This case report describes the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in apexification of two immature permanent teeth with open apices and periapical lesions in a 14-year old patient. After cleaning and shaping the root canals, MTA was used to create an apical plug in each canal. Follow up radiographs at 6 and 12 months showed periapical healing and apical closure of the teeth. MTA is described as a promising alternative to traditional calcium hydroxide treatment for apexification due to its superior biocompatibility and ability to stimulate hard tissue formation.
The presentation features the pulp reparative and regenerative procedures which can be carried out in immature teeth. It involves development of mature tooth from an immature one by root formation and root fixation as a preparatory phase for root canal treatment.
The presentation features the pulp reparative and regenerative procedures which can be carried out in immature teeth. It involves development of mature tooth from an immature one by root formation and root fixation as a preparatory phase for root canal treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
MTA has been used in many dental applications, with this influx of applications attributed to MTA’s biocompatibility and sealing ability .
MTA was introduced in gray, but because of the discoloration potential of GMTA, WMTA was developed .
case sheet chart case sheet chart to record the patient social information and past dental and general condition with intra-oral and extra-oral examination and treatment plan and treatment sequences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
MTA has been used in many dental applications, with this influx of applications attributed to MTA’s biocompatibility and sealing ability .
MTA was introduced in gray, but because of the discoloration potential of GMTA, WMTA was developed .
case sheet chart case sheet chart to record the patient social information and past dental and general condition with intra-oral and extra-oral examination and treatment plan and treatment sequences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is identical to Portland cement. It is a new remarkable biocompatible material with exciting clinical applications pioneered by Dr. Mahmoud Torabinejad, Loma Linda University, in 1993
His eva of caoh&bond agnt in direct pulp capping/ rotary endodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The permanent teeth with open apex and large periapical lesion are diffcult to treat as a traditional root canal procedure, therefore calcium hydroxide place an important role in reducing the periapical infl ammation. Management of open apex can be done using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) which can be placed in apical 3-4 mm. The aim of this This case report describes the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for management of a periapically compromised immature tooth.
Calcium hydroxide cement / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Single step apexification with mineral trioxide aggregateAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: The completion of root development and closure of the apex occurs up to 3 years after the eruption of the tooth. The treatment of pulpal injury during this period provides a significant challenge for the clinician. The most commonly advocated medicament is calcium hydroxide, although recently considerable interest has been expressed in the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). We report a case with MTA were used successfully for one step apexification in teeth with open apex. Key words: Immature teeth, one visit apexification, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, monoblock, artificial barrier
MANAGEMENT OF OPEN APEX IN PERMANENT TEETH WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PASTEAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Calcium hydroxide is a multi purpose agent, and there have been an increasing number of indications for its use in endodontics. Some of its indications include inter-appointment intracanal medicaments, endodontic sealers, pulp capping agents, apexification, pulpotomy and weeping canals. The aim of this study was to report the 10 year follow-up data of an apexification treatment applied to a permanent incisor of a young patient treated with calcium hydroxide.
Single-Step Apexification with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) –Case ReportsAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The completion of root development and closure of the apex occurs up to 3 years after the eruption of
the tooth. The treatment of pulpal injury during this period provides a significant challenge for the clinician.
The most commonly advocated medicament is calcium hydroxide, although recently considerable interest has
been expressed in the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). We report a case with MTA were used
successfully for one step apexification in teeth with open apex
Non Surgical Root Canal Treatment of Calcified CanalZiad Abdul Majid
This case report is presented to illustrate the successful non - surgical management of canal calcification in a maxillary first premolar in a 17 years old female.
Published By the International Journal of Health and Dental Sciences, Second Volume 2015.
Root repair materials in Dentistry is evolving like never before with the advent of bioactive materials.lets have quick look at the products that have become history to the recent advances .
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors is a frequent clinical challenge which must be solved by a multidisciplinary approach in order to obtain an
esthetic and functional restorative treatment. . Fixed prosthodontic and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary
canine to the lateral incisor site and single tooth implants represent the available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth. This case report
demonstrates the team approach in prosthetic and surgical considerations and techniques for managing the lack of lateral incisors. The aims of this case
report of replacement of bilaterally congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with dental implants.
Aesthetic Management of Fractured Anteriors: A Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Introduction: Coronal fracture of anterior teeth is an important topic for esthetic dentistry. Such fractures may jeopardize esthetics, function, tissue biology
and occlusal physiology, thus endangering tooth vitality and integrity. Coronal fractures resulting from dental trauma most frequently occur to the maxillary
anterior teeth of adolescents and less frequently to mandibular teeth. Adult teeth may also suffer traumatic fracture, although less frequently than for
adolescents.
Case Report: In our case, an economical and time-saving novel technique has been described for direct composite restoration in a young patient with
uncomplicated fractured maxillary anterior tooth.
Conclusion: As restoring a fractured tooth is a complex procedure, this technique can prove as a simple, effective and appropriate technique that will fulfill all
the requirements of dental personnel. This technique can also prove to be easy for inexperienced beginner clinicians without requiring special skills in
providing the patients with direct composite restorations.
Impacted Maxillary Central Incisors: Surgical Exposure and Orthodontic Treat...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
The maxillary permanent central incisor develops early in life and forms part of an aesthetic smile. Disruption of the formation or eruption of the permanent
central incisor has multiple etiological factors. Treatment options depend to some extent on the cause of failure of eruption of the central incisor. Generally,
the earlier treatment is provided, the higher the likelihood of success and the less the complexity. Our results suggest that close monitoring and interdisciplinary
cooperation during the treatment phases led to a successful esthetic result, with good periodontal health and functional occlusion.
Excess of space in the dental arch is diagnosed as a
generalised spacing or a local divergence, often
observed in the maxillary anterior region, as a median
diastema, traumatic loss of central incisors, or
congenital absence of lateral incisors. Furthermore,
spacing is observed in aging individuals, due to
pathological migration of teeth caused by
periodontitis. Finally, adult individuals with partial
edentulous jaws demand pre-prosthetic orthodontic
treatment from functional aspects. Thus, indication for
orthodontic treatment in subjects with spacing of teeth
exists for aesthetic reasons, but also for facilitating
prosthetic restorations with optimal occlusalstability.
Dental implants represent one of the most successful treatment modalities in dentistry.
However, failures do occur in the range from 5 to 8% for routine procedures and up to 20% in major grafting
cases after at least 5 years of function . The majority of implant losses may be explained as biomechanically
induced failures, since low primary implant stability, low bone density, short implants and overload have been
identified as risk factors . Hence, achievement and maintenance of implant stability are pre-conditions for a
successful clinical outcome with dental implants.
The review focuses on different methods used to assess implant stability and recent advances in this field.
Aesthetic Management of Fractured Anteriors: A Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Introduction: Coronal fracture of anterior teeth is an important topic for esthetic dentistry. Such fractures may jeopardize esthetics, function, tissue biology
and occlusal physiology, thus endangering tooth vitality and integrity. Coronal fractures resulting from dental trauma most frequently occur to the maxillary
anterior teeth of adolescents and less frequently to mandibular teeth. Adult teeth may also suffer traumatic fracture, although less frequently than for
adolescents.
Case Report: In our case, an economical and time-saving novel technique has been described for direct composite restoration in a young patient with
uncomplicated fractured maxillary anterior tooth.
Conclusion: As restoring a fractured tooth is a complex procedure, this technique can prove as a simple, effective and appropriate technique that will fulfill all
the requirements of dental personnel. This technique can also prove to be easy for inexperienced beginner clinicians without requiring special skills in
providing the patients with direct composite restorations
Orthodontic tooth movement is basically a biologic response towards a mechanical force. Osteoclast and osteoblast cells mediate bone resorption and apposition, which eventually produces tooth movement. Researches showed that the rate of orthodontic tooth movement can be altered by certain drugs locally or systemically. The Objective of this article is to discuss the current data concerning the effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement.
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Rehabilitation of Congenitally Maxillary C...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Objective: This case report describes the multidisciplinary
approach to treat a congenitally missed maxillary canine, how to
improve patient’s smile using orthodontic fixed appliance, endosseous
dental implant, and porcelain veneer to achieve the treatment results of
function and esthetic.
Materials and procedures: Unilateral agenesis of the permanent
maxillary canines in healthy individuals is extremely rare. This
paper presents the case of a female patient diagnosed with congenital
unilateral agenesis of the permanent maxillary canines as well as
occlusal abnormalities in the form of left-side crossbite. To restore the
proper aesthetics and function, interdisciplinary therapeutic treatment
was implemented. In the case presented in this paper, the aim of
oral rehabilitation was to restore a functional balance by obtaining
proper skeletal relationships, creating optimal occlusal conditions and
obtaining arch continuity.
Conclusion: Interdisciplinary treatment combined of orthodontics,
implant surgery, and prosthodontics was useful to treat a nonsyndromic
oligodontia patient. Especially, with the new strategy, implantanchored
orthodontics, which can facilitate the treatmentand make it
more simply with greater predictability.
The multifactorial factors influenc cleft Lip-literature review Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Congenital cleft-Lip and cleft palate have been the subject of many genetic
studies, but until recently there has been no consensus as to their modes of
inheritance. In fact, claims have been made for just about every genetic
mechanism one can think of. Recently, however, evidence has been
accumulating that favors a multifactorial basis for these malformations. The
purpose of the present paper is to present the etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate
both the genetic and the environmental factors. It is suggested that the genetic
basis for diverse kinds of common or uncommon congenital malformations may
very well be homogeneous, whilst, at the same, the environmental basis is
heterogeneous.
Dental implants represent one of the most successful treatment modalities in dentistry.
However, failures do occur in the range from 5 to 8% for routine procedures and up to 20% in major grafting cases after at least 5 years of function . The majority of implant losses may be explained as biomechanically induced failures, since low primary implant stability, low bone density, short implants and overload have been identified as risk factors . Hence, achievement and maintenance of implant stability are pre-conditions for a successful clinical outcome with dental implants.
The review focuses on different methods used to assess implant stability and recent advances in this field
Over time, progressively shorter implants have been placed such that short implants are now available that are less than 6 mm in length. The viability and high success rates seen with short implants can be explained by osseointegration, the macro geometric design of the implant, as well as physics and the distribution of forces. This paper was aimed to review the stability and survival rate of short implants under functional loads. Numerical and clinical studies were reviewed. Keywords: Short dental implants, sinus augmentation, factors affecting bone regeneration in dental implantology
Porcelain laminate veneers are among the most esthetic means of creating a more pleasing and beautiful smile. Porcelain veneers within reason allow for the alteration of tooth position, shape, size and color. They require a minimal amount of tooth preparation, approximately 0.5 mm to 0.7mm of surface enamel reduction. This study describes the use of ceramic veneers without tooth wear, reinforcing the concept that minimally invasive porcelain laminate veneers could become versatile and conservative allies in the fi eld of esthetic dentistry. Keywords: Ceramics, dentin-bonding agents, esthetics
Immediate Restoration of Single Implants Replacing Lateral Incisor Compromis...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Today, the diagnosis of internal root resorption is significantly improved by the three-dimensional imaging. Furthermore, the CBCT’s superior diagnosis accuracy resulted in an improved management of the resorptive defects and a better outcome of Implant therapy of teeth with internal resorption.Implant has become a wide option to maintain periodontal architecture. Diagnosis and treatment planning is the key factors in achieving the successful outcomes after placing and restoring implants placed immediately after tooth extraction. The purpose of this clinical update is to report on the success and survival of Immediate restoration of single implants replacing right lateral incisor compromised by internal resorption.
Immediate Implant Placement And Restoration With Natural Tooth In The Maxilla...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Anterior tooth loss and restoration in the esthetic zone is a common challenge in dentistry today. The prominent visibility of the area can be especially distressing to the patient and requires a timely and esthetically pleasing solution. Immediate single-tooth implantation followed by immediate provisionalization is becoming an increasingly desirable treatment that offers numerous benefits over conventional delayed loading. Provisionalization for immediately-placed implants using the patient’s existing tooth can enhance the final aesthetic outcome if certain steps are
followed. If the natural tooth is intact and can be used as a provisional, the emergence profile can be very similar to the preoperative condition. This article outlines a technique to use the patient’s natural tooth after extraction to provisionalize an implant.
Clinical Management of Bilateral Impacted Maxillary CaninesAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Introduction: Impaction of maxillary canines is a frequently encountered clinical problem in orthodontic therapy. When a preventive
approach fails, treatment involves surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, followed by orthodontic traction to guide and align it into the
dental arch. The aim of the present report was to demonstrate by case reports of an adult patient with bilateral impacted maxillary canines
treated with surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment.
Material and Methods: A 15year-old female with various degrees of bilateral palatal impaction of maxillary canines were managed
by the described technique.
Results and Discussion: Autonomous eruption of the impacted canines after surgical uncovering was witnessed in all patients
without the need for application of a vertical orthodontic force for their extrusion.
Conclusion: The described method of surgical uncovering and autonomous eruption created conditions for biological eruption of the
palatally impacted canines into the oral cavity and facilitated considerably the subsequent orthodontic treatment for their proper alignment
in the dental arch.
Keywords: Impacted canines; Surgical; Tooth exposure; Orthodontic treatment
“One-Piece” Immediate-Load Post-Extraction Implant In Maxillary Central IncisorAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: This case report describes extraction of a fractured left maxillary central incisor tooth, followed by immediate placement of an one-piece implant in the prepared socket and temporization by a bonded restoration.
Materials And Methods: The tooth was extracted with minimal hard and soft tissue trauma and without flap reflection. The socket was prepared to the required depth and a Implant was inserted.
Results: The atraumatic operating technique and the immediate insertion of the one-piece Implant resulted in the preservation of the hard and soft tissues at the extraction site.
Conclusion: The “One-piece” dental implant and provisional restoration provided the patient with immediate esthetics, function, comfort and most importantly preservation of tissues. The one-piece implant design resulted in a high cumulative implant survival rate and beneficial marginal bone levels.
Single Visit Replacement of Central Maxillary Using Fiber-Reinforced Composi...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Fiber reinforced composites are high strength filling materials composed of conventional composites and glass fibres. They exhibit extensive applications in different fields of dentistry. This clinical report present a case where FRC technology was successfully used to restore central maxillary incisor edentulous area in terms of esthetic-cosmetic values and functionality.
Zirconium Dental Implants And Crown for Congenitally Missing Maxillary Latera...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Zirconia implants were familiarized into dental implantology. Zirconia appears
to be an appropriate implant material due to its low plaque affinity, tooth like color, biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The following a case presentations will show how the acid-etched zirconia Implant can be used to functionally and aesthetically replace congenitally missing left lateral incisor tooth germ in the maxilla, and achieve optimal soft tissues and health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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1. Case Report
ENDODONTOLOGY Volume: 25 Issue 2 December 2013
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) in apexification
Abu-Hussein Muhamad #
Abdulghani Azzaldeen ##
Abu-Shilabayeh Hanali ##
ABSTRACT
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was introduced as an alternative to traditional materials for the repair of root
perforations, pulp-capping and as a retrograde root filling due to its superior biocompatibilty and ability to seal the
root canal system. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide has been the material of choice for the apexification of immature
permanent teeth but MTA holds significant promise as an alternative to multiple treatments with calcium hydroxide.
The paper discusses the use of calcium hydroxide as a traditional apexification material and provides an overview of
the composition, properties and applications of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with emphasis on its use in apexification
of immature permanent teeth. A case report is presented to highlight its use.
Key Words : Open-apex, mineral trioxide aggregate
Introduction
regeneration.5 It has the ability to stimulate cytocline
Trauma causes cessation of root development.
release from the bone cells, indicating that it actively
Fragile root canals becomes weak. It is difficult to
promotes hard tissue formation.6
create an artificial barrier or induce closure of
Case Report
apical foramen with calcified tissue.1 MTA was first
A 14-year old girl suffering from painful
described in dental scientific literature in 19932 and
symptoms caused by her central incisors was
was given approval for endodontic use by the US
examined in the Department of Pediatic Dentistry,
Food and Drug Administration in 1998. Upto 2002,
Al-Quds University, Jerusalem for evaluation and
only one MTA material consisting of grey coloured
treatment.
powder was available and then white MTA was
introduced. Both formulae contain 75% Portland
Investigation revealed a trauma (4 years ago)
cement, 20% bismuth oxide and 5% gypsum by
associated with an enamel/dentin fracture. No
weight. The aim of this procedure is to limit bacterial
treatment was performed at that time.
infection and production of mineralized apical
Approximately two years later, a fluctuant swelling
tissues in immature anterior tooth. The inadequacy
developed in the apical area of the teeth. Symptoms
of calcium hydroxide apexification due to its long
also included tenderness to percussion. Drainage
time span and re-infection because of temporary
was established by lingual access in the pulp
seal
chamber. Treatment was interrupted by the patient
3,4
led to the use of MTA.
for no reason, and four years later, an attempt of
This forms a barrier and prevents micro
apexification using calcium hydroxide paste was
leakage. It is bio - compatible and forms dentinal
carried out for six months by another dentist, but
bridge, cementum and periodontal ligament
no apexification was observed on either tooth.
# University of Napoli, ## Al-Quds University, Palestine
97
2. ABU-HUSSEIN MUHAMAD, ABDULGHANI AZZALDEEN, ABU-SHILABAYEH HANALI
When patient was referred to our department,
incompletely formed with open apices and
extra and intra-oral examinations (including
periapical lesions (fig.1). Cleaning and shaping of
radiology) were performed: they revealed central
root canals system was achieved under rubber dam
left and right incisors in normal position with
isolation. The solution used for irrigation was 2.5%
enamel/dentin fracture. Root canals were wide, roots
sodium hypochlorite. Root canal length was
Fig.1. Radiographic examinationshows implication of pulpal
tissues and presence of periapical lesions due to dental trauma
Fig. 2. First attempt to place MTA in the right maxillary
Fig. 3. Apical plug of MTA in the apical third of the canal
Fig. 4. Conventional obturation with gutta-percha
98
3. MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE (MTA) IN APEXIFICATION
Fig.5 Radiographic follow-up at 6 months
Fig. 6. Radiographic follow-up after 12 months
determined using an apex locator and confirmed
Two days later, coronal and middle thirds of
radiographically. Calcium hydroxide paste was
the canals were filled with gutta-percha by a vertical
placed in the canals for 1 week for disinfection.
warm compaction technique and access cavities
During the second appointment,
were sealed in conjunction with the final restoration
(fig. 4).Periradicular healing was assessed clinically
Calcium hydroxide was eliminated by
and radiographically at 6, 8 (fig. 5) and 12 months
mechanical instrumentation and rinsed out of root
(fig. 6). The use of MTAR completed with a
canals by means of sterile water irrigation. The
conventional endodontic treatment resulted in
canals were dried using sterile paper points. MTAR
apical formation of the two central incisors (fig. 6).
was prepared immediately before use, placed into
Discussion
the canals with an MTAR carrier and compacted
with a hand plugger to create an apical plug of 3 to
The traditional use of calcium hydroxide apical
4 mm as described by the manufacturer.
barriers has been associated with unpredictable
Radiography was taken to check if no apical
apical closure, time taken for barrier formation,
extension occured.
patient compliance, risks of re-infection resulting
from the difficulty in creating long term seals with
The apical plug failed in the first attempt on the
provisional restorations and susceptibility to root
right maxillary central incisor (fig. 2), MTAR was rinsed
fractures arising from the presence of thin roots or
out with sterile water and the procedure was repeated
prolonged exposure of the root dentin to Ca(OH)27.
(fig.3). Moist paper points were placed in the canals
Thus there is increasing popularity with one visit
and access cavities were closed with a temporary
apexification techniques. One visit Apexification has
restorative material, IRMR (Dentsply, Caulk, USA)*.
been defined as the non surgical condensation of a
99
4. ABU-HUSSEIN MUHAMAD, ABDULGHANI AZZALDEEN, ABU-SHILABAYEH HANALI
biocompatible material into the apical end of root
Torabinejad12 reported the ingredients in MTA
canal. The rationale is to establish an apical stop
as tri calcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate,
that would enable the root canal to be filled
tricalcium oxide and silicate oxide with some other
immediately. Torneck and others have indicated
mineral oxides that were responsible for the
that when apical closure takes place clinically with
chemical and physical properties of aggregate. The
Ca(OH)2, there is no complete bridging of the apex
powder consists of fine hydrophilic particles that
histologically. Periapical inflammation persists
set in the presence of moisture. The hydration of
about the apices of many teeth because necrotic
the powder results in a colloidal gel with a pH of
tissue exists in corners and crevices of the bridge.
12.5 that will set in approximately 3 hours. MTA
A major target area of biomedical research
has a compressive strength equal to intermediate
is a mechanism to restore lost bone.
restorative material and Super - EBA but less than
A resorbabletricalcium phosphate ceramic has been
that of amalgam. It is commercially available as
developed. Koenig’s, Brilliant and Driskell found
ProRoot MTA ,and has been advocated for use in
that use of this material induced apical closure in
the immediate obturation of open root apex.
8
9
vital teeth of primates with open apices.
MTAhas the ability to induce cementum like
Regeneration of periodontal ligament occurred
hard tissue when used adjacent to the periradicular
around the apices of teeth and it was associated
tissues. MTAis a promising material as a result of
with minimal inflammatory response.Harbert
its superior sealing property, its ability to set in the
documented the long term success of using a tri
presence of blood and its biocompatibility. Moisture
calcium phosphate plug as an apical barrier for one
contamination at the apex of tooth before barrier
step apexification. In other studies teeth with open
formation is often a problem with other materials
apices were obturated using an apical barrier with
used in apexification. As a result of its hydrophilic
dentin and Ca(OH)2 plugs or dentin chips and
property, the presence of moisture does not affect
hydroxyappatite10.
its sealing ability. Shabahang13 et al examined hard
tissue
There is increasing popularity with one visit
formation
and
inflammation
apexification technique using Mineral Trioxide
histomorphologically after treating open apices in
Aggregate (MTA) as osteoconductive apical barrier.
canine teeth with osteogenic protein-1, MTA and
MTA is relatively non cytotoxic and stimulates
calcium hydroxide. MTA induced hard tissue
cementogenesis. This Portland cement based
formation with the most consistency, but the amount
material generates a highly alkaline aqueous
of hard tissue formation and inflammation was not
environment by leaching of calcium and hydroxyl
statistically different among the three materials.
ions, rendering it bioactive by forming
MTA has demonstrated the ability to stimulate
hydroxyappatite in presence of phosphate
cells to differentiate into hard tissue – forming cells
containing fluids. Unlike the extended use of
and to produce a hard tissue matrix. A number of
Ca(OH)2 in immature roots, prolonged filling of
animal studies have demonstrated a more
these roots with MTA did not reduce their fracture
predictable healing outcome when MTA is used
resistance11.
100
5. MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE (MTA) IN APEXIFICATION
4. Andreasen JO, Farik B, Munksgaard BC. Long term calcium
hydroxide as a root canal dressing can increase the risk of
root canal fracture. Dental Traumatology 2002; 18 : 134-7.
when compared with teeth treated with calcium
hydroxide14. In a prospective human outcome study,
57 teeth with open apices were obturated with MTA
5. Holah G, eidelman E, Fuks AB. Long-term evaluation of
pulpotomy in primary molars using mineral trioxide aggregate
or formocresol. Pediatr Dent 2005; 27:129-36.
in one appointment. Forty – three of these cases
were available for recall at 12 months, of which
6. Koh ET, Pittford TR, Torabinejad M, Mcdonald F. Mineral
trioxide aggregate stimulates cytokine production in human
osteoblasts J Bone Min Res 1995; 10S:S406.
81% of cases were classified as healed15. Despite
its good physical and biologic properties, extended
setting time has been a main disadvantage. Calcium
7. Andreasen JO, Farik B, Munksgaard EC. Long term calcium
hydroxide as a root canal may increase risk of root fracture.
Dent Traumatol 2002;18:134-7
chloride was used with intention to stimulate
hardening process of MTA. Studies have shown that
8. Torneck CD, Smith JS, Grindall P. Biologic effects of
endodontic procedures on developing incisor teeth. Oral
Surg 1973;35:541
not only the sealing ability but its physicochemical
property was improved by addition of CaCl2 .
9. Koenigs JF, Brilliant D, Driskell TD. Induced apical closure
of permanent teeth in adult primates using a resorbable form
of tricalcium phosphate ceramic.JEndod 1975; 3(1):102-106
Conclusion
Based on this study’s results, the following
conclusions can be made:
10. Brandell DW, Torabinajed M, Bakland L K. Demineralised
dentin, hydroxyappatite and dentin chips as apical
plugs.Endod Dent Traumatol 1986;2:210-4
1. Mineral trioxide aggregate showed clinical
and radio-graphic success as a material used to
11. Rebecca L, Martin BS, Francesca M et al.Sealing properties
of mineral trioxide aggregate orthograde apical plugs and
root fillings in an in vitro apexification model. J Endod
2007;33:272-275
induce root-end closure in necrotic immature
permanent teeth.
12. Torabinejad M, ChivianN.Clinical applications of mineral
trioxide aggregate.JEndod 1999;25:197-205
2. MTA is a suitable replacement for calcium
hydroxide for the apexification procedure.
13. Shabahang S, TorabinejadM.Treatment of teeth with open
apices using mineral trioxide aggregate. Pract Periodont
Aesthet Dent 2000;12:315-20
References :
1. Seltzer S. Endodontology; Biologic Considerations in
EndodonticProcedures, 1988, 2nd edn. Philadelphia; Lea
and Febiger.
14. El-Meligy OA, Avery DR. Comparison of Apexification
with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide.
Pediatr Dent 2006;28:248-53
2. Lee SJ, Monset M, Torabinejad M. Sealing ability of a mineral
trioxideaggregate for repair of lateral root perforations. J. Endod
1993; 19 : 541-4.
15. Simon S, Rillard F, Berdal A et al ,The use of mineral
trioxide aggregate in one visit Apexification treatment: a
prospective study. IntEndod J 2007;40:186-97
3. Schmitt d, Bogen g. Multifaceted use of ProRoot MTA root
canal repair material. Pediatr Dent 2001:23:326-30.
101