Minor stroke.pptx
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Minor stroke (stroke with restorative neurological deficit). Etiology, pathogenesis. Clinic, treatment.
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cerebrovascular accidents.pptx
Classification of cerebrovascular accidents. Transient ischemic attack. Pathogenesis, clinic, treatment, prevention.
Drugs acting on blood
This document discusses drugs that act on blood components to prevent clotting. It covers anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent clot formation, fibrinolytics like streptokinase that break down existing clots, and antiplatelets like aspirin and clopidogrel that inhibit platelet aggregation. The stages of coagulation and fibrinolysis are described. Specific drugs are explained including their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and potential side effects.
Pharmacology: Blood Drugs
This document provides an overview of blood drugs and the coagulation process. It discusses how platelets, coagulation factors, and fibrinogen work together to form blood clots during injury to stop bleeding. It then summarizes different types of drugs that can interfere with coagulation, including platelet inhibitors like aspirin and anticoagulants like heparin. The goal of these drugs is to prevent excessive clotting in certain clinical situations like heart attacks. However, interfering with the body's natural clotting process also increases the risk of bleeding.
Strokes 1
Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing neurological deficits. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain. Common medications used for stroke treatment include antiplatelets like aspirin for prevention, anticoagulants like warfarin, and thrombolytics like rt-PA administered during an acute ischemic stroke. Actilyse is a thrombolytic medication derived from rt-PA that works to break down blood clots and restore blood flow by activating plasminogen to form the enzyme plasmin. While effective, challenges remain to develop variants of Actilyse with better properties like enhanced clot penetration
Thrombosis Class05
The document discusses principles of hemostasis, thrombosis, and anticoagulants. It describes the three stages of hemostasis as blood vessel constriction, formation of a platelet plug, and formation of a clot. Thrombosis is defined as the pathological formation of a thrombus, or blood clot, which can lead to conditions like heart attack, stroke, or deep vein thrombosis. Several types of anticoagulants are mentioned, including vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, heparin and related molecules, and hirudins, along with their basic mechanisms of action in preventing blood clotting.
Platelet
Platelets are cell fragments in the blood that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. They circulate for 7-10 days and are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. When the endothelial lining of blood vessels is damaged, platelets adhere to collagen and activate to aggregate and secrete chemicals that promote clotting. This platelet plug formation helps form thrombi to stop bleeding. Abnormal platelet counts or function can lead to bleeding or clotting disorders. Platelets are used in transfusions to treat low platelet counts but have a short shelf life of 5-7 days.
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Coagulant & AntiCoagulant Haemostasis (arrest of blood loss) and blood coagulation involve complex interaction between the injury vessel wall, platelets and coagulation factors
Lecture 8, fall 2014
Coagulation: In medicine, the clotting of blood. The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots.
More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot.
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cerebrovascular accidents.pptx
Classification of cerebrovascular accidents. Transient ischemic attack. Pathogenesis, clinic, treatment, prevention.
Drugs acting on blood
This document discusses drugs that act on blood components to prevent clotting. It covers anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent clot formation, fibrinolytics like streptokinase that break down existing clots, and antiplatelets like aspirin and clopidogrel that inhibit platelet aggregation. The stages of coagulation and fibrinolysis are described. Specific drugs are explained including their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and potential side effects.
Pharmacology: Blood Drugs
This document provides an overview of blood drugs and the coagulation process. It discusses how platelets, coagulation factors, and fibrinogen work together to form blood clots during injury to stop bleeding. It then summarizes different types of drugs that can interfere with coagulation, including platelet inhibitors like aspirin and anticoagulants like heparin. The goal of these drugs is to prevent excessive clotting in certain clinical situations like heart attacks. However, interfering with the body's natural clotting process also increases the risk of bleeding.
Strokes 1
Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing neurological deficits. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain. Common medications used for stroke treatment include antiplatelets like aspirin for prevention, anticoagulants like warfarin, and thrombolytics like rt-PA administered during an acute ischemic stroke. Actilyse is a thrombolytic medication derived from rt-PA that works to break down blood clots and restore blood flow by activating plasminogen to form the enzyme plasmin. While effective, challenges remain to develop variants of Actilyse with better properties like enhanced clot penetration
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The document discusses principles of hemostasis, thrombosis, and anticoagulants. It describes the three stages of hemostasis as blood vessel constriction, formation of a platelet plug, and formation of a clot. Thrombosis is defined as the pathological formation of a thrombus, or blood clot, which can lead to conditions like heart attack, stroke, or deep vein thrombosis. Several types of anticoagulants are mentioned, including vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, heparin and related molecules, and hirudins, along with their basic mechanisms of action in preventing blood clotting.
Platelet
Platelets are cell fragments in the blood that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. They circulate for 7-10 days and are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. When the endothelial lining of blood vessels is damaged, platelets adhere to collagen and activate to aggregate and secrete chemicals that promote clotting. This platelet plug formation helps form thrombi to stop bleeding. Abnormal platelet counts or function can lead to bleeding or clotting disorders. Platelets are used in transfusions to treat low platelet counts but have a short shelf life of 5-7 days.
Coagulant
Coagulant & AntiCoagulant Haemostasis (arrest of blood loss) and blood coagulation involve complex interaction between the injury vessel wall, platelets and coagulation factors
Lecture 8, fall 2014
Coagulation: In medicine, the clotting of blood. The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots.
More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot.
Coagulants and anticoagulants ppt
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Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. Starting at $50.00/hr., depending on pre-assessment. 1 BMS Unit is 4 hr. General Principles and some Organ System require multiple units to complete in preparation for the USMLE Step 1 A HIGH YIELD FOCUS IN Biochemistry / Cell Biology, Microbiology / Immunology and the 4 P’s-Phiso, Pathophys, Path and Pharm. Webcam Facilitated USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills diadactic tutorials /1 Unit is 4 hours, individualized one-on-one and group sessions, Including all Internal Medicine sub-sub-specitialities. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
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This document discusses coagulants and anticoagulants. It describes how coagulants promote coagulation and control bleeding, including systemic coagulants like vitamin K, tranexamic acid, and fibrinogen. Local coagulants called styptics are also discussed. Anticoagulants prevent coagulation and control conditions involving excessive clotting. Common anticoagulants described are heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin and newer oral anticoagulants. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Its mechanism of action and factors affecting dosing are summarized.
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This document discusses hemostatic agents used to treat thrombi (blood clots). It describes three main types of drugs: platelet aggregation inhibitors like aspirin that decrease new clot formation; anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that interrupt the clotting cascade; and fibrinolytics like streptokinase that directly break up existing clots. Aspirin is used to treat possible heart attacks, while heparin and warfarin are used long-term in high-risk patients. Fibrinolytics must be given quickly, so paramedics can administer them pre-hospital. The document provides examples and mechanisms of action for several specific drugs in each category.
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This document discusses blood coagulation and thrombosis. It begins by defining coagulation as the process by which blood loses fluidity and becomes a jelly-like clot. It then describes the stages of clotting including formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The coagulation cascade and factors involved are also outlined. The document further discusses thrombosis, its causes including endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Common sites of arterial and venous thrombi are compared. Oral health considerations and dental management of patients with bleeding disorders are summarized.
Coagulants & anticoagulants
This document discusses coagulants and anticoagulants. It describes the four factors involved in blood clotting and the coagulation process. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting in blood vessels and are classified as in vitro or in vivo. Common anticoagulants include heparin, warfarin, anisindione, and clopidogrel. Anticoagulants interfere with vitamin K dependent clotting factor synthesis in the liver by inhibiting the gamma-carboxylation of certain clotting factors, which is essential for their coagulation function.
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This document discusses various drugs that affect blood fluidity and the hemostatic system. It describes anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent blood clotting through different mechanisms. It also covers antiplatelet drugs like aspirin and clopidogrel that inhibit platelet aggregation. Thrombolytics like tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase are discussed as agents that lyse blood clots. The causes and treatments of anemia are summarized, including iron deficiency and megaloblastic anemias related to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.
hemorrhagic diathesis & hematological melignancy
This document discusses various types of hemorrhagic diathesis including hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemoblastosis, and acute and chronic leukemia. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. Hemophilia is described as a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors. Thrombocytopenia involves a low platelet count and can cause bruising. Hemoblastosis refers to cancers of the blood system including acute and chronic forms of leukemia.
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This document discusses various causes of hemorrhagic diathesis, or increased bleeding tendency. It describes vessel wall abnormalities that can cause less serious bleeding with normal coagulation tests. These include microbial damage, scurvy, drugs, and amyloid infiltration. Thrombocytopenia can also cause bleeding and can result from decreased platelet production or survival. Specific causes mentioned include immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults. Thrombotic microangiopathies like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome involve microthrombi formation and can lead to multiple organ failure.
Presentation of alteplase drugs
Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent produced through recombinant DNA technology. It is used to treat heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, and strokes by breaking up blood clots through the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. The drug has a short half-life of 4-8 minutes and is administered via intravenous infusion over hours. Side effects include bleeding and hemorrhaging while drug interactions can increase the risk of bleeding when combined with other anticoagulants. Patients are counseled about monitoring for signs of bleeding after treatment.
Hemmoragic disorder
Germinal period – 1st – 3rd week
Cleavage, formation of Morula, Blastocyst & its Implantation.
Differentiation of Trophoblast & Chorion,
Appearance of Bilaminar & Trilaminar germ disc, 2 cell stage – app 30 hrs after fertilization.,
4 cell stage – app 40-50 hrs after fertilization ,
12 cell stage – app 72 hrs after fertilization ,
,16 cell stage – app 96 hrs after fertilization
7a..bleeding disorder.
This document discusses various bleeding disorders including:
- Definition as a disorder characterized by spontaneous or excessive bleeding following trauma.
- Etiologies including vessel wall abnormalities (congenital or acquired like vasculitis) and platelet functional disorders.
- Specific disorders discussed in more detail include von Willebrand disease, hemophilia, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
- Clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches are provided for many of the disorders.
Hemorrhagic diathesis i (bleeding disorders)
1. The document discusses common screening tests for bleeding disorders including bleeding time, platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time.
2. It also lists and describes common bleeding disorders such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, von Willebrand disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
3. The pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura are explained in detail, noting it is caused by autoantibodies destroying platelets and treated commonly with corticosteroids or splenectomy.
Bleeding disorder
Discussed the conditions which leads to excessive bleeding in Humans.includes Hemophilia, Thrombocytopenia,DIC and vitamin k deficiency.
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Pathology of Cardiomyopathies
Literally means “disease of the heart muscle”.
Term “cardiomyopathy” is used to describe heart disease resulting from an abnormality in the myocardium.
Diseases of the myocardium usually produce:
>abnormalities in cardiac wall thickness and chamber size.
>mechanical or electrical dysfunction
>associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Thrombolytic agent
Thrombolytic agents work by converting plasminogens to plasmin, which breaks down blood clots. There are fibrin-specific agents like tPA that produce limited plasminogen conversion only in the presence of clots, and non-fibrin specific agents like streptokinase that cause systemic clot lysis. Common thrombolytic drugs include tPA, streptokinase, and reteplase. While these drugs can treat conditions like heart attacks and pulmonary embolism, they should not be used in cases of active bleeding, recent surgery, or severe uncontrolled hypertension due to the risk of hemorrhage.
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This document discusses different types of breathing patterns and hypoxia. It describes Cheyne Stokes breathing as having alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea with a gradual transition between periods. Biot breathing also has periods of hyperventilation and apnea but with an abrupt transition. Different causes of hypoxia are outlined including arterial hypoxia from low oxygen in air, anemic hypoxia from low hemoglobin, ischemic hypoxia from low blood flow, and histotoxic hypoxia from issues with tissue oxygen utilization.
Leukopenia
The terms leukopenia and neutropenia are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to slightly different conditions. Leukopenia is an umbrella term that refers to a reducation in any of the white blood cell types.
Neutropenia is a type of leukopenia but refers specifically to a decrease in neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell. A person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk.
Anaemias
This document defines anemia and describes its causes and symptoms. Anemia is a reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin below normal levels. It can be classified based on red blood cell morphology or etiology. Common causes include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, nutritional deficiencies, and bone marrow disorders. Symptoms result from reduced oxygen carrying capacity and include fatigue, paleness, weakness, and increased heart rate. Severe anemia places greater workload on the heart and can lead to cardiac failure during exercise due to extreme tissue hypoxia.
Cva stroke
A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Symptoms appear suddenly and may include paralysis, speech problems, and vision issues. Strokes are medical emergencies that require immediate diagnosis through scans and tests to identify the type and appropriate treatment, which may include clot-busting drugs or surgery. Rehabilitation is often needed and focuses on regaining abilities through therapies. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol through healthy lifestyle choices and medical management
End organ damages of hypertension 2
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
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Coagulants and anticoagulants ppt
Coagulants and anticoagulants are used to control bleeding and clotting. Coagulants promote clotting while anticoagulants prevent clotting. Coagulants include thrombin and thromboplastin, which can be applied locally to control oozing of blood from small vessels. Transfusional coagulants include specific clotting factors administered to replace deficient factors. Nontransfusional coagulants include vitamin K, which is necessary for the production of several clotting factors in the liver.
Pharmacology- Drugs Affecting the Blood
Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. Starting at $50.00/hr., depending on pre-assessment. 1 BMS Unit is 4 hr. General Principles and some Organ System require multiple units to complete in preparation for the USMLE Step 1 A HIGH YIELD FOCUS IN Biochemistry / Cell Biology, Microbiology / Immunology and the 4 P’s-Phiso, Pathophys, Path and Pharm. Webcam Facilitated USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills diadactic tutorials /1 Unit is 4 hours, individualized one-on-one and group sessions, Including all Internal Medicine sub-sub-specitialities. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
Coagulant and anticoagulants
This document discusses coagulants and anticoagulants. It describes how coagulants promote coagulation and control bleeding, including systemic coagulants like vitamin K, tranexamic acid, and fibrinogen. Local coagulants called styptics are also discussed. Anticoagulants prevent coagulation and control conditions involving excessive clotting. Common anticoagulants described are heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin and newer oral anticoagulants. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Its mechanism of action and factors affecting dosing are summarized.
Hemostatic agents project
This document discusses hemostatic agents used to treat thrombi (blood clots). It describes three main types of drugs: platelet aggregation inhibitors like aspirin that decrease new clot formation; anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that interrupt the clotting cascade; and fibrinolytics like streptokinase that directly break up existing clots. Aspirin is used to treat possible heart attacks, while heparin and warfarin are used long-term in high-risk patients. Fibrinolytics must be given quickly, so paramedics can administer them pre-hospital. The document provides examples and mechanisms of action for several specific drugs in each category.
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coagulants in detail with all drugs, mechanism of action, advantages, adverse effect, contraindication with example and pictures.
in simplified manner , easy to understand
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This document discusses blood coagulation and thrombosis. It begins by defining coagulation as the process by which blood loses fluidity and becomes a jelly-like clot. It then describes the stages of clotting including formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The coagulation cascade and factors involved are also outlined. The document further discusses thrombosis, its causes including endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Common sites of arterial and venous thrombi are compared. Oral health considerations and dental management of patients with bleeding disorders are summarized.
Coagulants & anticoagulants
This document discusses coagulants and anticoagulants. It describes the four factors involved in blood clotting and the coagulation process. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting in blood vessels and are classified as in vitro or in vivo. Common anticoagulants include heparin, warfarin, anisindione, and clopidogrel. Anticoagulants interfere with vitamin K dependent clotting factor synthesis in the liver by inhibiting the gamma-carboxylation of certain clotting factors, which is essential for their coagulation function.
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This document discusses various drugs that affect blood fluidity and the hemostatic system. It describes anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent blood clotting through different mechanisms. It also covers antiplatelet drugs like aspirin and clopidogrel that inhibit platelet aggregation. Thrombolytics like tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase are discussed as agents that lyse blood clots. The causes and treatments of anemia are summarized, including iron deficiency and megaloblastic anemias related to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.
hemorrhagic diathesis & hematological melignancy
This document discusses various types of hemorrhagic diathesis including hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemoblastosis, and acute and chronic leukemia. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. Hemophilia is described as a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors. Thrombocytopenia involves a low platelet count and can cause bruising. Hemoblastosis refers to cancers of the blood system including acute and chronic forms of leukemia.
Bleeding
This document discusses various causes of hemorrhagic diathesis, or increased bleeding tendency. It describes vessel wall abnormalities that can cause less serious bleeding with normal coagulation tests. These include microbial damage, scurvy, drugs, and amyloid infiltration. Thrombocytopenia can also cause bleeding and can result from decreased platelet production or survival. Specific causes mentioned include immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults. Thrombotic microangiopathies like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome involve microthrombi formation and can lead to multiple organ failure.
Presentation of alteplase drugs
Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent produced through recombinant DNA technology. It is used to treat heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, and strokes by breaking up blood clots through the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. The drug has a short half-life of 4-8 minutes and is administered via intravenous infusion over hours. Side effects include bleeding and hemorrhaging while drug interactions can increase the risk of bleeding when combined with other anticoagulants. Patients are counseled about monitoring for signs of bleeding after treatment.
Hemmoragic disorder
Germinal period – 1st – 3rd week
Cleavage, formation of Morula, Blastocyst & its Implantation.
Differentiation of Trophoblast & Chorion,
Appearance of Bilaminar & Trilaminar germ disc, 2 cell stage – app 30 hrs after fertilization.,
4 cell stage – app 40-50 hrs after fertilization ,
12 cell stage – app 72 hrs after fertilization ,
,16 cell stage – app 96 hrs after fertilization
7a..bleeding disorder.
This document discusses various bleeding disorders including:
- Definition as a disorder characterized by spontaneous or excessive bleeding following trauma.
- Etiologies including vessel wall abnormalities (congenital or acquired like vasculitis) and platelet functional disorders.
- Specific disorders discussed in more detail include von Willebrand disease, hemophilia, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
- Clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches are provided for many of the disorders.
Hemorrhagic diathesis i (bleeding disorders)
1. The document discusses common screening tests for bleeding disorders including bleeding time, platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time.
2. It also lists and describes common bleeding disorders such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, von Willebrand disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
3. The pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura are explained in detail, noting it is caused by autoantibodies destroying platelets and treated commonly with corticosteroids or splenectomy.
Bleeding disorder
Discussed the conditions which leads to excessive bleeding in Humans.includes Hemophilia, Thrombocytopenia,DIC and vitamin k deficiency.
Pathology of Cardiomyopathies
Pathology of Cardiomyopathies
Literally means “disease of the heart muscle”.
Term “cardiomyopathy” is used to describe heart disease resulting from an abnormality in the myocardium.
Diseases of the myocardium usually produce:
>abnormalities in cardiac wall thickness and chamber size.
>mechanical or electrical dysfunction
>associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Thrombolytic agent
Thrombolytic agents work by converting plasminogens to plasmin, which breaks down blood clots. There are fibrin-specific agents like tPA that produce limited plasminogen conversion only in the presence of clots, and non-fibrin specific agents like streptokinase that cause systemic clot lysis. Common thrombolytic drugs include tPA, streptokinase, and reteplase. While these drugs can treat conditions like heart attacks and pulmonary embolism, they should not be used in cases of active bleeding, recent surgery, or severe uncontrolled hypertension due to the risk of hemorrhage.
Abnormal Types of Breathing, Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Asphyxia
This document discusses different types of breathing patterns and hypoxia. It describes Cheyne Stokes breathing as having alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea with a gradual transition between periods. Biot breathing also has periods of hyperventilation and apnea but with an abrupt transition. Different causes of hypoxia are outlined including arterial hypoxia from low oxygen in air, anemic hypoxia from low hemoglobin, ischemic hypoxia from low blood flow, and histotoxic hypoxia from issues with tissue oxygen utilization.
Leukopenia
The terms leukopenia and neutropenia are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to slightly different conditions. Leukopenia is an umbrella term that refers to a reducation in any of the white blood cell types.
Neutropenia is a type of leukopenia but refers specifically to a decrease in neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell. A person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk.
Anaemias
This document defines anemia and describes its causes and symptoms. Anemia is a reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin below normal levels. It can be classified based on red blood cell morphology or etiology. Common causes include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, nutritional deficiencies, and bone marrow disorders. Symptoms result from reduced oxygen carrying capacity and include fatigue, paleness, weakness, and increased heart rate. Severe anemia places greater workload on the heart and can lead to cardiac failure during exercise due to extreme tissue hypoxia.
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A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Symptoms appear suddenly and may include paralysis, speech problems, and vision issues. Strokes are medical emergencies that require immediate diagnosis through scans and tests to identify the type and appropriate treatment, which may include clot-busting drugs or surgery. Rehabilitation is often needed and focuses on regaining abilities through therapies. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol through healthy lifestyle choices and medical management
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This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
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Brain stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Symptoms include numbness, confusion, vision problems, and headaches. Treatment focuses on clot-busting drugs, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to minimize brain damage and support recovery. Lifestyle changes like controlling blood pressure, losing weight, quitting smoking, and regular exercise can help prevent stroke.
Ischemic Stroke
This PPT Talk about Ischemic Stroke.
This PPT Covers: Introduction Of Stroke, Definition, Etiology,
Epidemiology, Symptoms, Non-Modifiable Risk factor, Modifiable risk factor, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis.
Stroke
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Syncope
This document provides an overview of syncope (fainting), including definitions, causes, diagnostic approaches, and management. The main points are:
1. Syncope is defined as a brief loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to the brain. It has many potential causes including cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal responses.
2. The diagnostic approach involves taking a medical history and conducting tests like an ECG, tilt table test, or Holter monitor depending on the situation.
3. Syncope has both cardiac and reflex causes. Cardiac causes are more serious and require prompt treatment, while reflex syncope often has identifiable triggers and presentations.
Syncope
This document provides an overview of syncope (fainting), including definitions, causes, diagnostic approaches, and management. The main points are:
1. Syncope is defined as a brief loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to the brain. It has many potential causes including cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal reactions, and structural heart issues.
2. The diagnostic approach involves taking a medical history, physical exam, ECG, and sometimes additional tests like tilt table testing, Holter monitoring, or insertable cardiac monitors.
3. The two broad categories of syncope are cardiogenic (heart-related) and reflex-mediated. Cardiogenic
Stroke
This document discusses strokes, including definitions, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. A stroke is defined as a neurological deficit lasting over 24 hours caused by a focal vascular issue. There are two main types: ischemic (caused by clot or embolism) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Treatment focuses on supporting vital functions, reversing damage with thrombolysis if given early, and rehabilitation.
Cnv disorders
1. The document discusses nervous system disorders including intracranial pressure, components of the brain, causes of increased ICP, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management of increased ICP including drug therapy and nursing care.
2. It also covers topics such as stroke, including types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis using FAST test, treatment including thrombolysis and antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, and nursing care to monitor patients and prevent complications.
3. Finally, it briefly discusses meningitis as an inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord often caused by bacteria or viruses.
stroke.pptx
Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical manifestations, Treatment of Stroke, Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic stroke, Transient Ischemic stroke, Stenting, Clamping,Coiling, Thrombectomy, D.Pharm,B.pharm
Cerebrovascular Accident
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
1) Strokes are caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain and are a leading cause of death and disability in the US.
2) The two main types of strokes are ischemic, caused by blockage of arteries, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain.
3) Warning signs of a stroke include sudden weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, and vision changes. Acting FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) and calling 911 immediately can help reduce stroke damage.
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Minor stroke.pptx
- 1. 41. Minor stroke (stroke with restorative neurological deficit). Etiology, pathogenesis. Clinic, treatment. By Berin Mohamed Ashraf group : 932e
- 2. What is a minor stroke? - The term “minor stroke” is often used for stroke patients with mild and non disabling symptoms. However, a consensus definition is lacking. - There is no standard definition used for a stroke that qualifies as minor. A stroke was defined as minor in the National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator trials when the symptoms were believed at the discretion of the local investigator to be mild and cause very minimal or no disability. - Most definitions used in prior studies of minor stroke did not include the effect on the patient's ability to perform functional and cognitive tasks.
- 4. Etiology - "mini stroke" is caused by a temporary disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain.The disruption in blood supply results in a lack of oxygen to the brain. - This blockage is usually caused by a blood clot that's formed elsewhere in your body and travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain, although it can also be caused by some others risk factors including: - smoking , having diabetes. - high blood pressure (hypertension). - high cholesterol levels. - regularly drinking an excessive amount of alcohol.
- 5. Clinical manifestations - The symptoms associated with TIAs or minor strokes are the same as for major strokes, but they may last only a few minutes. They include any one or combination of the following: - Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arms, or legs, especially on one side of the body - Sudden trouble speaking or understanding - Confusion - Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes - Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden trouble walking
- 6. Treatment Treatment for minor-stroke usually is medication to reduce blood clot risk, and follow-up to consider surgery if the cause is an aneurysm that occasionally slowly leaks blood.and also by reduction of other risk factors. Antiplatelet medicines (Aspirin ) - Antiplatelet medicines work by reducing the ability of platelets( blood cells that help blood to clot) to stick together and form blood clots. Anticoagulant medicines (Heparin or Warfarin) - can help to prevent blood clots by changing the chemical composition of
- 7. Thanks for your attention