Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Body Balance "The Holistic Homeostatis" for Instant Pain Relief.SRIKRISHAN Sharma
To promote (SEEEQ) Safety, Education, Efficacy, Efficiency, Quality, of Holistic Health Care Systems through cost effective TCAM, Integrative medicine, Complementary & Alternative medicine, Indigenous, Traditional Medicine and Wellness Services we have designed, promogated and developed wonderful healing system “Body Balance”. The Homeostasis in a general sense which, refers to stability, balance or equilibrium. It is the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment which requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change outside the body. This adjusting of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation. The Most Important in Life e is Balance. Balance of Inner and Outer Side of You. Balance refers to an optimum state of mind between calm and alert.
Sir, with our efforts we have designed unique Balancing System covering all the universal Manipulative and body-based systems are divided into three subcategories; (i) chiropractic, sacrum- spinal manipulation; (ii) massage and body work (osteopathic manipulative therapy. kinesiology, reflexology, Alexander technique, rolling, Chinese tui na massage and acupressure), and (iii) unconventional physical therapies (hydro therapy, colonies, diathermy, light and color therapy. heat and electrotherapy, trigger point therapy). Once the Balance is done pain immediately reduces and “Energy and persistence conquer all things in a Balancing State”.
For the country like India this is unique therapy without any additional burden on the pockets and can be integrated or complemented for both the conventional and indigenous system of medicines. All the existing creed of doctor can be up-graded to this new skill for instant relief & better results.
Role of pharmacist in Community pharmacy and public health practice in India:...Yamini Shah
The knowledge, skills and expertise of a pharmacist enable them to support the public health care by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing long-term illness and by guiding patients to better manage their medicines. A community pharmacist strengthens the public health system in a broad perspective. To improve health, patient care and medication-related outcomes through education, clinical practice and research. To ensure the safety and efficacy of medications which are prescribed by medical practitioner.
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE.docx PTT. Slide shareKoudomJoycy
I'm a student of dental therapy at the university institute of science and technology of Yaoundé in Cameroon YAOUNDE willing to upload this doc in other for me to download another one for the purposes of my studies. History to be above the lecturer . I will wish to work hard in order to have a good note and postulate for a scholarship at the exterior of my country Cameron for a better formation si that I can come back and serve my country and show what I am capable of doing
Content:
Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin:
WHO and AYUSH guidelines for safety monitoring of natural medicine, Spontaneous reporting schemes for bio drug adverse reactions, bio drug-drug and bio drug-food interactions with suitable examples.
Similar to REGULATION OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES.pptx (20)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND SOURCES OF INFORMATIONAmeena Kadar
Different types of reviews of literature and it's sources are included in this PowerPoint. A review of the literature is an inevitable part of the research process.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN DRUG METABOLISM.pptxAmeena Kadar
Genetic Polymorphism is one of the factors that affects the Drug metabolism. Cytochrome P - 450, one of the prominent group of metabolizing enzymes. In this ppt, genetic polymorphism of cytochrome p 450 is discussed.
Anemia is one of the most commonly seen condition predominantly in women due to various causes such as some chronic infection conditions and all. There are different types of anemias are there here we discuss mainly about Iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia.
February 4th worldwide is celebrated as Cancer day. The main aim of this celebration is to create awareness about cancer and reduce the burden of cancer.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. COMPLEMENTARY&ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES
2
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term for medical
products and practices that are not part of standard medical care.
Complementary medicine is used along with standard medical treatment but
is not considered by itself to be standard treatment.
One example is using accupuncture to help lessen some side effects of cancer
treatment. Less research has been done for most types of complementary
medicine.
Alternative medicine is used instead of standard medical treatment. One
example is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of cancer drugs that
are prescribed by an oncologist. Less research has been done for most types
of alternative medicine.
3. 3
The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
(NCCIH) uses this distinction:
When a non-mainstream practice is used together with
conventional medicine, it's considered "complementary".
When a non-mainstream practice is used instead of conventional
medicine, it's considered "alternative".
4. 4
TYPES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
People may use the term "natural," "holistic," "home remedy," or "Eastern
Medicine" to refer to CAM.
However, experts often use five categories to describe it.
1. Mind-body Therapies
2. Biologically Based Practices
3. Manipulative and body-based practices
4. Energy healing
5. Whole Medical systems.
6. 6
Mind–body therapies
These combine mental focus, breathing, and body movements to help relax the body
and mind. Some examples are:
Meditation
Biofeedback
Hypnosis
Yoga
Tai chi
Imagery
Creative outlets.
7. 7
Biologically based practices
This type of CAM uses things found in nature.
Vitamins
Dietary Supplements
Botanicals
Special foods or diets.
Manipulative and body-based practices
These are based on working with one or more parts of the body.
Massage Therapy
Chiropractic Therapy
Reflexology.
8. 8
Energy healing
Energy healing is based on the belief that a vital energy flows through the
body.
The goal is to balance the energy flow in the patient.
There's not enough evidence to support the existence of energy fields.
However, there are no harmful effects in using these approaches. Some
examples are
Reiki: placing hands lightly on or just above the person with the goal of
guiding energy to help a person's own healing response.
Therapeutic touch: moving hands over energy fields of the body or
gently touching a person's body.
9. 9
Whole medical systems
These are healing systems and beliefs that have evolved over time in different
cultures and parts of the world.
Ayurveda Medicines
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Acupuncture
Naturopathic medicine
Homeopathy
Siddha
Unani
Aroma Therapy.
10. REGULATION OFCAM
10
The use of alternative or complementary medicines is increasing and they are
prescribed or recommended by both orthodox and alternative practitioners.
Importantly, they are also self-prescribed following self-diagnosis by
consumers.
In 1997, the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health and Family
Services established a new Ministerial advisory committee, the
Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee (CMEC).
This advises the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the
Government on the regulation of complementary medicines.
The TGA is including a new Schedule in the Therapeutic Goods Regulations
to define the huge variety of complementary medicines.
11. 11
The Schedule includes vitamins and minerals, plant and animal derived
material, food components such as sugars and mucopolysaccharides, bee
products and charcoal.
National policies and regulations on TM/CAM could ensure the safety,
quality, and efficacy of these therapies and products and function as important
steps toward integrative healthcare systems.
Only 25 of WHO's 191 countries have a national policy on CAM and only 64
countries regulate herbal medicines.
WHO has published a series of technical guidelines and reviewed regulations
on herbal medicines in the document “Regulatory Situation of Herbal
Medicines: a Worldwide Review”.
12. 12
The purpose of the document is to share national experience in formulating
policies on traditional medicinal products, introduce measures for their
registration and regulation, and facilitate information exchange on these
subjects among Member States.
13. 13
WHO GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
“A few herbal medicines have withstood scientific testing, but others are used
simply for traditional reasons to protect, restore, or improve health.”
Most herbal medicines still need to be studied scientifically, although the
experience obtained from their traditional use over the years should not be
ignored.
As there is not enough evidence produced by common scientific approaches to
answer questions of safety and efficacy about most of the herbal medicines now
in use, the rational use and further development of herbal medicines will be
supported by further appropriate scientific studies of these products, and thus
the development of criteria for such studies.
In this regard, WHO has issued guidelines for the assessment of herbal
medicines.
14. 14
These guidelines defined the basic criteria for the evaluation of quality, safety,
and efficacy of herbal medicines with the goal of assisting national regulatory
authorities, scientific organizations, and manufacturers in assessing
documentation, submissions, and dossiers in respect of such products.
The below mentioned WHO guidelines stressed the need for assessment of
efficacy including the determination of pharmacological and clinical effects of
the active ingredients, cultivation and collection of the medicinal plants, and
labeling which includes a quantitative list of active ingredient, dosage, and
contraindications.
16. 16
WHO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE STRATEGY
(2014-2023)
In late October of 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023 as a follow up to the WHO
Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005, published in 2001.
This updated document builds on work the WHO has undertaken over the past
decade to identify further and strategize on the future of traditional medicines
(TM) around the world.
After the first strategy proved to have a strong influence on how countries
undertook regulation and oversight of TM, the 2008 WHO Congress on
Traditional Medicine in Beijing — attended by government representatives
from more than 70 countries — identified the need for WHO to take a leading
role in updating and expanding the original strategy.
17. 17
Participants who represented every WHO region identified several priorities,
collectively known as the “Beijing Declaration,” and endorsed the development of a
new global strategy that would build on the successes of the previous strategy and
reflect the international situation in 2013.
The key priorities were as follows:
1. The knowledge of traditional medicines, treatments and practices should be
respected, preserved, promoted and communicated widely and appropriately
based on the circumstances in each country.
2. Governments have a responsibility for the health of their people and should
formulate national policies, regulations and standards, as part of comprehensive
national health systems to ensure appropriate, safe and effective use of traditional
medicine.
3. Recognizing the progress of many governments to date in integrating traditional
medicine into their national health system, we call on those who have not yet done
so to take action.
18. 18
4. Traditional medicine should be further developed based on research and
innovation in line with the “Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public
Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property” adopted at the 61st World Health
Assembly in 2008.
5. Governments, international organizations and other stakeholders should
collaborate in implementing the global strategy and plan of action.
6. Governments should establish systems for the qualification, accreditation or
licensing of traditional medicine practitioners. Traditional medicine
practitioners should upgrade their knowledge and skills based on national
requirements.
7. The communication between conventional and traditional medicine providers
should be strengthened and appropriate training programs be established for
health professionals, medical students and relevant researchers.
19. 19
As with all WHO strategies, the primary audience of the WHO Global Strategy
for Traditional Medicine 2014-2023 is WHO member states.
The aim of the strategy is to help member states “harness the potential
contribution of TM to health, wellness and people-centered health care” and
“promote the safe and effective use of TM by regulating, researching and
integrating TM products, practitioners and practice into health systems, where
appropriate.
20. 20
The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023 is divided into five
sections, including:
Section 1: An introduction that includes common terminologies, the role of T&CM
around the world, information on how WHO supports T&CM, background on
development of the strategy, and a description of why this new strategy is
important.
Section 2: An outline of the global progress that has taken place in T&CM policy
and regulations, practices, education, and research since publication of the WHO
Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005.
Section 3: An analysis of the current global picture for T&CM including demand,
uses, progress in regulation, importance of universal health coverage, and the
integration of T&CM (including opportunities and challenges).
21. 21
Section 4: A clear description of strategic objectives, strategic directions, and
strategic actions. This is the most important section of the document and outlines
the future steps recommended by the numerous advisors and experts throughout the
course of developing the document. The fourth section is described in more detail
below.
Section 5: An overview of the crucial aspects of the strategy and suggestions on
how it can be implemented and measured.
23. 23
NATIONAL POLICY ON T&CM
In India the national policy on T&CM is the National Policy on Indian
Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy, issued in 2002.
National legislation on T&CM includes the Indian Medicines Central Council
Act 1970, the Homeopathy Central Council Act 1973 and the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act of 1940 (amended in 2009).
The Government of India created a separate department known as the
Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy in 1995, later
renamed as the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and
Homeopathy (AYUSH), to serve as the national office for T&CM, which is
administered under the MoH.
AYUSH was formed in 2014.
24. 24
STEPS TAKEN TO ASSURE QUALITY CONTROL OF AYUSH
DRUGS
As prescribed in Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 made
thereunder, enforcement of the legal provisions pertaining to Quality Control
and issuance of drug license of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathic
drugs, is vested with the State drug Controllers/ State Licensing Authorities
appointed by the concerned State/ Union Territory Government.
Rule 158-B in the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 provides the regulatory
guidelines for issue of license to manufacture Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
medicines and Rule 85 (A to I) in the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945
provides the regulatory guidelines for issue of license to manufacture
Homoeopathic medicines.
25. 25
It is mandatory for the manufacturers to adhere to the prescribed requirements
for licensing of manufacturing units & medicines including proof of safety &
effectiveness, compliance with the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as per
Schedule T & Schedule M-I of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 and quality
standards of drugs given in the respective pharmacopoeia.
Ministry of AYUSH has taken various steps for assured quality control of
AYUSH drugs in the country:
i. Schemes to support Ayurvedic medicines production: Under National
AYUSH Mission (NAM) from 2014-2021, apart from other services
Grant-in-aid were also provided for Strengthening of State Government
AYUSH Pharmacies.
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A. Strengthening and up-gradation of AYUSH Pharmacies and Drug Testing
Laboratories to achieve higher standards.
B. Pharmacovigilance of AYUSH drugs including surveillance of misleading
advertisements.
C. Strengthening of Central and State regulatory frameworks including
Technical Human Resource & Capacity Building programs for AYUSH drugs.
D. Support for development of standards and accreditation/ certification of
AYUSH products & materials in collaboration with Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS), Quality Control of India (QCI) and other relevant scientific institutions
and industrial R&D canters.
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Ministry of AYUSH encourages following certifications of AYUSH products
as per details below:-
Certification of Pharmaceutical Products (CoPP) as per WHO Guidelines
for herbal products.
Quality Certifications Scheme implemented by the Quality Council of
India (QCI) for grant of AYUSH Premium mark to Ayurvedic, Siddha and
Unani products on the basis of third party evaluation of quality in
accordance with the status of compliance to international standards.
27 State Drug Testing Laboratories have been supported for strengthening
their infrastructural and functional capacity.
81 laboratories are approved or licensed under the provisions of Drugs and
Cosmetics Rules, 1945 for quality testing of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani
drugs and raw materials.
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Pharmacovigilance Centers for Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy
(ASU&H) Drugs set up in different parts of the country under the Central
Scheme of Ministry of AYUSH are mandated to monitor and report the
misleading advertisements to the respective State Regulatory Authorities.
REGULATION OF UNANI
The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI) and the National Formulary of Unani
Medicine are the regulatory compendia for quality standards and manufacturing
of Unani medicines, respectively.
The Pharmacopoeia consists of Part I (single drugs) and Part II (formulations).
UPI Part I is published in six volumes comprising 298 monographs on Unani
drugs.
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Part II is published in three volumes encompassing formulations, standard
operating procedures, and quality standards for 150 classical formulations of
Unani medicines.
The National Formulary of Unani Medicine is published in six parts
comprising 1229 formulations of Unani medicines. Each monograph of the
Pharmacopoeia provides specific analytical parameters and limits (standards)
to ensure the quality of drugs or medicines.
The UPI, the National Formulary of Unani Medicine, regulatory quality
standards (parameters), and analytical techniques adopted for Pharmacopeial
standards of Unani drugs and medicines.
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STANDARDS OF SIDDHA DRUGS
As per the D&C act, mentioning of manufacturing process in a list of 30 books
allows production of siddha drugs.
Amongst these 30 books, 29 are old texts and siddha formulary of India (part I)
is the only book published by the Govt. of India recently.
STANDARDS OF HOMEOPATHY
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI) is the official book of standards
of Homeopathic medicine in terms of Schedule-II of the Drugs and Cosmetics
Act, l940 and Rules, l945.
The Indian manufacturers are legally bound to manufacture Homoeopathic
medicines as per standards and methodology given in the Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia of India.
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The HPI is prepared by the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia Committee (HPC)
constituted by the Government of India with the following objectives:
To prepare Pharmacopoeia of Homoeopathic drugs whose therapeutic
usefulness have been proved on the lines of the American, German and
British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeias.
To lay down principles and standards for the preparation of Homoeopathic
drugs.
To lay down test of identity, quality, purity and such other matters as are
incidental and necessary for the preparation of a Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia.
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SCHEDULE T : GOOD MANUFACTURING PRATICES
FOR AYURVEDIC, SIDDHA, UNANI MEDICINES.