Drug-induced liver disease (DILD) is a potentially fatal, often debilitating outcome of drug treatment. The range of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiseizure medications and acetaminophen. Complementary and herbal medicines also contribute disproportionately to this disease burden.
Overview of the Complementary Medicines regulatory frameworkTGA Australia
This presentation provides an overview traditional Chinese Medicines with the complementary medicines regulatory framework and the future of complementary medicine regulation
This document discusses drugs that can induce birth defects and the challenges of epidemiological research on this topic. It notes that 3-4% of live births experience major birth defects, and 40-90% of women consume at least one drug during pregnancy. Various drug classes like antibiotics, anticoagulants, NSAIDs, alcohol, and high-dose vitamin A are mentioned as potential teratogens. Methodological issues addressed include the rarity of specific birth defects requiring large sample sizes, recall bias in studies, and the need for cohort and case-control study designs. Solutions discussed involve different types of cohort studies and reviewing case reports to better understand adverse drug effects and design further research.
The regulation of complementary medicinesTGA Australia
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates complementary medicines in Australia using a risk-based, two-tiered system. Lower risk listed medicines can be marketed with minimal pre-market evaluation, while higher risk registered medicines require pre-market assessment of quality, safety and efficacy. The TGA oversees post-market monitoring and compliance reviews to ensure that medicines meet regulatory requirements. Guidance materials provide information on evidence requirements and the different pathways for listed and registered complementary medicines.
Responding to minor ailments - headache, food and drug allergy.pptxAmeena Kadar
Headaches are a common neurological symptom that can be caused by many disorders. The document discusses the main types of primary and secondary headaches, including their characteristics, triggers, and treatment approaches. Tension-type headaches are the most common type and cause mild-to-moderate pain, while migraines cause severe throbbing pain and other symptoms. Cluster headaches are very severe and tend to occur in patterns. Treatment involves managing triggers, medications like analgesics for relief of acute symptoms, and preventive medications for reducing frequency and severity of headaches. Food allergies involve an immune response to food proteins, while sensitivities are non-immune responses.
This document discusses hospital pharmacoepidemiology, which involves tracking drugs administered to patients during their hospital stay and systematically recording adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It notes challenges like patients receiving care in multiple departments and from various providers, making complete drug exposure data difficult to obtain. Other challenges include uncertain validity of drug and diagnosis information in medical records. Solutions discussed include intensive hospital surveillance programs and use of integrated inpatient databases. The document also describes a new adverse drug monitoring program aimed at improving patient care and safety through activities like maintaining ADR reports, preventing drug interactions, and educating staff.
NOMOGRAMS AND TABULATIONS IN DESIGNING DOSAGE REGIMEN.pptxFirdous Ansari
This document discusses approaches to designing dosage regimens, including empirical, individualized, and population-based regimens. It describes how nomograms can be used to graphically calculate mathematical functions based on patient variables to determine dosages. Nomograms have been used for drugs requiring therapeutic drug monitoring by simplifying equations into diagrams relating dosage to factors like weight, renal function, and drug levels. The document provides an example of using a nomogram to determine the dosing interval for tobramycin based on a patient's characteristics and drug level.
Drug-induced liver disease (DILD) is a potentially fatal, often debilitating outcome of drug treatment. The range of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiseizure medications and acetaminophen. Complementary and herbal medicines also contribute disproportionately to this disease burden.
Overview of the Complementary Medicines regulatory frameworkTGA Australia
This presentation provides an overview traditional Chinese Medicines with the complementary medicines regulatory framework and the future of complementary medicine regulation
This document discusses drugs that can induce birth defects and the challenges of epidemiological research on this topic. It notes that 3-4% of live births experience major birth defects, and 40-90% of women consume at least one drug during pregnancy. Various drug classes like antibiotics, anticoagulants, NSAIDs, alcohol, and high-dose vitamin A are mentioned as potential teratogens. Methodological issues addressed include the rarity of specific birth defects requiring large sample sizes, recall bias in studies, and the need for cohort and case-control study designs. Solutions discussed involve different types of cohort studies and reviewing case reports to better understand adverse drug effects and design further research.
The regulation of complementary medicinesTGA Australia
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates complementary medicines in Australia using a risk-based, two-tiered system. Lower risk listed medicines can be marketed with minimal pre-market evaluation, while higher risk registered medicines require pre-market assessment of quality, safety and efficacy. The TGA oversees post-market monitoring and compliance reviews to ensure that medicines meet regulatory requirements. Guidance materials provide information on evidence requirements and the different pathways for listed and registered complementary medicines.
Responding to minor ailments - headache, food and drug allergy.pptxAmeena Kadar
Headaches are a common neurological symptom that can be caused by many disorders. The document discusses the main types of primary and secondary headaches, including their characteristics, triggers, and treatment approaches. Tension-type headaches are the most common type and cause mild-to-moderate pain, while migraines cause severe throbbing pain and other symptoms. Cluster headaches are very severe and tend to occur in patterns. Treatment involves managing triggers, medications like analgesics for relief of acute symptoms, and preventive medications for reducing frequency and severity of headaches. Food allergies involve an immune response to food proteins, while sensitivities are non-immune responses.
This document discusses hospital pharmacoepidemiology, which involves tracking drugs administered to patients during their hospital stay and systematically recording adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It notes challenges like patients receiving care in multiple departments and from various providers, making complete drug exposure data difficult to obtain. Other challenges include uncertain validity of drug and diagnosis information in medical records. Solutions discussed include intensive hospital surveillance programs and use of integrated inpatient databases. The document also describes a new adverse drug monitoring program aimed at improving patient care and safety through activities like maintaining ADR reports, preventing drug interactions, and educating staff.
NOMOGRAMS AND TABULATIONS IN DESIGNING DOSAGE REGIMEN.pptxFirdous Ansari
This document discusses approaches to designing dosage regimens, including empirical, individualized, and population-based regimens. It describes how nomograms can be used to graphically calculate mathematical functions based on patient variables to determine dosages. Nomograms have been used for drugs requiring therapeutic drug monitoring by simplifying equations into diagrams relating dosage to factors like weight, renal function, and drug levels. The document provides an example of using a nomogram to determine the dosing interval for tobramycin based on a patient's characteristics and drug level.
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the discipline that applies pharmacokinetic concepts and principles in humans in order to design individualized dosage regimens which optimize the therapeutic response of a medication while minimizing the chance of an adverse drug reaction.
The topic of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics will be explored in this presentation, with a focus on how the way drugs are metabolized can be affected by genetics, and how this information can be used to personalize drug therapy. Topics such as drug response, drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and adverse drug reactions will be covered. The importance of pharmacokinetic profiling and therapeutic drug monitoring in ensuring drug safety and effectiveness will also be discussed. Valuable insights into the field of pharmacology and its potential to revolutionize patient care will be provided, making this presentation of interest to healthcare professionals, researchers, and those who wish to learn more about personalized medicine. The world of pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine will be delved into.
The presentation will also highlight the importance of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug development and clinical pharmacology.
By the end of this presentation, you will have a better understanding of the underlying principles of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics and how they can be applied to optimize drug therapy for individual patients. This knowledge is essential for anyone involved in healthcare and drug development, as it has the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse drug reactions.
The liver performs many essential functions, including processing nutrients, manufacturing bile, and breaking down toxic substances. Inflammation of the liver can interfere with these processes. Drugs are a common cause of liver injury, with over 900 drugs reported to cause hepatotoxicity. Risk factors for drug-induced liver injury include both drug-related factors like dose and concomitant medications, as well as host-related factors like age, sex, preexisting liver disease, and genetic differences affecting drug metabolism. Common drugs that can damage the liver include antibiotics, antipsychotics, statins, antifungals, antihypertensives, and herbal supplements.
The document outlines the core elements of medication therapy management (MTM) services provided by pharmacists, including: conducting a medication therapy review, developing a personal medication record and medication action plan, making interventions or referrals, and documenting and providing follow-up. The medication therapy review involves collecting patient information, identifying medication-related problems, and creating a care plan. The personal medication record and medication action plan provide customized records for patients. Interventions address issues identified, and referrals are made when needed. Services are documented and follow-up is provided as needed or when care settings change.
Definition, Patterns/types and mechanisms of drug induced liver disorders, assessment of drug induced liver disorders and its treatment (pharmacotherapeutics-3)
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of stroke. It begins by defining stroke and classifying it as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Risk factors and pathophysiology are described. Clinical presentations include weakness, speech problems, or vision loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI to distinguish ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke. Treatment goals are to reduce injury, prevent complications and recurrence. For ischemic stroke, IV tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours or aspirin within 48 hours are recommended. Secondary prevention includes managing conditions like atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and diabetes to prevent future strokes.
The number of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiepileptic medications and acetaminophen.
Complementary (herbal) medicines contribute to Liver Dysfuntion.
OUTCOME MEASURES & DRUG USE MEASURE.pptxAsiya Naaz
This document discusses outcome measures and drug use measures in epidemiology. It describes two approaches to measuring outcomes: statistical methods like prevalence, incidence, and incidence rates; and drug use measures like monetary units, number of prescriptions, units of drugs dispensed, defined daily doses, and prescribed daily doses. It also discusses several methods for measuring patient adherence, including biological assays, pill counts, weight of topical medications, electronic monitoring, and patient interviews.
This document outlines the process of drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which involves ongoing review of drug use and prescribing patterns to promote optimal drug therapy. It describes the aims of DUE as improving health outcomes, safety and costs. The DUE process involves planning studies, collecting data, evaluating results against criteria, providing feedback, developing interventions, and re-evaluating drug use. Key roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in conducting this quality improvement process are also summarized.
This document discusses the importance of evaluating clinical literature and provides guidance on how to systematically approach literature evaluation. It describes how to identify the level and type of reference (tertiary, secondary, primary), and provides tips for evaluating different aspects of clinical studies, such as the objective, subjects, treatment administration, setting, methods, controls, and data analysis. The document also discusses how the FDA communicates important drug safety information to healthcare professionals and the public.
This document discusses population pharmacokinetics and analyzing population pharmacokinetic data. It notes that while all humans are alike as a species, there are differences between populations in drug metabolism and responses. These differences are due to genetic variations between racial/ethnic groups. It describes several methods for analyzing population pharmacokinetic data, including NONMEM, which fits concentration data from all subjects simultaneously to estimate population parameters and variances, and standard two-stage methods.
This document provides an overview of drug-induced liver disease (DILD). It defines DILD and discusses its epidemiology and risk factors. Two main mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are described - intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Various types of DILD are outlined including hepatocellular necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, granulomatous hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment approaches are summarized. Assessment involves a patient history, liver enzyme levels, biopsy, and nutritional status evaluation. Treatment focuses on diagnosis, drug withdrawal, supportive care, and use of antidotes/corticosteroids if needed.
This document discusses drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which is defined as an ongoing quality improvement process to optimize drug use. It describes the types of DUE as drug-focused, indication-focused, quantitative, and qualitative. The roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in DUE are also outlined. The key aspects of the DUE cycle are planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. Common metrics used in DUE like defined daily dose and criteria for conducting the DUE cycle are also summarized.
The document discusses documenting clinical pharmacy services. It states that documenting activities is essential for providing services and involves recording patient information, interventions, workload statistics, and quality indicators. The objectives of documentation are to improve patient care, communicate with other providers, demonstrate pharmacist accountability and assess service quality. Clinical activities that should be documented include information in health records, departments records, interventions, and workload/performance indicators.
This document provides information about food allergies. It discusses that food allergies are an immune system reaction to certain foods and affect 6-8% of children and 3% of adults. Common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. It also provides details on specific food allergies like peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, and wheat, including common symptoms, avoidance strategies, and sources of cross-contamination. The mechanisms of food allergies and classifications of allergic responses are also explained.
RESPONDING TO THE SYMPTOMS OF MINOR AILMENTSFOOD AND DRUG ALLERGY
Minor ailments are generally defined as medical conditions that will resolve on their own and can be reasonably self-diagnosed and self-managed with over the counter medications.
Community pharmacists are seen as one of the most accessible health care professions since many pharmacies can be found on the high street and no appointment is necessary.
Responding to symptoms is one of the important role of community pharmacist so as to be able to provide the proper pharmaceutical care.
They supply medicines in accordance with a prescription or when legally permitted, dispense them without a prescription.
FOOD ALLERGY
Food allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to certain proteins in food.
Food allergic reactions vary in severity from mild symptoms involving hives and lip swelling to severe, life-threatening symptoms, often called anaphylaxis, that may involve fatal respiratory problems and shock.
There are many food allergies.
Food allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to certain proteins in food.
Food allergic reactions vary in severity from mild symptoms involving hives and lip swelling to severe, life-threatening symptoms, often called anaphylaxis, that may involve fatal respiratory problems and shock.
There are many food allergies.
ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST IN MANAGING FOOD ALLERGIES
DRUG ALLERGY
A drug allergy is the reaction of the immune system to a medicine.
Any medicine nonprescription, prescription or herbal can provoke a drug allergy.
Include inactive or nonmedicinal ingredients into computer allergy database.
Perform independent double checks during order entry and dispensing as well to prevent incidences of allergic reactions undetected by the computer software.
The pharmacist should instruct the patient to carry a Medic Alert card or bracelet to avoid future accidental prescription/dispensing of any drugs to which he or she is allergic.
Pharmacists should educate patients about drug allergies.
Patients and family members should be educated on the generic names of the drugs they are allergic to and other potentially cross-reacting drugs.
The pharmacist can also help families know if a related drug might cause a similar reaction
Pharmacists can help patients and families identify drug allergies by asking questions such as:
When did your reaction occur?
Have you had any recent drug changes?
What were your symptoms?
Does anything make you feel better or worse?
Whenever a person presents with a suspected drug allergy, a detailed record should be taken to include the generic and brand names of the drug, its strength and formulation and which drugs, or drug classes, should be avoided in future
Pharmacists can help treat drug allergies by stopping the drug, using a different dose or form of the drug, or using additional drugs to relieve allergy symptoms (Antihistamines, Corticosteroids).
Hospital & community pharmacy M.Pharm
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the discipline that applies pharmacokinetic concepts and principles in humans in order to design individualized dosage regimens which optimize the therapeutic response of a medication while minimizing the chance of an adverse drug reaction.
The topic of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics will be explored in this presentation, with a focus on how the way drugs are metabolized can be affected by genetics, and how this information can be used to personalize drug therapy. Topics such as drug response, drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and adverse drug reactions will be covered. The importance of pharmacokinetic profiling and therapeutic drug monitoring in ensuring drug safety and effectiveness will also be discussed. Valuable insights into the field of pharmacology and its potential to revolutionize patient care will be provided, making this presentation of interest to healthcare professionals, researchers, and those who wish to learn more about personalized medicine. The world of pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine will be delved into.
The presentation will also highlight the importance of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug development and clinical pharmacology.
By the end of this presentation, you will have a better understanding of the underlying principles of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics and how they can be applied to optimize drug therapy for individual patients. This knowledge is essential for anyone involved in healthcare and drug development, as it has the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse drug reactions.
The liver performs many essential functions, including processing nutrients, manufacturing bile, and breaking down toxic substances. Inflammation of the liver can interfere with these processes. Drugs are a common cause of liver injury, with over 900 drugs reported to cause hepatotoxicity. Risk factors for drug-induced liver injury include both drug-related factors like dose and concomitant medications, as well as host-related factors like age, sex, preexisting liver disease, and genetic differences affecting drug metabolism. Common drugs that can damage the liver include antibiotics, antipsychotics, statins, antifungals, antihypertensives, and herbal supplements.
The document outlines the core elements of medication therapy management (MTM) services provided by pharmacists, including: conducting a medication therapy review, developing a personal medication record and medication action plan, making interventions or referrals, and documenting and providing follow-up. The medication therapy review involves collecting patient information, identifying medication-related problems, and creating a care plan. The personal medication record and medication action plan provide customized records for patients. Interventions address issues identified, and referrals are made when needed. Services are documented and follow-up is provided as needed or when care settings change.
Definition, Patterns/types and mechanisms of drug induced liver disorders, assessment of drug induced liver disorders and its treatment (pharmacotherapeutics-3)
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of stroke. It begins by defining stroke and classifying it as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Risk factors and pathophysiology are described. Clinical presentations include weakness, speech problems, or vision loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI to distinguish ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke. Treatment goals are to reduce injury, prevent complications and recurrence. For ischemic stroke, IV tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours or aspirin within 48 hours are recommended. Secondary prevention includes managing conditions like atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and diabetes to prevent future strokes.
The number of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiepileptic medications and acetaminophen.
Complementary (herbal) medicines contribute to Liver Dysfuntion.
OUTCOME MEASURES & DRUG USE MEASURE.pptxAsiya Naaz
This document discusses outcome measures and drug use measures in epidemiology. It describes two approaches to measuring outcomes: statistical methods like prevalence, incidence, and incidence rates; and drug use measures like monetary units, number of prescriptions, units of drugs dispensed, defined daily doses, and prescribed daily doses. It also discusses several methods for measuring patient adherence, including biological assays, pill counts, weight of topical medications, electronic monitoring, and patient interviews.
This document outlines the process of drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which involves ongoing review of drug use and prescribing patterns to promote optimal drug therapy. It describes the aims of DUE as improving health outcomes, safety and costs. The DUE process involves planning studies, collecting data, evaluating results against criteria, providing feedback, developing interventions, and re-evaluating drug use. Key roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in conducting this quality improvement process are also summarized.
This document discusses the importance of evaluating clinical literature and provides guidance on how to systematically approach literature evaluation. It describes how to identify the level and type of reference (tertiary, secondary, primary), and provides tips for evaluating different aspects of clinical studies, such as the objective, subjects, treatment administration, setting, methods, controls, and data analysis. The document also discusses how the FDA communicates important drug safety information to healthcare professionals and the public.
This document discusses population pharmacokinetics and analyzing population pharmacokinetic data. It notes that while all humans are alike as a species, there are differences between populations in drug metabolism and responses. These differences are due to genetic variations between racial/ethnic groups. It describes several methods for analyzing population pharmacokinetic data, including NONMEM, which fits concentration data from all subjects simultaneously to estimate population parameters and variances, and standard two-stage methods.
This document provides an overview of drug-induced liver disease (DILD). It defines DILD and discusses its epidemiology and risk factors. Two main mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are described - intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Various types of DILD are outlined including hepatocellular necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, granulomatous hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment approaches are summarized. Assessment involves a patient history, liver enzyme levels, biopsy, and nutritional status evaluation. Treatment focuses on diagnosis, drug withdrawal, supportive care, and use of antidotes/corticosteroids if needed.
This document discusses drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which is defined as an ongoing quality improvement process to optimize drug use. It describes the types of DUE as drug-focused, indication-focused, quantitative, and qualitative. The roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in DUE are also outlined. The key aspects of the DUE cycle are planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. Common metrics used in DUE like defined daily dose and criteria for conducting the DUE cycle are also summarized.
The document discusses documenting clinical pharmacy services. It states that documenting activities is essential for providing services and involves recording patient information, interventions, workload statistics, and quality indicators. The objectives of documentation are to improve patient care, communicate with other providers, demonstrate pharmacist accountability and assess service quality. Clinical activities that should be documented include information in health records, departments records, interventions, and workload/performance indicators.
This document provides information about food allergies. It discusses that food allergies are an immune system reaction to certain foods and affect 6-8% of children and 3% of adults. Common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. It also provides details on specific food allergies like peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, and wheat, including common symptoms, avoidance strategies, and sources of cross-contamination. The mechanisms of food allergies and classifications of allergic responses are also explained.
RESPONDING TO THE SYMPTOMS OF MINOR AILMENTSFOOD AND DRUG ALLERGY
Minor ailments are generally defined as medical conditions that will resolve on their own and can be reasonably self-diagnosed and self-managed with over the counter medications.
Community pharmacists are seen as one of the most accessible health care professions since many pharmacies can be found on the high street and no appointment is necessary.
Responding to symptoms is one of the important role of community pharmacist so as to be able to provide the proper pharmaceutical care.
They supply medicines in accordance with a prescription or when legally permitted, dispense them without a prescription.
FOOD ALLERGY
Food allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to certain proteins in food.
Food allergic reactions vary in severity from mild symptoms involving hives and lip swelling to severe, life-threatening symptoms, often called anaphylaxis, that may involve fatal respiratory problems and shock.
There are many food allergies.
Food allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to certain proteins in food.
Food allergic reactions vary in severity from mild symptoms involving hives and lip swelling to severe, life-threatening symptoms, often called anaphylaxis, that may involve fatal respiratory problems and shock.
There are many food allergies.
ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST IN MANAGING FOOD ALLERGIES
DRUG ALLERGY
A drug allergy is the reaction of the immune system to a medicine.
Any medicine nonprescription, prescription or herbal can provoke a drug allergy.
Include inactive or nonmedicinal ingredients into computer allergy database.
Perform independent double checks during order entry and dispensing as well to prevent incidences of allergic reactions undetected by the computer software.
The pharmacist should instruct the patient to carry a Medic Alert card or bracelet to avoid future accidental prescription/dispensing of any drugs to which he or she is allergic.
Pharmacists should educate patients about drug allergies.
Patients and family members should be educated on the generic names of the drugs they are allergic to and other potentially cross-reacting drugs.
The pharmacist can also help families know if a related drug might cause a similar reaction
Pharmacists can help patients and families identify drug allergies by asking questions such as:
When did your reaction occur?
Have you had any recent drug changes?
What were your symptoms?
Does anything make you feel better or worse?
Whenever a person presents with a suspected drug allergy, a detailed record should be taken to include the generic and brand names of the drug, its strength and formulation and which drugs, or drug classes, should be avoided in future
Pharmacists can help treat drug allergies by stopping the drug, using a different dose or form of the drug, or using additional drugs to relieve allergy symptoms (Antihistamines, Corticosteroids).
Hospital & community pharmacy M.Pharm
Multifactorial disorders are caused by multiple genes interacting with environmental factors, with each factor making a small contribution. Common multifactorial disorders include asthma, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and mood disorders. The risk of developing a multifactorial disorder is influenced by family history and other genetic and environmental risk factors. Treatment depends on the specific disorder but may include controlling environmental triggers, medication, and lifestyle changes.
Influenza is caused by a virus that infects cells and often mutates, so immunity to one strain does not protect against others. It is transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or inhaled aerosols. Symptoms include fever, body aches, headache, and cough. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and there are now three licensed antiviral treatments in the UK. Prevention includes an annual flu vaccine tailored to the strains expected to cause epidemics that year. Anorexia nervosa has unclear causes but links to anxiety, unhappiness, and low self-esteem. Symptoms include extreme weight loss and medical complications. Treatment involves hospitalization for refeeding and behavioral therapy to address emotional issues.
The document discusses the differences between food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies involve an immune system response, while food intolerances do not. Common symptoms of food intolerances include bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort. Food intolerances are often caused by a lack of enzymes to digest certain foods, food chemicals like histamine and salicylates, or pharmacological reactions. Diagnosis involves an elimination diet to identify trigger foods and improvement of symptoms when those foods are avoided.
This document summarizes the key points about hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, presentation, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition. Regarding treatment, the document outlines supportive approaches like IV hydration and nutrition, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions including pyridoxine, antihistamines, ondansetron, corticosteroids, and metoclopramide if other options fail. Prognosis is typically good with treatment, though untreated cases can lead to malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and adverse fetal outcomes.
Allergies are an overreaction of the body's immune system to particular substances. Symptoms vary between individuals and can range from minor irritation to life-threatening emergencies. While allergies cannot be cured, treatments can help reduce symptoms. Nutritional supplements like vitamins A, C, E, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids as well as natural remedies like ginger, honey, and turmeric can help manage allergy symptoms. Maintaining a healthy diet, lifestyle, and environment can also help prevent allergic reactions.
Food allergies affect many children and adults and occur when the immune system mistakenly reacts to certain foods. Common food allergens include shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, eggs, milk and peanuts. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can range from mild to life-threatening. Treatment involves identifying the allergenic foods and avoiding them, and having epinephrine available in case of a severe reaction. It is important for those with food allergies to read food labels carefully and be prepared to treat any allergic responses.
Do you know how your body interacts with food?Anne Kurilich
An educational presentation on personalized wellness tests that can help you determine how your body interacts with food, chemicals and medications and what diseases you may be predisposed to.
Food allergies are an exaggerated immune response to certain foods, most commonly shrimp, milk, eggs, wheat, and fish. Symptoms usually occur within 2 hours of eating the offending food and can include stomach cramps, nasal congestion, itching, low blood pressure, and asthma. Skin and blood tests are used to confirm allergies, and elimination diets avoid suspected foods until symptoms disappear. Challenge testing under medical supervision may then be done to identify specific allergies, but this carries risks of severe allergic reactions. Treatment involves epinephrine injections for allergic reactions and consulting an allergist or immunologist.
This document discusses the approach to recurrent abdominal pain in children. It defines acute, subacute, and chronic abdominal pain and discusses recurrent abdominal pain. The most common causes of abdominal pain seen in emergency departments are also summarized. A full history and physical exam are important for evaluating abdominal pain, and diagnostic testing should be guided by symptoms and exam findings. Home care and lifestyle advice are usually sufficient for recurrent abdominal pain in children without concerning alarm symptoms.
Food allergies are the adverse effects that affect the immune system when certain kinds of food are eaten. It usually affects kids more than adults but is more frequently being seen in adults as well.
Food allergies are abnormal immune responses to certain proteins in foods. The prevalence of food allergies among children has increased in recent decades. Reactions can range from mild hives to life-threatening anaphylaxis, which is treated with epinephrine. While schools are responsible for accommodating students with food allergies, families also have responsibilities like providing medical documentation and medications. Complete avoidance of allergenic foods is currently the only way to prevent reactions.
This document discusses medical and nutritional management of feeding disorders. It provides an overview of digestion and common issues like gastroesophageal reflux. Evaluation may include medical history, tests like barium swallows, and objective assessments. Treatments include conservative measures, pharmacotherapy, and sometimes surgery. Nutritional management involves screening, assessing nutritional needs, and addressing issues like malnutrition. Alternative feeding routes like tubes are described when oral feeding is not possible.
responding to minor ailments- pyrexia,mens.pptxAmeena Kadar
The document provides information on responding to minor ailments and symptoms. It discusses obtaining sufficient information from the patient, referring them if serious conditions are suspected, and advising follow-up if symptoms persist. It also covers causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of pyrexia (fever) including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Finally, it addresses menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea, including causes, symptoms, and treatment options like medications and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children. It provides information on the epidemiology, clinical profile, classification, pathophysiology, etiology, alarm symptoms and signs, diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of RAP. Treatment involves ruling out organic causes, reassurance, allowing normal activity, addressing stressors, and may include pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and behavioral therapies. The goal is to help the child return to normal activities and improve their pain over time.
This document discusses inflammation and ways to reduce it. It defines inflammation as the body's defense response to injury, infection, or cells gone awry. It notes that many diseases are rooted in inflammation and discusses links between poor dental health, gut bacteria, and systemic inflammation. The document recommends reducing inflammation through diet, lifestyle factors like exercise, stress reduction, and avoiding processed foods, refined oils, excess alcohol, and lack of sleep. The diet highlighted emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts/seeds, herbs and spices while limiting animal products.
Allergy is the reaction reflected onto one’s body due to a foreign substance. Allergies in the body can be caused due to foods, drugs and inhalants. Testing for allergy is the most effective way to diagnose and manage the allergens that can lead to severe complications in future. To know more about the diagnosis and management of different kinds of allergies, you can visit an allergy test lab in Ahmedabad.
Breast Cancer Awareness Month has
been celebrated every October for the
last 90 years. It is called as “Pink
October” as people around the world
adopt the color pink and display a pink
ribbon to raise awareness about the
importance of prevention and routine
screening for the early diagnosis of
breast cancer.The theme for Breast Cancer
Awareness Month, 2023 is 'Keeping
Her in the Picture'
, a plea to everyone
to keep an eye on the well-being of the
significant women in their lives.
Nipah virus (NiV) causes the deadly viral zoonotic infectious disease called Nipah, that can transmit from animals to humans.
Animals such as bats, most commonly the fruit bats called as flying fox and pigs were the acting carriers of Niv.
Nipah viral infection in humans results in range of clinical presentations such as asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.
This infection has about 40 to 75% fatality rate, which can be varied depending on the local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
Presently approved treatment or vaccination is unavailable for infected rather than supportive care.
Therefore, the disease calls out for an urgent need for an approved treatment regimen for a proper cure of the disease. As stated by the 2018 annual review of the WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases.
Bloating is a condition where your belly feels full and tight, often due to gas.
People might confuse bloating with other reasons for a more noticeable belly, such as abdominal wall laxity, or looseness. This is common, especially among older women and those who have had children.
It's important to know the difference so you can get the right treatment. A toned abdomen can make it easier to see a difference when the gut is full of food or stool.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a catastrophic impact on human
health.1 They cause the severe acute respiratory syndrome, leading to a significant
increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide.2 In addition to ample vaccine
availability for mitigating COVID-19, there is an urgency for an effective, easily
compatible antiviral drug. Although antivirals like Ramdesivir and Favipiravir was
tried in the early pandemic, yet it failed to exhibit the expected potency.2,3
Basics of Molnupiravir:
It is an isopropyl ester prodrug initially developed by Emory inventory. Later the
same was acquired by Merck and Ridgeback partnership.4 So far, the antivirals
terminated the elongation of RNA-chain by targeting the viral polymerase, which was
not a promising treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. They also had a limitation in
their administration. Whereas molnupiravir, the so-called magic pill, is an exceptional
drug with a unique error catastrophic mechanism that advances in increasing the rate
of mutation in the viral genome, outweighing the
As per a study (Sizar et al., 2021), Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is highly prevalent among
more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is of 2 types vitamin D3 and vitamin D2;
It is a prohormone and has a significant role in controlling calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. It also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative functions in
various parts of our body. VDD is a common symptom in most chronic and severe diseases
such as cancer (prostate, breast, and colon cancer), mental disorders, asthma, diabetic
retinopathy, infectious, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. In children, VDD is linked
to detrimental defects such as rickets, dental caries, growth failure, and premature death.
VDD increases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women, which results in the need for a
cesarean section. Pregnant, lactating, dark-toned (highly melanin pigmented), obese
children and children and adults who abstained from direct sun exposure are at high risk of
VDD. Consequentially use of sunscreen, season, altitude, latitude, time of the day, and
clothing influence the sun-induced synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin. UV-B and some UV-A
radiation are absorbed by sunscreen, thus preventing it from reaching the skin and leading
to VDD.
Monkeypox is derived from the genus Orthopoxvirus from the family Poxividae. This
genus has two kinds of viruses: smallpox and monkeypox virus. Monkeypox is a
zoonotic disease (spread from animal to human or vice versa) and was initially
diagnosed with pox-like symptoms on colonies of monkeys kept for research in 1958,
hence the name monkeypox. At the time of the elimination of smallpox in 1970,
monkeypox in humans was first identified in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
later in Central and Western African countries.1,2 In 2019, a newer vaccinia vaccine
was approved to prevent the disease. Furthermore, investigations are still carried out
on the same.
Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with
infected animals' blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions. In Africa,
evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals, including
rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, different species of
monkeys, and others. It was also found that eating improperly/half-cooked meat is
also a cause. The disease spread outside Africa by infected travellers and imported
infected animals. In 2018-2019, cases of monkeypox were confirmed in travellers
from Nigeria, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Human-to-human
transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions and lesions of
the skin.3
Risk groups include people with severe illnesses who require hospitalization or an
immune-compromised person (HIV, leukaemia, etc); patients with comorbidities, a
pediatric population less than eight years old, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.2
The incubation period is generally 6-13 days, but it can range from 5-21 days. The
disease progression has two phases: The invasive phase (0-5 days), characterized by
headache, fever, back pain, myalgia, fatigue and lymphadenopathy. The rash
appearing phase (1-3 days) begins after the onset of the first phase and is
characterized by the appearance of rashes on the face and then spreads up to the
trunk and limbs of the body. Rashes evolve from macules (flat base lesions) to papules
(firm lesions), then vesicles (clear fluid- filled lesions), and finally postulates
(yellowish fluid-filled lesions) and crusts. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), palms
of the hands, and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected were oral mucous
membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), conjunctivae (20%), as well as cornea.
Complications of monkeypox include pneumonitis, encephalitis, sight-threatening
keratitis, and secondary bacterial infections.3,4
Nipah virus (NiV) causes the deadly viral zoonotic infectious disease called Nipah, that
can transmit from animals to humans.
• Animals such as bats, most commonly the fruit bats called as flying fox and pigs were
the acting carriers of Niv.
• Nipah viral infection in humans results in range of clinical presentations such as
asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal
encephalitis.
• This infection has about 40 to 75% fatality rate, which can be varied depending on
the local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
• Presently approved treatment or vaccination is unavailable for infected rather than
supportive care.
• Therefore, the disease calls out for an urgent need for an approved treatment
regimen for a proper cure of the disease. As stated by the 2018 annual review of the
WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases.
“Pharmacy strengthening health
systems” is the theme of World
Pharmacists Day on 25 September
This subject basically emphasises how crucial pharmacy is to maintaining and
strengthening the healthcare system for the benefit of people and communities
across the globe.
History of World Pharmacist Day
At the 2009 International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Congress in
Istanbul, Turkey, the notion of a global pharmacist day was created. The FIP
Council selected pharmacy leaders from across the world and endorsed World
Pharmacists Day on September 25.
The Week is an initiative of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (Lead Paint
Alliance), which is jointly led by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and World
Health Organization (WHO). It takes place annually in October. International Lead
Poisoning Prevention Week 2023 takes place from 22-28 October.
The week of action aims to draw attention to the health impacts of lead exposure,
highlight efforts by countries and partners to prevent childhood lead exposure, and
accelerate efforts to phase out the use of lead in paint and paint products in future.
#leadpoisoning
Air pollution is a familiar environmental health hazard. We know what we’re looking at
when brown haze settles over a city, exhaust billows across a busy highway, or a plume
rises from a smokestack. Some air pollution is not seen, but its pungent smell alerts you.
It is a major threat to global health and prosperity. Air pollution, in all forms, is responsible
for more than 6.5 million deaths each year globally, a number that has increased over the
past two decades.
Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.
Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing
and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical
production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution.
Nature releases hazardous substances into the air, such as smoke from wildfires, which are
often caused by people; ash and gases from volcanic eruptions; and gases, like methane,
which are emitted from decomposing organic matter in soils.
Bloating is a condition where your belly feels full and tight, often due to gas.
People might confuse bloating with other reasons for a more noticeable belly, such as abdominal wall laxity, or looseness. This is common, especially among older women and those who have had children.
It's important to know the difference so you can get the right treatment. A toned abdomen can make it easier to see a difference when the gut is full of food or stool.
Breast Cancer Awareness Month has
been celebrated every October for the
last 90 years. It is called as “Pink
October” as people around the world
adopt the color pink and display a pink
ribbon to raise awareness about the
importance of prevention and routine
screening for the early diagnosis of
breast cancer.
The theme for Breast Cancer
Awareness Month, 2023 is 'Keeping
Her in the Picture'
, a plea to everyone
to keep an eye on the well-being of the
significant women in their lives.
Nipah virus (Niv) is a zoonotic virus that can spread between animals and people. Fruit bats, also called flying foxes, are the NIV reservoir among animals in nature. Spread of disease occurs from the infected fruit bats to other animals, such as pigs, and from infected animals to humans. The infection occurs through contaminated fruits by the animal's body fluids such as saliva, urine, or blood. Therefore, the initial spread is from animals to humans and then within humans.
Thus, the infection caused by Niv results in milder to severe illness ranging from acute respiratory tract infection to severe brain encephalitis (swelling of the brain). The Nipah outbreaks were most commonly observed in parts of Asia, primarily India and Bangladesh. This outbreak reported 40-75% of deaths in 1998 and 2018.
Past outbreaks
Nipah virus (NiV) was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of disease in pigs and people in 1999. This outbreak resulted in more than 100 deaths and nearly 300 infected cases in people. More than a million pigs were killed to control further outbreaks of disease, and there have been no outbreaks in both countries since 1999.
In 2001, an annual outbreak of the disease was observed in Bangladesh. It was also periodically identified in India. The quick spread of the virus from animals to humans raised concern about NIV and made it a global pandemic.
Transmission
The first known outbreak in Singapore and Malaysia was through direct contact with the Nipah (Niv) infected pigs or their body fluids. It identified that the infected pigs got the Niv strain from bats, which subsequently resulted in transmission of the viral strains from pigs to humans by their unprotected exposure to infected animal species, which in turn led to a severe health issue in contact with humans that was even fatal due to unavailability of proper medications or vaccinations. There was no report of person-person transmission of disease in the outbreak.
Whereas person-person transmission was first reported in India (2001) and Bangladesh (2001-2008) by consumption of fruits and vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals caused Nipah virus infection.
The spread of the Nipah virus (NiV) from people was through the following causes:
• Direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids (such as bats or pigs).
• Consumption of fruits or vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals (such as palm sap).
• Close or direct contact with Niv infected person infected their body fluids (such as nasal droplets, blood, or urine).
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms commonly appear 4-14 days after exposure to the virus. However, in many cases incubation period as long as 45 days has been reported.
Symptoms may initially include one or several of the following for 3-14days:
• Fever
• Headache
• Vomiting
Signs of respiratory illness:
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Difficulty breathing
This study examined disposal practices of unused and expired medications among the general public in Kabul, Afghanistan. 301 participants were surveyed. The study found that while most participants purchased medications with prescriptions and checked expiration dates, the majority disposed of unused/expired drugs by throwing them in household trash. Nearly all recognized the environmental and health risks of improper disposal. The study concludes that clear guidance and awareness campaigns on safe disposal are needed in Afghanistan, and that pharmacists are well-positioned to educate the public.
This document presents a case study of a 21-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital with duodenal ulcer. Objective findings from examinations confirmed the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer seen on endoscopy. The patient's history of irregular eating habits and skipping meals contributed to ulcer development. A treatment plan was developed using pantoprazole, sucralfate, tramadol, ondansetron, and magnesium hydroxide to treat the ulcer and relieve symptoms while monitoring for drug toxicity and therapeutic response through follow-up endoscopy. Patient education focused on the disease, medication use, and importance of regular eating.
This document discusses smoking cessation and methods for quitting smoking. It notes that tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemicals including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and other toxins. Quitting smoking can increase life expectancy, reduce health risks, and improve quality of life. Common diseases caused by smoking include various cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Non-pharmacological methods for quitting involve behavioral changes, counseling and motivational techniques. Pharmacological aids include nicotine replacement therapies like patches, gum and lozenges, as well as prescription drugs. With treatment, withdrawal symptoms are temporary and health benefits of quitting can be seen over time.
Bioavailability is defined as the rate and extent of absorption of a drug from its dosage form. It is determined by comparing the absorption of a drug formulation to a reference standard, usually intravenous administration. There are two main categories for quantitatively measuring bioavailability - pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methods. Pharmacokinetic methods, like plasma level-time studies, are most widely used and reliable. They involve collecting serial blood samples after drug administration to obtain plasma concentration-time profiles and calculate parameters like Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Urinary excretion studies can also be used if a significant portion of the drug is excreted unchanged in urine. Pharmacodynamic methods measure physiological effects but are more variable and difficult to
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. RESPONDING TO SYMPTOMS OF MINOR
AILMENTS: Menstrual pain, food and drug allergy
PRESENTED BY:
ZAINABATH MAHNOORA
NU20PHPP13
1ST MPHARM
PHARMACY PRACTICE
2. HAVE YOU EVER SUFFERED FROM ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING ?
COLD FEVER
COUGH AND SORE THROAT
HEADACHE
MINOR ACHE/PAIN
DIARHORREA/CONSTPATION
FOOD ALLERGY
DRUG ALLERGY
3. MINOR AILMENTS :
Are generally defined as medical conditions that will
resolve on their own and can be reasonably self –
managed with over the counter medications.
Example: Headache, Back pain, Pyrexia, Menstrual
pain , Drug and food allergy.
4. Where to get advice on
how to treat it ?
Is there any medicine which
you can buy without
prescription to relieve these
symptoms ?
If you should see your
doctor, when ?
5. • OTC drugs-treatment is
done for temporary relief
• Take advice from
friends and family
• Health columns in
magazines and
newspaper
• Pharmacist are
trained to recognize
and treat these
minor ailment and
give healthcare
advice
• When your
pharmacist advice
or when your
symptoms prolong
to be serious
6. THINGS TO TELL YOUR PHARMACIST BEFORE TREATMENT
WHAT ARE YOUR SYMPTOMS ?
WHEN DID THE SYMPTOMS BEGIN ?
DID YOU TRY ANY TREATMENTS FOR CURE ?
YOU ARE ALLERGIC TO ANY MEDICINE
YOU ARE UNDER ANY TREAMENT FOR ANY OTHER CONDITION
DO YOU HAVE ANY FOOD ALLERGIES ?
DO THE SAME DISEASE SUFFERED BY ANYONE ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY
OR LOCALITY ?
9. DYSMENORRHEA
• Also known as painful periods or menstrual cramps, is a pain during menstruation
• Begins at the onset of periods
• Last less than 3 days
• Pain occurs in pelvic region or lower abdomen and thighs
Two types:
Primary dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea
Common menstrual cramps, is recurrent Painful periods due to a disorder or an infection
Pain begins one or two days before periods Begins earlier in the menstrual cycle and last
longer, affect women of age 30 and above
Nausea and vomiting (may present) Dyspareunia, intermenstrual bleeding,
Reason ; contraction of uterus Problems with reproductive organs
• Endometriosis
• Adenomycosis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• fibroids
10. SYMPTOMS:
Aching pain the abdomen
Feeling of pressure in the abdomen
Pain in the hips, lower back and inner thighs
Loose stools
Nausea
Dizziness
Hip pain
Headache
11. CAUSES:
PRIMARY
Being under 20
Family history of painful
periods
Smoking heavy bleeding
Irregular periods
Puberty reach
Not having a baby
SECONDARY
Endometriosis
Leiomyoma
Ovarian cyst or tumor
Adenomycosis
Pelvic congestion
Fibroids
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Sexually transmitted infections
15. A. HOME REMEDIES
EXERCISE
Ease the pain of menstrual cramps
HEAT
• Using a heating pad or hot water bottle or heat patch on lower abdomen
• Taking it along with analgesic are more effective
• Taking a hot water bath
• Hot massage
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
• Drinking plenty of fluids to ease abdominal bloating
• Vitamin E, Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B(thiamine), vitamin-B6 and management
• Papaya, olive oil, chicken, fishes and leafy vegetables, avocado, chickpeas, banana, peanut
butter, prunes
16. REDUCING STRESS
May increase your risk of menstrual cramp and severity
ADDING HERBS TO YOUR DIET
These herbal remedies contain anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic compounds
Example: chamomile tea, Cinnamon capsules, Ginger tea, Polygenol, Fennel extract
AVOIDING ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
Alcohol, carbonated beverages, Caffeine, salty foods, fatty foods
These can make menstrual cramp worse
MASSAGE
Abdominal area massage or a full body massage may reduce overall stress
HOT WATER BATH
17. B. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
1. ACUPENTURE
• Involves inserting extremely thin needles through skin at strategic points on body.
• Helps relieve menstrual cramps
2. TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation)
• Connects to the skin using adhesive patches with electrodes in them, these electrodes deliver a varying
level of EC to stimulate nerves
• Works by increasing threshold of pain signals and release endorphins, body’s natural pain killer
• More effective than a placebo
18. 3. HERBAL MEDICINES
• pycnogenol, fennel or its combination products
4. ACUPRESSURE
• Stimulate certain points of body
• Done with gentle pressure on skin
• More effective
20. FOOD ALLERGY:
Food allergies are the body's abnormal responses to harmless foods;
the reactions are caused by the immune system's of body to some proteins
present in food.
Out 4% of adults have food allergies according to the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The condition affects approxim
ately 6 to 8% of children age 4 and younger.
They are of 3 types IgE mediated, non IgE mediated and both mediated
22. CAUSES:
In adults, the majority of food allergies are triggered by certain proteins in:
• Shellfish, such as shrimp, lobster, crab and fishes
• Peanuts, Tree nuts, such as walnuts and pecans
In children: Peanuts, Tree nuts, Eggs, Cow's milk, Wheat, Soy
Pollen-food allergy syndrome (oral allergy syndrome)
• Birch pollen, ragweed pollen, grass pollen
Fruits such as bananas, cucumber, melons, zucchini, kiwi, orange, tomatoes, apple, peach, cherry,
pear, plum
spices (anise, caraway, coriander, fennel, parsley)
Vegetables such as onion, broccoli, garlic, celery, carrots, bell pepper, soybean and raw potatoes,
Exercise-induced food eating
23.
24. o Hives, swollen, itchy areas on skin
o Eczema
o Redness around eyes
o Nasal congestion
o Sneezing
o Odd taste in mouth
o Uterine contractions
o Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or
vomiting
o Dizziness, lightheadedness or
fainting
o Metallic taste
SYMPTOMS:
MILD SYMPTOMS: SEVERE SYMPTOMS:
o Obstructive swelling of lips, tongue and throat
o Trouble swallowing
o Turning blue
o Chest pain
o Loss of consciousness
o Chest pain
o Drop in BP
o Impending doom sensor
o Thread pulse
o Anaphylaxis
o Constricting and tightening of the airways
25. Family history: increased risk of food allergies if asthma, eczema, hives, hay fever are common in your family.
Other allergies: If you're already allergic to one food, you may be at increased risk of becoming allergic to another
Age: more common in children
Asthma.
SERIOUS RISK FACTORS:
Seek emergency treatment if you develop any signs/symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as
Constriction of airways that makes it difficult to breathe
Shock with a severe drop in blood pressure
Rapid pulse
COMPLICATIONS:
Anaphylaxis.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
RISK FACTORS:
27. PREVENTIONS:
Avoid foods that cause signs and symptoms
Carry an epinephrine auto injector (Adrenaclick0
Notify key people that your child has a food allergy
wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace
DIAGNOSIS:
No perfect test used to confirm or rule out a food allergy
Find your symptoms
Family history of allergies
Physical examination
Skin test (IgE MEDIATED)
Blood test (IgE MEDIATED)
Elimination diet (NON IgE MEDIATED)
Oral food challenge (NON IgE MEDIATED)
28. For minor allergic reactions- anti histamines or albuterol are used
For severe allergic reactions- epinephrine inj
Epinephrine auto-injector (epinephen, adrenalick)
Oral immunotherapy (treatment being studied)
TREATMENTS (PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS):
29. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS AND HOME REMEDIES (NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL)
Avoid the food that cause allergies
Differentiate allergies
Read food labels carefully
Use alternatives (eg: milk –Ca fortified orange juice and pulses)
Consulting an allergist
Medical alert bracelets
Prepare a list of food person is allergic to
Physical examination
Consultation of nutritionist or dietitian
Extensively heated products
Dietary assessment
Infant formulas
Allergy education
Assessing growth
32. Also called adverse drug reaction are defined as any harmful or unintended reaction to a drug that occurs at a dose
prescribed for prevention, diagnosis and cure of a disease.
They are classified into 2 types: Type A and Type B – Unpredictable
Also classified based on immune mechanism:
IgE mediated -antibody type I
IgG mediated-cytotoxic reaction type II
IgM mediated –antibody type III or immune complex
T-cells mediated- type IV
DRUG ALLERGY:
Type A - Predictable Type B - Unpredictable
• Drug overdose • Drug allergy; immunogically mediated
• Secondary drug effects • Lack of immunological specificity
• Side effects • Drug intolerance
• Drug interactions • Abnormal effect by abnormal metabolism/ excretion
33. RISK FACTORS:
PATIENT RELATED FACTORS
Age: young /middle aged > infant/elderly
Gender: women > men
Genetic polymorphism
Viral infection: HIV
DRUG RELATED FACTORS
Frequency of exposure > single dose
Route of administration: topical > iv/im > oral
Molecular weight
34. CAUSES:
Antibiotics, such as penicillin
• Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen
• Anticonvulsants
• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Taking medication frequently
35. SYMPTOMS:
1. SKIN REACTIONS:-
• Measles like rashes, fever
• Hives
• Photoallergy
• Erythema
• Angioedema
• Steven – Johnson syndrome
• Toxic epidermal necrosis
2. LYMPH NODE SWELLING
3. INFLAMMATION OF KIDNEY
4. LIGHT HEADEDNESS, LOSS OF CONCIOSNESS, DIZZINESS
36. DIAGNOSIS:
SKIN PRICK TESTING
Done for penicillin, local anesthetics, muscle relaxants, insulin and monoclonal anti bodies
INTERDERMAL TESTS
Allergen injected into skin dermis for diagnosis of IgE mediated reactions to find out anti IgE
PATCH TESTING
DRUG DESENSITIZATION AND GRADED CHALLENGE
37. PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Antihistamines: To counter the allergic reaction.
Cetirizine . Diphenhydramine
Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation.
Cortisone
Bronchodilators: Given to widen the airway, if symptoms
include lung congestion and coughing.
Ipratropium bromide . Albuterol
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists: For anaphylactic
reaction.
Epinephrine
38. NON PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
Additional therapy Avoidance of discontinuation of the drug
Giving alternatives ( checked for cross reactivity)
Written information of drug to be avoided
Allergy bracelet
Study patients history
Rest And Drink Fluids
39. Prevention of future reactions
Prevention of future reactions is an essential part of patient management. The patient
should be provided with written information about which drugs to avoid (including over-
the-counter medications). The drugs should be highlighted in the hospital notes and within
electronic records (where available), and the patient’s family physician should be informed
of the drug allergy. Engraved allergy bracelets/necklaces, such as those provided by Medic
Alert, should also be considered, particularly if the patient has a history of severe drug
induced allergic reactions.
40. Additional therapy Avoidance of discontinuation of the drug
Giving alternatives ( checked for cross reactivity)
(topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines may improve cutaneous symptoms in anaphylaxis, but the drug of choice
should be epinephrine)
Penicillin allergy – non penicillin agents (imipenem) or 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin's
identify the allergy by skin test response
Sulphonamide antibiotics allergy- SJS and TEN ( tri methoprim sulphamethaxazole) used for HIV patients for infections
Cephalosporin's – rashes and drug fever
General anesthetics cause pseudo and allergic reaction – causing respiratory diseases, urticarial
Written information of drug to be avoided
Allergy bracelet
Study patients history
MANAGEMENT OF COMMON DRUG ALLERGIES: