report
 Systems analysis phase: The present system is investigated and its
specifications documented. They should contain our understanding
of HOW the present system works and WHAT it does.
 Deliverables: Specifications of the present system
 Systems design phase: The specifications of the present system are
studied to determine what changes will be needed to incorporate the
user needs not met by the system presently. The output of this phase
will consist of the specifications, which must describe both WHAT
the proposed system will do and HOW it will work.
 Deliverables: Specifications of the proposed system
 Systems construction: Programming the system, and development of
user documentation for the system as well as the programs.
 Deliverables: Programs, their documentation, and user manuals
 System testing & evaluation: Testing, verification and validation of
the system just built.
 Deliverables: Test and evaluation results, and the system ready to
be delivered to the user/client

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A series of diagrams that represent the business
activities in a way that is clear and easy to
communicate
An information system's function is modeled in the
structured systems approach as dataflow diagrams
Such a model of an information system is referred
to as functional model or process model
A dataflow diagram consists of external entities
(represented by rectangles), processes (represented
by either rounded rectangles or circles), data stores
(represented by either an open rectangle or two
parallel lines) and dataflows (represented by
arrows)
Initially a context diagram is drawn, which is a
simple process representation of the entire system
under investigation

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Entity Relationship Diagrams are a major
data modelling tool and will help organize
the data in your project into entities and
define the relationships between the entities
This process has proved to enable the analyst
to produce a good database structure so that
the data can be stored and retrieved in a most
efficient manner

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Entity: a data entity is anything real or abstract
about which we want to store data
Relationship: a data relationship is a natural
association that exists between one or more
entities e.g. Employees process payments
Attribute: a data attribute is a characteristic
common to all or most instances of a particular
entity
Synonyms include property, data element, field
e.g. Name, address, Employee Number, pay rate
are all attributes of the entity employee