The document discusses system design and analysis. It describes physical and logical design which involves graphical representations of internal/external entities and data flows. It also discusses designing the database, which involves conceptual, logical, and physical phases to reduce redundancy. Form and report design is covered, including requirements determination and formatting guidelines.
The document discusses various methods for determining requirements in the system analysis phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It describes traditional methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather requirements information. It also discusses modern techniques like joint application design (JAD) sessions and prototyping to structure requirements. JAD involves key stakeholders collaboratively identifying and documenting requirements. Prototyping can be useful when requirements are unclear but has potential drawbacks like becoming too focused on initial user needs or bypassing other SDLC checks. The primary deliverables of requirements determination are the various documents and notes produced to capture what the new system should do.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
SYSTEM DESIGN by Neeraj Bhandari (Surkhet Nepal)Neeraj Bhandari
The document outlines the system design process, which specifies how a system will meet the information needs of users as defined in system analysis. The system design consists of both logical and physical design activities. The physical design relates to input/output processes, while the architectural design emphasizes the system structure and behavior. The logical design abstractly represents data flows and inputs/outputs, often using models and diagrams. The system specification is the final output of design and specifies the hardware, software, database, user interface, and personnel requirements needed.
The document provides an overview of software architecture. It discusses software architecture versus design, architectural styles like layered and pipe-and-filter styles, software connectors like coordinators and adapters, and using architecture for project management, development and testing. Architectural styles from different domains like buildings are presented as analogies for software architecture styles. The benefits of architectural styles for explaining a system's structure and enabling development of system families are highlighted.
The 4+1 view model provides a framework for documenting software architecture using multiple views. It addresses the different concerns of various stakeholders. The 4+1 view model includes logical, process, development, physical views plus a use case view. Each view is described from the perspective of different stakeholders and uses various UML diagrams. The views are interconnected and together provide a comprehensive architectural description of the system.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
An architecture is very complicated and involves three types of decisions: how the system is structured as code units, how it is structured as runtime components and interactions, and how it relates to non-software elements. The document discusses several common architectural structures, including decomposition, uses, layered, class/generalization, process, concurrency, shared data/repository, client-server, deployment, implementation, and work assignment structures. It also discusses Kruchten's four views of logical, process, development, and physical.
The document discusses various methods for determining requirements in the system analysis phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It describes traditional methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather requirements information. It also discusses modern techniques like joint application design (JAD) sessions and prototyping to structure requirements. JAD involves key stakeholders collaboratively identifying and documenting requirements. Prototyping can be useful when requirements are unclear but has potential drawbacks like becoming too focused on initial user needs or bypassing other SDLC checks. The primary deliverables of requirements determination are the various documents and notes produced to capture what the new system should do.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
SYSTEM DESIGN by Neeraj Bhandari (Surkhet Nepal)Neeraj Bhandari
The document outlines the system design process, which specifies how a system will meet the information needs of users as defined in system analysis. The system design consists of both logical and physical design activities. The physical design relates to input/output processes, while the architectural design emphasizes the system structure and behavior. The logical design abstractly represents data flows and inputs/outputs, often using models and diagrams. The system specification is the final output of design and specifies the hardware, software, database, user interface, and personnel requirements needed.
The document provides an overview of software architecture. It discusses software architecture versus design, architectural styles like layered and pipe-and-filter styles, software connectors like coordinators and adapters, and using architecture for project management, development and testing. Architectural styles from different domains like buildings are presented as analogies for software architecture styles. The benefits of architectural styles for explaining a system's structure and enabling development of system families are highlighted.
The 4+1 view model provides a framework for documenting software architecture using multiple views. It addresses the different concerns of various stakeholders. The 4+1 view model includes logical, process, development, physical views plus a use case view. Each view is described from the perspective of different stakeholders and uses various UML diagrams. The views are interconnected and together provide a comprehensive architectural description of the system.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
An architecture is very complicated and involves three types of decisions: how the system is structured as code units, how it is structured as runtime components and interactions, and how it relates to non-software elements. The document discusses several common architectural structures, including decomposition, uses, layered, class/generalization, process, concurrency, shared data/repository, client-server, deployment, implementation, and work assignment structures. It also discusses Kruchten's four views of logical, process, development, and physical.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
This document provides an overview of the Information Systems Analysis and Modeling module. The module aims to help students understand tools and techniques used in information systems development, analyze and design systems, and evaluate methodologies. It covers topics such as requirements determination, object-oriented analysis, conceptual and physical design, and comparing methodologies. Students will be assessed through an exam, critiques of readings, and a requirements analysis assignment. Reading materials include textbooks on information systems development and object-oriented software engineering.
High Level Design (HLD) gives the overall system architecture and functional flow. It defines the main modules and submodules of the system. Low Level Design (LLD) breaks down the application into specific programs, modules, and logic. It defines the internal logic and mapping of each submodule. The LLD provides details needed for developers to code the system based on the high level specifications in the HLD.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The management spectrum describes the management of a software project through four key elements: people, product, process, and project. It focuses on controlling these elements to smoothly progress the project from planning to completion. People include all those involved from managers to developers. The product is the ultimate goal being developed. The process provides the framework for development. And the project encompasses the entire software development lifecycle from requirements to maintenance.
SE_Lec 05_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notations like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to represent different views of a system. Models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models of existing and new systems are used during requirements engineering to clarify current systems, discuss strengths/weaknesses, and explain proposed requirements.
System design identifies the major functional components, processes, and interfaces of a system derived from requirements. It provides an overview of the project to define components, establish communication between components, determine modularization, and identify critical interfaces. The steps include defining objectives and requirements, identifying major components and interfaces, and refining the design by defining subsystems and specifying interfaces. Major interfaces must be closely monitored through interface control documents.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It describes the systems development life cycle as having four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It then explains six major systems development methodologies: waterfall, parallel development, phased development, prototyping, design prototyping, and agile development. Finally, it lists five common team roles in systems development: business analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure analyst, change management analyst, and project manager.
Requirements Engineering Processes in Software Engineering SE6koolkampus
The document describes key requirements engineering processes including feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements validation, and requirements management. It discusses techniques like elicitation from stakeholders, modeling system requirements, and validating requirements match customer needs. Scenarios and use cases are presented as ways to add detail to requirements descriptions.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of structures needed to reason about a computing system, including elements, relations among them, and their properties. Good architecture is important as poor design decisions can lead to project cancellation. It also discusses the differences between architecture and design. Additionally, it describes why documenting architecture is important to allow stakeholders to use it effectively. Finally, it briefly introduces the Model-View-Controller pattern used in web development to separate user interface, data, and application logic.
This document discusses tools and techniques for system design, including logical data flow diagrams (DFDs) and data dictionaries. DFDs use simple graphical symbols to represent processes, data flows, external entities, and data stores in a system. They provide an overview of how data moves through a system. A data dictionary comprehensively defines all data elements in a system. Physical design and prototyping are also discussed as part of specifying hardware, software, user interfaces, and the overall implementation of a system.
Lecture 15 requirements modeling - scenario, information and analysis class...IIUI
This document discusses requirements modeling and class-based modeling in software engineering. It covers identifying analysis classes from usage scenarios by underlining nouns and noun phrases. Guidelines are provided for common types of classes like external entities, events, roles, organizational units, places, and structures. The document also introduces class-responsibility-collaborator modeling using index cards to define classes with their responsibilities and collaborators.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
The document provides an overview of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It describes the main phases of SDLC as feasibility analysis, requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. For each phase, it outlines the key activities and objectives. It also discusses different approaches to SDLC, including waterfall, prototyping, iterative, and object-oriented approaches.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
Requirements engineering is the discipline that involves establishing and documenting requirements. The various activities associated with requirements engineering are elicitation, specification, analysis, verification and validation, and management.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
A detail review of configuration and change management. This lecture provides details about how to manage different software versions of same software in a market with different customers clients and different set of functionalities.
It 302 computerized accounting (week 2) - sharifahalish sha
Here are some potential ways to represent relational databases other than using tables and relationships:
- Graph databases: Represent data as nodes, edges, and properties. Nodes represent entities, edges represent relationships between entities. Good for highly connected data.
- Document databases: Store data in flexible, JSON-like documents rather than rigid tables. Good for semi-structured or unstructured data.
- Multidimensional databases (OLAP cubes): Represent data in cubes with dimensions and measures. Good for analytical queries involving aggregation and slicing/dicing of data.
- Network/graph databases: Similar to graph databases but focus more on network properties like paths, connectivity etc. Good for social networks, recommendation systems.
-
ICT DBA3 03 0710 Designing a Database.pptxInfotech27
The document discusses database design concepts including:
- Normalization to minimize redundancy and avoid anomalies by dividing tables into first, second, and third normal forms.
- Entity relationship modeling using entities, attributes, relationships and cardinality.
- Data validation rules and integrity constraints to enforce business rules and ensure data accuracy.
- Indexes to improve query performance by avoiding full table scans.
- The data dictionary defines all schema objects, their attributes, relationships and access rights to document the database design.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
This document provides an overview of the Information Systems Analysis and Modeling module. The module aims to help students understand tools and techniques used in information systems development, analyze and design systems, and evaluate methodologies. It covers topics such as requirements determination, object-oriented analysis, conceptual and physical design, and comparing methodologies. Students will be assessed through an exam, critiques of readings, and a requirements analysis assignment. Reading materials include textbooks on information systems development and object-oriented software engineering.
High Level Design (HLD) gives the overall system architecture and functional flow. It defines the main modules and submodules of the system. Low Level Design (LLD) breaks down the application into specific programs, modules, and logic. It defines the internal logic and mapping of each submodule. The LLD provides details needed for developers to code the system based on the high level specifications in the HLD.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The management spectrum describes the management of a software project through four key elements: people, product, process, and project. It focuses on controlling these elements to smoothly progress the project from planning to completion. People include all those involved from managers to developers. The product is the ultimate goal being developed. The process provides the framework for development. And the project encompasses the entire software development lifecycle from requirements to maintenance.
SE_Lec 05_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notations like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to represent different views of a system. Models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models of existing and new systems are used during requirements engineering to clarify current systems, discuss strengths/weaknesses, and explain proposed requirements.
System design identifies the major functional components, processes, and interfaces of a system derived from requirements. It provides an overview of the project to define components, establish communication between components, determine modularization, and identify critical interfaces. The steps include defining objectives and requirements, identifying major components and interfaces, and refining the design by defining subsystems and specifying interfaces. Major interfaces must be closely monitored through interface control documents.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It describes the systems development life cycle as having four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It then explains six major systems development methodologies: waterfall, parallel development, phased development, prototyping, design prototyping, and agile development. Finally, it lists five common team roles in systems development: business analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure analyst, change management analyst, and project manager.
Requirements Engineering Processes in Software Engineering SE6koolkampus
The document describes key requirements engineering processes including feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements validation, and requirements management. It discusses techniques like elicitation from stakeholders, modeling system requirements, and validating requirements match customer needs. Scenarios and use cases are presented as ways to add detail to requirements descriptions.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of structures needed to reason about a computing system, including elements, relations among them, and their properties. Good architecture is important as poor design decisions can lead to project cancellation. It also discusses the differences between architecture and design. Additionally, it describes why documenting architecture is important to allow stakeholders to use it effectively. Finally, it briefly introduces the Model-View-Controller pattern used in web development to separate user interface, data, and application logic.
This document discusses tools and techniques for system design, including logical data flow diagrams (DFDs) and data dictionaries. DFDs use simple graphical symbols to represent processes, data flows, external entities, and data stores in a system. They provide an overview of how data moves through a system. A data dictionary comprehensively defines all data elements in a system. Physical design and prototyping are also discussed as part of specifying hardware, software, user interfaces, and the overall implementation of a system.
Lecture 15 requirements modeling - scenario, information and analysis class...IIUI
This document discusses requirements modeling and class-based modeling in software engineering. It covers identifying analysis classes from usage scenarios by underlining nouns and noun phrases. Guidelines are provided for common types of classes like external entities, events, roles, organizational units, places, and structures. The document also introduces class-responsibility-collaborator modeling using index cards to define classes with their responsibilities and collaborators.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
The document provides an overview of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It describes the main phases of SDLC as feasibility analysis, requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. For each phase, it outlines the key activities and objectives. It also discusses different approaches to SDLC, including waterfall, prototyping, iterative, and object-oriented approaches.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
Requirements engineering is the discipline that involves establishing and documenting requirements. The various activities associated with requirements engineering are elicitation, specification, analysis, verification and validation, and management.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
A detail review of configuration and change management. This lecture provides details about how to manage different software versions of same software in a market with different customers clients and different set of functionalities.
It 302 computerized accounting (week 2) - sharifahalish sha
Here are some potential ways to represent relational databases other than using tables and relationships:
- Graph databases: Represent data as nodes, edges, and properties. Nodes represent entities, edges represent relationships between entities. Good for highly connected data.
- Document databases: Store data in flexible, JSON-like documents rather than rigid tables. Good for semi-structured or unstructured data.
- Multidimensional databases (OLAP cubes): Represent data in cubes with dimensions and measures. Good for analytical queries involving aggregation and slicing/dicing of data.
- Network/graph databases: Similar to graph databases but focus more on network properties like paths, connectivity etc. Good for social networks, recommendation systems.
-
ICT DBA3 03 0710 Designing a Database.pptxInfotech27
The document discusses database design concepts including:
- Normalization to minimize redundancy and avoid anomalies by dividing tables into first, second, and third normal forms.
- Entity relationship modeling using entities, attributes, relationships and cardinality.
- Data validation rules and integrity constraints to enforce business rules and ensure data accuracy.
- Indexes to improve query performance by avoiding full table scans.
- The data dictionary defines all schema objects, their attributes, relationships and access rights to document the database design.
The document discusses system analysis and recording information. It describes the PARIS model for system analysis, which includes planning, asking questions, recording information, interpreting information, and specifying requirements. It also discusses using data flow diagrams and entity models to record information about current and required systems, including the components of DFDs and how they are used to hierarchically represent a system. Entity models represent relationships between types of data.
Discuss the concept of strategic business–IT alignment and how it .docxlynettearnold46882
The document discusses conceptual, logical, and physical database design. It outlines the steps in the database design methodology, including building a conceptual data model, logical data model, and physical database design. The conceptual design phase involves identifying entities, relationships, attributes, and validating the model. The logical design phase maps the conceptual model to a logical model and validates relations. The physical design phase implements the logical structure in the target DBMS by designing base relations, file organizations, indexes, and user views.
-This lecture about the Details explanation about the Database Development life Cycle. This lecture show about the Software development Cycle in term of DB. This lecture Explain the architecture of the Database. This lecture explain about the Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture.
The document provides an overview of the proposed press management system project. It discusses the existing manual system and its limitations including lack of immediate information storage and retrieval. The proposed system aims to address these limitations through a computerized system. It describes the scope of the project, system requirements, conceptual and detailed designs including modules for authors, customers, books, dealers, subscriptions and issues. Data flow diagrams are also discussed to model the flow of information through the system's processes.
The document discusses analyzing systems using data flow diagrams (DFDs). It explains that DFDs are a key method for analyzing data-oriented systems by graphically representing how data moves through an organization. The data flow approach has advantages over narrative explanations, including freedom from early technical commitments and better communication with users. Physical DFDs show how a system will be implemented and include details like manual vs automated processes. Structured analysis techniques are used to model system processes and document data flows and stores.
1. The document discusses how data is organized in a database system using a hierarchy from the bit level up to files, records, fields, and databases.
2. It describes some problems with traditional file-based data storage like redundancy, inconsistency, and lack of flexibility. A database addresses these issues through centralization of data.
3. The key components of a database system are described as people, hardware, software, and data. The database management system (DBMS) acts as an interface between users, applications, and the stored data.
Is 581 milestone 11 and 12 case study coastline systems consultingprintwork4849
IS 581 Milestone 11 and 12 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
IS 581 Milestone 9 and 10 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
IS 581 Milestone 7 and 8 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
IS 581 Milestone 5 and 6 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
IS 581 Milestone 3 and 4 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
IS 581 Milestone 1 and 2 Case study Coastline Systems Consulting
This document discusses the components and architecture of a data warehouse. It describes the major components as the source data component, data staging component, information delivery component, metadata component, and management/control component. It then discusses each of these components in more detail, specifically covering source data types, the extract-transform-load process in data staging, the data storage repository, and authentication/monitoring in information delivery. Dimensional modeling is also introduced as the preferred approach for data warehouse design compared to entity-relationship modeling.
The document discusses the process of designing a database management system (DBMS). It describes the six phases of the database lifecycle: initial study, design, implementation, testing and evaluation, operation, and maintenance and evaluation. The design phase is the most critical, as it ensures the final system meets user requirements through conceptual, logical, and physical database design. Successful DBMS design requires balancing the needs of users, infrastructure, and management.
The document discusses chapter 2 of a database systems textbook. It covers the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture for database systems, including the external, conceptual, and internal levels. It also describes roles in database environments, different data models, conceptual modeling, functions of a DBMS, and components of a database manager. The goal of the three-level architecture is to provide data independence and shield users from changes in lower levels.
Data Models [DATABASE SYSTEMS: Design, Implementation, and Management]Usman Tariq
In this PPT, you will learn:
• About data modeling and why data models are important
• About the basic data-modeling building blocks
• What business rules are and how they influence database design
• How the major data models evolved
• About emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill
• How data models can be classified by their level of abstraction
Author: Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris
The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of Chapter 9, which discusses problems with flat file data management, the database concept, data normalization, and database design. The main points are:
- Flat file systems have issues like redundant data, difficulty updating across files, and lack of task independence that led to the database concept.
- A database centralizes data in a single repository, eliminating redundancy and allowing single updates across applications.
- Relational databases model data in tables linked by primary and foreign keys, avoiding anomalies from unnormalized data.
- Proper database design involves entity identification, data modeling, constructing physical tables, and preparing user views through a six-phase process.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with file-based data storage like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the database management system (DBMS), data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the different levels of abstraction in a database and common system architectures.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the overall structure of a database system as having physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the overall structure of a database system as having physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data by providing data independence, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and more. It also defines key concepts like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transactions, storage management, database users, administrators, and the roles they play in overall database system structure.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
System design
1. System Design
System Analysis And Design
By:12BS(CS)02
17th October 2014
Computer Science Department , QUEST
2. Overview
System Design
Physical and Logical Design
Designing Database
Designing Form and Report
Designing Interface and Dialogue
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3. Physical And Logical Design
Physical Design is a graphical representation of a
system showing the system’s internal and external
entities, and the flows of data into and out of these
entities.
An internal entity is an entity (person, place, or thing)
within the system that transforms data. Internal entities
include, for example, accounting clerks (persons),
departments (places), and computers (things).
Whereas, an external entity is an entity (person, place,
or thing) outside the system that transforms data.
3 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
4. Cont…
The physical portion of systems design can generally
be broken down into three sub-tasks
User Interface Design is concerned with how users
add information to the system and with how the
system presents information back to them.
Data Design is concerned with how the data is
represented and stored within the system.
Process Design is concerned with how data moves
through the system, and with how and where it is
validated, secured and/or transformed as it flows into,
through and out of the system.
4 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
5. Cont…
Logical Design is a graphical representation of a
system showing the system’s processes and the flows
of data into and out of the processes. We use logical
design to document information systems because we
can represent the logical nature of a system-what
tasks the system is doing, without having to specify
how, where or by whom the tasks are accomplished.
To represent the logical design of a system we can use
different diagrams like Entity- Relationship Diagram.
5 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
6. Database Design
6 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
7. Database Design
7 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
8. Designing Database
The database design phase is divided into three steps:
1)conceptual database design
2) logical database design
3) physical database design
Conceptual Database Design
Once all the requirements have been collected and analyzed,
the next step is to create a conceptual schema for the
database, using a high level conceptual data model.The result
of this phase is an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram or UML
class diagram.
It describes how different entities (objects, items) are related
to each other. It also describes what attributes (features) each
entity has. It includes the definitions of all the concepts
(entities, attributes) of the application area.
8 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
9. Database Design
Logical Database Design
The result of the logical design phase (or data model
mapping phase) is a set of relation schemas. The ER
diagram or class diagram is the basis for these relation
schemas.
There are rules how the ER model or class diagram is
transferred to relation schemas.
The relation schemas are the basis for table
definitions. In this phase (if not done in previous
phase) the primary keys and foreign keys are defined.
9 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
10. Database Design
Normalization
Normalization is the last part of the logical design. The goal
of normalization is to eliminate redundancy and potential
update anomalies.
Redundancy means that the same data is saved more than
once in a database. Update anomaly is a consequence of
redundancy. If a piece of data is saved in more than one
place, the same data must be updated in more than one
place.
Normalization is a technique by which one can modify the
relation schema to reduce the redundancy.
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11. Designing Database
Physical Database Design
The goal of the last phase of database design,
physical design, is to implement the database. At this
phase one must know which database management
system (DBMS) is used. For example, different
DBMS's have different names for data types and have
different data types.
The SQL clauses to create the database are written.
The indexes, the integrity constraints (rules) and the
users‘ access rights are defined.
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12. Designing Database
Application Design
In the application design phase, the design of the user interface
and the application programs that use and process the
database are defined and designed.
Prototyping
The purpose of a prototype is to allow the users to use the
prototype to identify the features of the system using the
computer
There are horizontal and vertical prototypes.
A horizontal prototype has many features
(e.g. user interfaces) but they are not
working. A vertical prototype has very
few features but they are working.
12 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
13. Designing Database
Implementation
During the implementation phase, the physical realization
of the database and application designs are to be done.
This is the programming phase of the systems
development.
Data Conversion and Loading
This phase is needed when a new database is replacing an
old system. During this phase the existing data will be
transferred into the new database.
Testing
Before the new system is going to live, it should be
thoroughly tested. The goal of testing is to find errors! The
goal is not to prove the software is working well.
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14. Designing Database
Operational Maintenance
The operational maintenance is the process of
monitoring and maintaining the database system.
Monitoring means that the performance of the system
is observed. If the performance of the system falls
below an acceptable level, tuning or reorganization of
the database may be required.
Maintaining and upgrading the database system
means that, when new requirements arise, the new
development lifecycle will be done.
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15. Designing Forms and Reports
15 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
16. Designing Forms and Reports(Cont…
Form
A business document that contains some predefined
data and may include some areas where additional
data are to be filled in
An instance of a form is typically based on one
database record
Report
A business document that contains only predefined
data.
A passive document for reading or viewing data.
Typically contains data from many database records or
transactions.
16 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
17. Designing Forms and Reports(Cont…
Is user-focused activity that follows a prototyping
approach
First steps are to gain an understanding of the
intended user and task objectives by collecting initial
requirements during requirements determination
Requirement Determination
Who will use the form or report?
What is the purpose of the form or report?
When is the report needed or used?
Where does the form or report need to be delivered and
used?
How many people need to use or view the form or report?
17 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
18. Formatting for Form and Report Design
Meaningful titles: clear, specific, version information,
current date
Meaningful information– include only necessary
information, with no need to modify
Balanced layout: adequate spacing, margins, and
clear labels
Easy navigation system: show how to move forward
and backward, and where you are currently
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19. Formatting for Form and Report Design
A poor form design A better form design
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20. Highlighting Information
Notify users of errors in data entry or processing
Provide warnings regarding possible problems
Draw attention to keywords, commands, high-priority
messages, unusual data values
Methods For Highlighting
Highlighting can include use of
upper case, font size differences,
bold , italics , underline , boxing,
blinking , reverse video ,audible
tones , offsetting nonstandard
information and other approaches.
20 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
21. Guidelines for Displaying Text
Case: mixed upper and lower case, use conventional
punctuation
Spacing: double spacing if possible, otherwise blank
lines between paragraphs
Justification: left justify text, ragged right margins
Hyphenation: no hyphenated words between lines
Abbreviations: only when widely understood and
significantly shorter than full text
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22. Guidelines for Displaying Text
A poor help screen design A better help screen design
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23. Guidelines for Tables and Lists
Labels
All columns and rows should have meaningful labels.
Labels should be separated from other information by
using highlighting.
Redisplay labels when the data extend beyond a single
screen or page.
Formatting columns, rows and text
Sort in a meaningful order.
Place a blank line between every five rows in long columns.
Similar information displayed in multiple columns should be
sorted vertically.
Columns should have at least two spaces between them.
23 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
24. Guidelines for Tables and Lists (cont.)
Allow white space on printed reports for user to write
notes.
Use same family of typefaces within and across
displays and reports.
Avoid overly fancy fonts.
Formatting numeric, textual and alphanumeric data
Right justify numeric data and align columns by
decimal points or other delimiter.
Left justify textual data. Use short line length, usually
30 to 40 characters per line.
Break long sequences of alphanumeric data into small
groups of three to four characters each.
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25. Guidelines for Tables and Lists (cont.)
A poor table design A better table design
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26. Usability
Overall evaluation of how a system performs in supporting
a particular user for a particular task
There are three characteristics
Speed
Accuracy
Satisfaction
Guidelines for Maximizing Usability
Consistency: of terminology, formatting, titles, navigation,
response time
Efficiency: minimize required user actions
Ease: self-explanatory outputs and labels
Format: appropriate display of data and symbols
Flexibility: maximize user options for data input according
to preference
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28. Designing Interface And Dialogue
Interface design An interface is a method by which users
interact with information systems.
Dialogue design A dialogue reflects the sequence of
interaction between a user and a system .
The design of interface and dialogues is the process of
defining the manner in which human and computers
exchange information. Similar to designing f&r, the process
of designing I&d is user focused activity
To design usable i&d you must answer the same who,
what, when, where and how
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29. Methods of Interacting
Command Language Interaction
Users enter explicit statements into a system to invoke
operations
Example from MS DOS:
COPY C:PAPER.DOC A:PAPER.DOC
This copies a file from C: drive to A: drive
Menu interaction
List of system options is provided and a specific
command is invoked by user selection of a menu
option.
Pop-up menu: menu placed near the current cursor
position.
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30. Methods of Interacting(cont…)
Drop-down menu: a menu-positioning method that
places the access point of the menu near the top line of the
display.
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31. Pop-up menu
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32. Drop-down menu
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33. Guidelines for Menu Design
Wording: meaningful titles, clear command verbs, mixed
upper/lower case.
Organization: consistent organizing principle.
Length: all choices fit within screen length.
Selection: consistent, clear and easy selection methods.
Highlighting: only for selected options or unavailable
options.
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35. Methods of Interacting(cont…)
Form interaction: data fields are formatted in a
manner similar to paper-based forms.
Allows users to fill in the blanks when working with a
system.
Measures of an effective design:
Self-explanatory title and field headings
Fields organized into logical groupings
Distinctive boundaries
Default values
Displays appropriate field lengths
Minimizes the need to scroll windows
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37. Methods of Interacting(cont…)
Object-based interaction: symbols are used to represent
commands or functions.
Icons graphical pictures that represent specific functions
within a system.
Use little screen space and are easily understood by users.
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38. Methods of Interacting(cont…)
Natural language interaction
Inputs to and outputs from a computer-based
application are in a conventional spoken language
such as English.
Both keyboard and voice entry
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39. Designing Interfaces
Use standard formats similar to paper-based forms
and reports.
Left-to-right, top-to-bottom navigation.
Flexibility and consistency:
Free movement between fields
No permanent data storage until the user requests
Each key and command assigned to one function
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41. Controlling Data Input
Objective: reduce data entry errors.
Common sources data entry errors in a field:
Appending: adding additional characters
Truncating: losing characters
Transcripting : entering invalid data
Transposing: reversing sequence of characters
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42. Providing Feedback & Help
Three types of system feedback:
Status information: keep user informed of what’s
going on, helpful when user has to wait for response
Prompting cues: tell user when input is needed,
and how to provide the input
Error or warning messages: inform user that
something is wrong, either with data entry or system
operation
Place yourself in user’s place when designing help.
Guidelines for designing usable help:
Simplicity - Help messages should be short and to
the point.
Organize - Information in help messages should be
easily absorbed by users
Show - It is useful to explicitly show users how to
perform an operation.
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43. Designing Dialogues
Dialogues: the sequence of interaction between a user and a
system. Dialogue design involves:
Designing a dialogue sequence
Building a prototype
Assessing usability
Guidelines for Dialgoue Design
Consistency (same terminology on all screens)
Shortcuts and Sequence (special keys can be used for advanced
users)
Error Handling(errors should be detected and reported)
Reversal (reverse action)
Feedback (for very user action, eg: record is added)
Closure (e.g.: indication of first or last screen)
Control (consistent response time)
Ease (e.g.: transitions to first and last screen)
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44. Designing Dialogues
Dialogue diagramming is a formal method for
designing and representing human computer
dialogues using box and line diagram
The three section of the box are used :
44 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
45. Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in
Graphical Environments
Two rules repeatedly emerge as comprising the first step to
becoming an effective GUI designer :
Become an expert user of the GUI environment
Understand the available resources and how they can be
used.
Common properties of Windows and forms in GUI
environment that can be active or inactive :
Modality
Resizable
Movable
Minimize
Maximize
System menu
45 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014
46. Common Errors when designing the interface
and dialogues of website
Opening new browser window
Breaking or slowing down the back button
Complex URLs
Orphan pages
Scrolling navigation pages
Lack of navigation support
Hidden links
Links that don’t provide enough information
Buttons that provide no click feedback
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47. THANKYOU
47 12bs(cs)02 System Analysis And Design 18 October 2014