Minerals- Earth Science
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The document discusses the properties of minerals that make up rocks and by extension the components of a chocolate bar. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid with a defined chemical composition and structure. It then lists and describes several key properties used to identify minerals, such as luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form. Special properties like magnetism, acid reactivity, specific gravity, and sensory attributes are also mentioned. The document compares a chocolate bar containing ingredients like chocolate, nuts, caramel, and nougat to rocks being made up of mineral building blocks.
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Minerals
Minerals form through natural geological processes such as cooling magma, evaporation of water, or are found existing naturally in nature. They have a crystalline atomic structure and are inorganic compounds. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties like color, hardness, crystalline structure, and luster. Common minerals include quartz, diamonds, and hematite which have various industrial and artistic uses.
Review#4 minerals
The document discusses minerals and how they are used to identify rocks. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that make up Earth's rocks. There are over 2000 minerals but a dozen are most common. Scientists identify minerals through their physical and chemical properties such as color, hardness, streak, luster, cleavage, and special properties. Hardness is a mineral's ability to resist scratching and is measured using Mohs scale. Streak is the colored powder that remains when a mineral is rubbed on porcelain. Cleavage and fracture refer to how a mineral breaks into pieces. Luster describes a mineral's shininess. These properties are used to identify unknown minerals.
Minerals
This document discusses the physical properties used to identify minerals, including:
- Color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, crystal shape, taste, magnetism, and reaction to acid.
- Color is the easiest property to observe but least reliable, while streak is more reliable for identification.
- Luster describes how a mineral reflects light, with metallic and non-metallic types.
- Cleavage is the tendency to split in particular directions, like mica's "sheety" cleavage.
- Fracture describes how minerals break other than along crystal faces or cleavage planes.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. Scientists have discovered over 2,400 minerals in the world, with around 12 minerals making up 90% of all rocks. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, cleavage or fracture pattern, crystal formation, streak, and specific gravity.
the different Rock forming minerals
This document discusses rock-forming minerals and mineral resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with crystalline structures and fixed or varying chemical compositions. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and undergo geological processes to form rocks. Some rocks contain useful mineral resources like metals that are extracted. Metallic mineral resources include ferrous minerals like iron ore and non-ferrous minerals like gold and copper. Non-metallic mineral resources like coal, clay and salt are associated with sedimentary rocks. Examples of common rock-forming minerals discussed are quartz, pyrite and talc.
Minerals slideshare
1) Minerals are naturally formed solid substances with a crystal structure that are not alive and have a definite volume and shape.
2) All minerals share characteristics of being formed by natural processes, having a unique chemical makeup, and being made up of particles arranged in a repeating crystal pattern.
3) Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates containing oxygen and silica like quartz and mica.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
Minerals
This document discusses the properties of minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring solid substance that has a specific chemical composition and formula. It then outlines that minerals have physical, optical, and chemical properties. The document focuses on various physical properties of minerals such as hardness, luster, specific gravity, color, fracture, tenacity, streak, and cleavage. It provides details on how hardness and color are determined for minerals and explanations of streak and luster. The document also briefly mentions cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and tenacity. It concludes by noting that minerals can be examined using light to study optical properties like refraction, dispersion, and birefringence.
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Minerals
Minerals form through natural geological processes such as cooling magma, evaporation of water, or are found existing naturally in nature. They have a crystalline atomic structure and are inorganic compounds. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties like color, hardness, crystalline structure, and luster. Common minerals include quartz, diamonds, and hematite which have various industrial and artistic uses.
Review#4 minerals
The document discusses minerals and how they are used to identify rocks. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that make up Earth's rocks. There are over 2000 minerals but a dozen are most common. Scientists identify minerals through their physical and chemical properties such as color, hardness, streak, luster, cleavage, and special properties. Hardness is a mineral's ability to resist scratching and is measured using Mohs scale. Streak is the colored powder that remains when a mineral is rubbed on porcelain. Cleavage and fracture refer to how a mineral breaks into pieces. Luster describes a mineral's shininess. These properties are used to identify unknown minerals.
Minerals
This document discusses the physical properties used to identify minerals, including:
- Color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, crystal shape, taste, magnetism, and reaction to acid.
- Color is the easiest property to observe but least reliable, while streak is more reliable for identification.
- Luster describes how a mineral reflects light, with metallic and non-metallic types.
- Cleavage is the tendency to split in particular directions, like mica's "sheety" cleavage.
- Fracture describes how minerals break other than along crystal faces or cleavage planes.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. Scientists have discovered over 2,400 minerals in the world, with around 12 minerals making up 90% of all rocks. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, cleavage or fracture pattern, crystal formation, streak, and specific gravity.
the different Rock forming minerals
This document discusses rock-forming minerals and mineral resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with crystalline structures and fixed or varying chemical compositions. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and undergo geological processes to form rocks. Some rocks contain useful mineral resources like metals that are extracted. Metallic mineral resources include ferrous minerals like iron ore and non-ferrous minerals like gold and copper. Non-metallic mineral resources like coal, clay and salt are associated with sedimentary rocks. Examples of common rock-forming minerals discussed are quartz, pyrite and talc.
Minerals slideshare
1) Minerals are naturally formed solid substances with a crystal structure that are not alive and have a definite volume and shape.
2) All minerals share characteristics of being formed by natural processes, having a unique chemical makeup, and being made up of particles arranged in a repeating crystal pattern.
3) Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates containing oxygen and silica like quartz and mica.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
Minerals
This document discusses the properties of minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring solid substance that has a specific chemical composition and formula. It then outlines that minerals have physical, optical, and chemical properties. The document focuses on various physical properties of minerals such as hardness, luster, specific gravity, color, fracture, tenacity, streak, and cleavage. It provides details on how hardness and color are determined for minerals and explanations of streak and luster. The document also briefly mentions cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and tenacity. It concludes by noting that minerals can be examined using light to study optical properties like refraction, dispersion, and birefringence.
Minerals & Rocks
The document discusses minerals, including their properties and how they are formed and mined. A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on properties like color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage/fracture, density, and special properties. Minerals form in a variety of environments both deep underground and near the surface, such as in evaporating saltwater, limestones, metamorphic rocks, and hot-water solutions. They are mined through either surface or deep mining techniques.
Unit 10: Minerals and rocks
This document discusses minerals, rocks, and resources found in the geosphere. It begins by defining a mineral as a solid substance with a definite chemical composition. Minerals are made up of either silicates containing silicon and oxygen, or are non-silicates. Rocks are aggregates of minerals formed naturally. The three types of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Minerals and certain rocks have economic value and are extracted from mines for uses like fuel, construction materials, medicine, and jewelry. Physical properties help identify and describe different minerals.
Physical properties of minerals
Physical properties of minerals such as luster, cleavage, color, streak, hardness, fracture, transparency, magnetism, and tenacity.
Basic Properties Of Minerals
The document discusses several key properties used to identify minerals, including:
1. Streak - the color of the powder a mineral leaves when scraped, which shows its true color.
2. Luster - how a mineral reflects light, either metallic, non-metallic, oily, or glassy.
3. Cleavage or fracture - whether a mineral breaks along flat planes or in jagged pieces.
It also covers density, hardness as measured by Moh's scale, and some additional properties like fluorescence, magnetism, and reactions to acid. Identifying these properties is important for determining what mineral a sample is.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Minerals
The document discusses the properties of rocks and minerals. It defines a mineral as having a definite chemical composition and naturally occurring inorganic formation. It notes that the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen, which combine to form silicate compounds. Minerals can be identified based on properties like crystal structure, color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
Rock forming minerals
This document discusses how to identify minerals. It explains that minerals can be identified through simple observations of their color, luster, and crystal system shape. Color is the easiest to observe but least useful for identification because impurities can change it. Luster refers to how a mineral shines and includes metallic, vitreous, pearly, greasy, resinous, dull or brilliant. Crystal system shape refers to the geometric form minerals form in. Minerals can also be identified through simple tests of their streak, cleavage, fracture and hardness. The document provides details on each of these identification methods.
Mineral ppt 2
Minerals have four defining characteristics - they are naturally occurring, inorganic, have a definite chemical composition, and have an orderly internal atomic structure. Most minerals form as crystals, either from cooling magma underground or precipitating from solution. Mineral groups are classified based on their chemical composition, with silicates being the most common as they contain silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in Earth's crust. Several physical properties can be used to identify minerals, including hardness, specific gravity, luster, streak, cleavage, and unique optical or magnetic qualities.
Minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
WHS ES- Minerals
The document discusses the characteristics used to identify minerals. The five key characteristics are: 1) A mineral occurs naturally, has a definite chemical composition and atoms arranged in an orderly pattern. 2) The four most common minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica and calcite, with feldspar making up over 60% of the Earth's crust. 3) Additional characteristics like luster, streak, cleavage, hardness and crystal shape are used to distinguish between minerals that have similar properties. Color alone is not very useful for identifying minerals.
Topic 2 minerals
The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
Rocks And Minerals Activity 1 Unit Rock On
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals for educational purposes. It begins by introducing rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are naturally occurring crystalline solids and rocks are composed of two or more minerals. It then discusses the three classifications of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document encourages interactive exploration of rocks and minerals through virtual activities like identifying samples in a kitchen and participating in a virtual prospecting tour.
Minerals
The document discusses minerals, their properties, and how they are classified. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with a crystal structure. All minerals share common characteristics - they form through natural processes, are not living, have a definite shape and volume, and are made of elements or compounds arranged in repeating crystal patterns. Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates like quartz and mica. Physical properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and specific gravity can be used to identify different minerals.
MINERALOGY
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
Minerology ppt
This document provides information about minerals and methods for studying their properties. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with specific physical properties and a definite chemical composition. Common rock-forming and economic minerals are described. The importance of mineralogy for civil engineering applications is outlined. Methods for studying minerals include examining their physical, chemical, optical, and atomic properties. Key physical properties discussed include form, color, streak, luster, fracture, cleavage, hardness, density, and transparency.
Mineralogy
This document discusses the mineralogy, describing the key physical properties of minerals including:
1. Color, streak, luster, transparency, form, hardness, fracture, and cleavage are some physical properties used to identify minerals. Properties like color, luster, and transparency depend on how light interacts with the mineral.
2. Minerals are classified based on their crystal structure and chemical composition into groups like the silicate, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, and mica groups. Example minerals from each group like quartz, orthoclase, augite, hornblende, and muscovite are described.
3. Physical property tests and examinations of
HPU NCS2200 Minerals & rocks chap 2 & 3
HPU NCS2200 earth science for elementary education majors summer 2104 online class rocks and minerals lecture
Physical properties of minerals
This lecture discusses the physical properties of minerals, which are important for identifying minerals macroscopically. Isotropic minerals have physical properties that are the same in all directions, while anisotropic minerals have properties that vary by crystallographic direction. Cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and refractive index are described as physical properties related to a mineral's atomic structure, bonding forces, and chemical composition. Cleavage planes form along directions of lowest bond energy. Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale. Specific gravity expresses the ratio of a substance's weight to an equal volume of water. Refractive index is the ratio of light's velocity in a mineral to its velocity in air or a vacuum.
Minerals edited ppt
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structures. The internal arrangement of atoms in minerals largely determines their physical and chemical properties, which can be used to identify them. Some key properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, density, cleavage, fracture, and crystal structure. Hardness refers to a mineral's resistance to scratching, not its brittleness, and is measured using Mohs scale.
rocks and minerals-131013154238-phpapp01.ppt
This document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines minerals as solid, naturally occurring substances that have a definite chemical composition and internal structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and form through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure.
Minerals.pptx
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. They form through geological processes and have properties like luster, hardness, crystal form, color, cleavage, and specific gravity. Minerals can be grouped based on their composition, such as silicates containing silicon and oxygen, oxides containing oxygen and metals, sulfates containing sulfur and oxygen, and carbonates containing carbonate ions. Key mineral properties aid identification and include hardness, crystal structure, color, streak, cleavage, luster, and reaction to acid.
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The document discusses minerals, including their properties and how they are formed and mined. A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on properties like color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage/fracture, density, and special properties. Minerals form in a variety of environments both deep underground and near the surface, such as in evaporating saltwater, limestones, metamorphic rocks, and hot-water solutions. They are mined through either surface or deep mining techniques.
Unit 10: Minerals and rocks
This document discusses minerals, rocks, and resources found in the geosphere. It begins by defining a mineral as a solid substance with a definite chemical composition. Minerals are made up of either silicates containing silicon and oxygen, or are non-silicates. Rocks are aggregates of minerals formed naturally. The three types of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Minerals and certain rocks have economic value and are extracted from mines for uses like fuel, construction materials, medicine, and jewelry. Physical properties help identify and describe different minerals.
Physical properties of minerals
Physical properties of minerals such as luster, cleavage, color, streak, hardness, fracture, transparency, magnetism, and tenacity.
Basic Properties Of Minerals
The document discusses several key properties used to identify minerals, including:
1. Streak - the color of the powder a mineral leaves when scraped, which shows its true color.
2. Luster - how a mineral reflects light, either metallic, non-metallic, oily, or glassy.
3. Cleavage or fracture - whether a mineral breaks along flat planes or in jagged pieces.
It also covers density, hardness as measured by Moh's scale, and some additional properties like fluorescence, magnetism, and reactions to acid. Identifying these properties is important for determining what mineral a sample is.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Minerals
The document discusses the properties of rocks and minerals. It defines a mineral as having a definite chemical composition and naturally occurring inorganic formation. It notes that the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen, which combine to form silicate compounds. Minerals can be identified based on properties like crystal structure, color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
Rock forming minerals
This document discusses how to identify minerals. It explains that minerals can be identified through simple observations of their color, luster, and crystal system shape. Color is the easiest to observe but least useful for identification because impurities can change it. Luster refers to how a mineral shines and includes metallic, vitreous, pearly, greasy, resinous, dull or brilliant. Crystal system shape refers to the geometric form minerals form in. Minerals can also be identified through simple tests of their streak, cleavage, fracture and hardness. The document provides details on each of these identification methods.
Mineral ppt 2
Minerals have four defining characteristics - they are naturally occurring, inorganic, have a definite chemical composition, and have an orderly internal atomic structure. Most minerals form as crystals, either from cooling magma underground or precipitating from solution. Mineral groups are classified based on their chemical composition, with silicates being the most common as they contain silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in Earth's crust. Several physical properties can be used to identify minerals, including hardness, specific gravity, luster, streak, cleavage, and unique optical or magnetic qualities.
Minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
WHS ES- Minerals
The document discusses the characteristics used to identify minerals. The five key characteristics are: 1) A mineral occurs naturally, has a definite chemical composition and atoms arranged in an orderly pattern. 2) The four most common minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica and calcite, with feldspar making up over 60% of the Earth's crust. 3) Additional characteristics like luster, streak, cleavage, hardness and crystal shape are used to distinguish between minerals that have similar properties. Color alone is not very useful for identifying minerals.
Topic 2 minerals
The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
Rocks And Minerals Activity 1 Unit Rock On
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals for educational purposes. It begins by introducing rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are naturally occurring crystalline solids and rocks are composed of two or more minerals. It then discusses the three classifications of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document encourages interactive exploration of rocks and minerals through virtual activities like identifying samples in a kitchen and participating in a virtual prospecting tour.
Minerals
The document discusses minerals, their properties, and how they are classified. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with a crystal structure. All minerals share common characteristics - they form through natural processes, are not living, have a definite shape and volume, and are made of elements or compounds arranged in repeating crystal patterns. Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates like quartz and mica. Physical properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and specific gravity can be used to identify different minerals.
MINERALOGY
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
Minerology ppt
This document provides information about minerals and methods for studying their properties. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with specific physical properties and a definite chemical composition. Common rock-forming and economic minerals are described. The importance of mineralogy for civil engineering applications is outlined. Methods for studying minerals include examining their physical, chemical, optical, and atomic properties. Key physical properties discussed include form, color, streak, luster, fracture, cleavage, hardness, density, and transparency.
Mineralogy
This document discusses the mineralogy, describing the key physical properties of minerals including:
1. Color, streak, luster, transparency, form, hardness, fracture, and cleavage are some physical properties used to identify minerals. Properties like color, luster, and transparency depend on how light interacts with the mineral.
2. Minerals are classified based on their crystal structure and chemical composition into groups like the silicate, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, and mica groups. Example minerals from each group like quartz, orthoclase, augite, hornblende, and muscovite are described.
3. Physical property tests and examinations of
HPU NCS2200 Minerals & rocks chap 2 & 3
HPU NCS2200 earth science for elementary education majors summer 2104 online class rocks and minerals lecture
Physical properties of minerals
This lecture discusses the physical properties of minerals, which are important for identifying minerals macroscopically. Isotropic minerals have physical properties that are the same in all directions, while anisotropic minerals have properties that vary by crystallographic direction. Cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and refractive index are described as physical properties related to a mineral's atomic structure, bonding forces, and chemical composition. Cleavage planes form along directions of lowest bond energy. Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale. Specific gravity expresses the ratio of a substance's weight to an equal volume of water. Refractive index is the ratio of light's velocity in a mineral to its velocity in air or a vacuum.
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Minerals edited ppt
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structures. The internal arrangement of atoms in minerals largely determines their physical and chemical properties, which can be used to identify them. Some key properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, density, cleavage, fracture, and crystal structure. Hardness refers to a mineral's resistance to scratching, not its brittleness, and is measured using Mohs scale.
rocks and minerals-131013154238-phpapp01.ppt
This document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines minerals as solid, naturally occurring substances that have a definite chemical composition and internal structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and form through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure.
Minerals.pptx
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. They form through geological processes and have properties like luster, hardness, crystal form, color, cleavage, and specific gravity. Minerals can be grouped based on their composition, such as silicates containing silicon and oxygen, oxides containing oxygen and metals, sulfates containing sulfur and oxygen, and carbonates containing carbonate ions. Key mineral properties aid identification and include hardness, crystal structure, color, streak, cleavage, luster, and reaction to acid.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. Scientists have discovered over 2,400 minerals in the world, with around 12 minerals making up 90% of all rocks. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, cleavage or fracture pattern, crystal formation, streak, and specific gravity.
Physical properties of minerals
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, which is the study of minerals. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid inorganic substances with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Rocks are made up of aggregates of minerals, and the properties of rocks are determined by the minerals they contain. Minerals form through crystallization from magma or lava or by precipitation from solution. Minerals are identified based on physical properties like color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, fracture, and crystal form, which are determined by their internal atomic structure. Common minerals include quartz, feldspars, micas, calcite, pyroxenes, olivine, amphiboles, and iron oxides.
layer of the earth
True
False
False
True
True
To distinguish between quartz and calcite:
- Test the hardness using a steel knife or glass plate. Quartz will scratch glass, while calcite will be scratched by glass.
- Perform an acid test. Apply hydrochloric acid to each mineral. Calcite will fizz as it is soluble in acid, while quartz is not affected.
- Check the cleavage. Calcite will show perfect rhombohedral cleavage, breaking into small geometric shapes. Quartz does not have any cleavage planes.
- Examine the crystal shape. Quartz crystals typically form as six-sided prisms. Calcite forms in a variety of distinct crystal habits
3. Rocks-and-Minerals.pdf
Rocks are solid collections of mineral grains that grow or become cemented together. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds that make up rocks. Rocks are classified based on how they are formed, into three main categories: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments or precipitation from water. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either below ground (intrusive) or above ground (extrusive). Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the earth's crust.
Earth Materials and Resources 1
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties used to identify common rock-forming minerals. It describes several key physical properties: luster, hardness based on Mohs scale, crystal form/habit, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and others. It also notes that minerals have a definite chemical composition and are made up of molecules in a specific arrangement that can only be separated through chemical means. These physical and chemical properties provide diagnostic features to identify different minerals.
23.3.c MINERAlOGY.pptx
Mineralogy is the study of minerals and their properties. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and atomic structures. They commonly form rocks, which make up the Earth's crust. A civil engineer must understand minerals and how their composition affects rock properties and strength. Key physical properties studied in mineralogy include form, color, streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and specific gravity. These properties aid in mineral identification. Minerals are also classified as rock-forming or ore-forming based on their chemical groups.
03-ROCK-and-MINERALS.pptx.pdf
The document discusses different types of rocks and minerals. It begins by explaining that Earth is composed of rocks and minerals. Geologists study rocks to understand features of the past environment like volcanoes, mountains, climate. Rocks are naturally occurring combinations of minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous formed from cooling magma, sedimentary formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic formed from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure. The document then describes various minerals, their properties like hardness, luster, cleavage, and provides examples to illustrate different rock and mineral types. It concludes with an explanation of the rock cycle and mineral properties like specific gravity.
263027686274175
Minerals are naturally occurring non-organic substances with distinctive chemical compositions and physical properties including crystallization. Rocks form in three main classes - igneous from lava or magma, metamorphic from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure, and sedimentary from compressed sediments. Fossils found in sedimentary rocks provide clues about past life and environments by preserving remains or traces of ancient plants and animals.
Rocks & minerals
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Identification of minerals.pdf
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystal lattice structure. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and crystal shape as well as their chemical properties such as solubility and melting point. Scientists study minerals using these various identification methods and properties.
Minerals
1) The document is a report on mineralogy presented to an Earth Science professor at Technological University of the Philippines by Hannah Joy N. Lontayao.
2) It defines minerals and rocks, and explains that minerals have definite chemical compositions and atomic structures while rocks are combinations of minerals.
3) The report describes several properties of minerals including crystal form, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity. It also discusses the seven main mineral groups.
Mineralogy
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, including definitions and classifications of minerals. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with definite chemical compositions and atomic structures formed through inorganic processes. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. Rock-forming minerals include primary minerals crystallized from magma/lava and secondary minerals formed through primary mineral alteration. Physical properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and form/structure are also outlined. Different mineral groups to be studied in practical sessions are listed. Examples of specific rock-forming and ore minerals are given throughout.
Minerals
The document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as inorganic, solid, naturally occurring substances with defined chemical compositions. It then lists 13 common mineral properties including crystal form, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, specific gravity, taste, touch, magnetism, magnification, smell, and chemical reactions. It also outlines the 7 main mineral groups and provides examples of minerals within each group, which include silicates, carbonates, halides, native elements, sulfates, sulfides, and oxides.
Minerals.pptx
The document discusses the study of minerals and their physical properties. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical composition and ordered atomic structure. The study of minerals, called mineralogy, examines their chemistry, structure, properties and formation. Key physical properties discussed include luster, color, streak, hardness, crystal form, cleavage and density. These properties provide clues to a mineral's composition and atomic structure. The document also differentiates between silicate and non-silicate minerals.
2.2 mineral properties
The document discusses various properties that can be used to identify minerals, including:
1) Appearance properties such as streak (color of powder when scraped), luster (how it reflects light), cleavage (breaks into flat surfaces) and fracture (jagged breaks).
2) Other properties like density (mass to volume ratio), hardness (resistance to scratching on Moh's scale), fluorescence (color under UV light), magnetism, and acid reaction (bubbles if carbonate in acid).
3) Examples are given like gold being denser than pyrite, the Moh's scale ranging from 1 to 10, and carbonates bubbling in acid due to carbon dioxide gas.
Lesson 1 Outline.pptx
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure that make up rocks. The physical properties of minerals, such as color, hardness, streak, luster, cleavage, and crystal structure can be used to identify different types of minerals. Minerals are also classified based on their chemical composition into classes including silicates, carbonates, sulfates, halides, oxides, and sulfides. Understanding the physical and chemical properties of minerals provides clues about how the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - form.
Introduction to Mineralogy (The Basics of Earth Science)
Introduction to Mineralogy. Mineral Properties. What is a Mineral? It is a homogenous solid, inorganic, naturally occurring, with a definite chemical composition and highly structured atomic arrangement.
Similar to Minerals- Earth Science (20)
Introduction to Mineralogy (The Basics of Earth Science)
Introduction to Mineralogy (The Basics of Earth Science)
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. 在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Minerals- Earth Science
- 1. What are the components of a chocolate bar?
- 2. YES! It is made up of chocolate, nuts, caramel and nougat. The chocolate bar is like a rock, the components are like MINERALS
- 3. MINERALOGY-is the study of minerals. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
- 4. MINERAL is defined as naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered array of atoms and having specific chemical composition.
- 7. Luster refers to the way light is reflected from a mineral surface
- 8. Hardness -refers to the minerals resistance to being scratch, the softer ones are less resistant to scratches.
- 9. Color and Streak -refers to the color of powdered mineral.
- 10. Cleavage -is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding.
- 11. Fracture -refers to minerals that do not exhibit cleavage when broken
- 12. Specific gravity -is a number which represents the ratio to the weight of an equal volume of water.
- 13. Crystal Form -external features of a mineral reflect its orderly internal arrangement of atoms
- 15. Magnetism Reaction with Acid Specific gravity Taste, Odor, Feel
- 16. THANK YOU!