Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is identical to Portland cement. It is a new remarkable biocompatible material with exciting clinical applications pioneered by Dr. Mahmoud Torabinejad, Loma Linda University, in 1993
MTA uses, MTA types, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, why we use mta not Portland cement, MTA Mixing, mta carrier, block matrix mta, mta map system, usage of MTA, pulp capping , pulptomy, apexification, regenerative endodontics, revitalization, revasclarization, internal & external root resorption, obturation, root perforation, root end filling, biodentine, MTA Fillapex, MM-MTA, THERACAL LC, Endosequence selar
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
MTA uses, MTA types, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, why we use mta not Portland cement, MTA Mixing, mta carrier, block matrix mta, mta map system, usage of MTA, pulp capping , pulptomy, apexification, regenerative endodontics, revitalization, revasclarization, internal & external root resorption, obturation, root perforation, root end filling, biodentine, MTA Fillapex, MM-MTA, THERACAL LC, Endosequence selar
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
This presentation features the various measures which can be undertaken to prevent pit and fissure caries to develop i an otherwise healthy oral environment. The use of pit and fissure sealants is emphasised in case of deep pits and fissures.
Splinting is one of the oldest forms of aids to periodontal therapy. By redistribution of forces on the affected teeth the splint minimizes the effects caused by loss of support. Splinting teeth to each other allows weakened teeth to be supported by neighbouring teeth. This presentation reviews the rationale, techniques, advantages and ill effects of stabilization of teeth by splinting as an aid to periodontal therapy. With the acceptance and clinical predictability of adhesive procedures, the use of conservative bonding techniques to splint teeth offers a useful alternative to more invasive restorative procedures. Loss of tooth-supporting structures results in tooth mobility. Increased tooth mobility adversely affects function, aesthetics, and the patient’s comfort. Splints are used to overcome all these problems. When faced with the dilemma of how to manage periodontally compromised teeth, splinting of mobile teeth to stronger adjacent teeth is a viable option. This prolongs the life expectancy of loose teeth, gives stability for the periodontium to reattach, and improves comfort, function and aesthetics.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
This presentation features the various measures which can be undertaken to prevent pit and fissure caries to develop i an otherwise healthy oral environment. The use of pit and fissure sealants is emphasised in case of deep pits and fissures.
Splinting is one of the oldest forms of aids to periodontal therapy. By redistribution of forces on the affected teeth the splint minimizes the effects caused by loss of support. Splinting teeth to each other allows weakened teeth to be supported by neighbouring teeth. This presentation reviews the rationale, techniques, advantages and ill effects of stabilization of teeth by splinting as an aid to periodontal therapy. With the acceptance and clinical predictability of adhesive procedures, the use of conservative bonding techniques to splint teeth offers a useful alternative to more invasive restorative procedures. Loss of tooth-supporting structures results in tooth mobility. Increased tooth mobility adversely affects function, aesthetics, and the patient’s comfort. Splints are used to overcome all these problems. When faced with the dilemma of how to manage periodontally compromised teeth, splinting of mobile teeth to stronger adjacent teeth is a viable option. This prolongs the life expectancy of loose teeth, gives stability for the periodontium to reattach, and improves comfort, function and aesthetics.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
MTA has been used in many dental applications, with this influx of applications attributed to MTA’s biocompatibility and sealing ability .
MTA was introduced in gray, but because of the discoloration potential of GMTA, WMTA was developed .
Biodentine™ with Active Biosilicate Technology™ was announced by dental materials manufacturer
Septodont in September of 2010, and made available in January of 2011. According to the research and
development department of said manufacturer, “a new class of dental material which could conciliate high
mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well as bioactive behaviour” (Septodont
Biodentine™ scientific file, 2010) had been produced. According to the manufacturer, the material can be
used as a “dentine replacement material whenever original dentine is damaged
Bioactive materiasl have played significant role in endodontics since the introduction of MTA. other materials have been introduced into the market in order to achieve better results with good prognosis and improved quality in shorter period of time. hence we need to take a quick look on the common available Bioactive materials in the endodontic market in order to investigate the properties of each and to give the practitioner good idea to know how to select the materials.
Mineral trioxide aggregate/ orthodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Root repair materials in Dentistry is evolving like never before with the advent of bioactive materials.lets have quick look at the products that have become history to the recent advances .
Bioceramics are materials which include Alumina, Zirconia, Bioactive glass, Glass ceramics, Hydroxyapatite, resorbable Calcium phosphates.
Used in dentistry for
Filling up bony defects
Root repair materials
Apical fill materials
Aids in regeneration etc.
Bioinert: non-interactive with biological systems (Alumina, zirconia)
Bioactive: durable tissues that can undergo interfacial interactions with surrounding tissue (bioactive glasses, bioactive glass ceramics, hydroxyapatite, calcium silicates)
Biodegradable: soluble or resorbable, eventually replaced or incorporated into tissue (Tricalcium phosphate, Bioactive glasses).
major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
TMJ is a ginglymo-diarthroidal joint that is freely mobile with superior and inferior joint spaces separated by articular disc.
The type of imaging technique depends upon the clinical problems associated, so either imaging of hard tissue (OSSEOUS) or soft tissue is desired.
Certain protocols are to be taken care before the imaging procedure:
the amount of diagnostic information available from particular imaging modality.
The cost of examination
The radiation dose
The periodontal examination should be systematic, starting in the molar region in either maxilla or mandible and proceeding around the arch. It is important to detect the earliest signs of gingival and periodontal disease.
A child may appear as a MINIATURE ADULT to a LAYMAN but the detail anatomy reveals that he/she is completely different from an adult. The growth and development seems MIRACLE in growing child.
These changes vary progressively till puberty after which permanent features are established.
Epidemiology of gingival & periodontal diseasesChetan Basnet
It is the “study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in a specified population, and the application of this study to control of health problems.”
-John M. Last(1988)
Retention & relapse in orthodonticsChetan Basnet
Retention:
Maintaining newly moved teeth in a position long enough to aid in stabilizing correction.
-Moyer
Relapse:
It has been defined as the loss of any correction achieved by orthodontic treatment.
-Moyer
Avitaminoses are a assorted groups of diseases, and as unrelated to each other as the chemical constituents of the various vitamins, they too share enough group of diseases..
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Composition
• Types – Gray & White
• Mixing time
• Setting time
• Solubility
• Biocompatibility
• Radiopacity
• pH
• Physical Properties
• Advantages / Disadvantages
• Indications / Contra-Indication
• Clinical Applications
– Direct pulp capping
– Apical plug
– Root end filling
– Root perforations
– Furcation involvement
– Resorptive defect
• Comparison of Ca(OH)2 & MTA
• Conclusion
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
Independent analysis suggests that the material of Mineral Trioxide
Aggregate (MTA) is identical to Portland cement. It is a new remarkable biocompatible
material with exciting clinical applications pioneered by Dr. Mahmoud
Torabinejad, Loma Linda University, in 1993. Its first description in the dental
literature in 1993, by Lee & colleagues, that MTA has been used in both surgical
and non – surgical applications, including root end fillings, direct pulp capping,
perforation repairs in roots or furcations and Apexification.
• In 1998, MTA’s approval by U.S Food and Drug Administration led to widespread
use. MTA cement provides a better sealing ability over Amalgam, GIC, IRM, ZOE,
and Super EBA.
• It’s an ideal material for use against bone for the overgrowth of cementum,
formation of bone and facilitates the regeneration of the periodontal ligament fibers.
4. Composition
Chemical Composition
(Sarkar et al – JOE 2005)
MTA is a mechanical mixture of 3 powder ingredients:
• Portland cement (75%)
• Bismuth oxide (20%)
• Gypsum (5%)
Composition includes :
• Tricalcium silicate
• Dicalcium silicate
• Tricalcium aluminate
• Tetracalcium aluminoferrite
• Calcium sulfate
• Bismuth oxide
MTA powder consists of fine hydrophilic particles. Tricalcium silicate, Tricalcium
aluminate, Silica oxide and Tricalcium oxide are the major components and few other
mineral oxides are responsible for chemical and physical properties of MTA.
Bismuth oxide added for radio opacity.
5. Types of MTA:
There are two types of MTA
1. Gray
2. White
(Saeed Asgary et al JOE 2005)
Grey MTA White MTA
FeO -present FeO replaced with MgO
FeO- Black MgO-White(Hue matched the color of
teeth)
6. Mixing MTA
Prepared immediately before use. Kept always in closed containers or free from
moisture.
Powder: Water = 3: 1
Glass or paper slab used for mixing with – plastic / metal spatula.
It requires moisture to set. Once the mix is dry sandy form its ready for application.
7. Setting Time
MTA powder consists of fine hydrophilic particles. Hydration of MTA
powder results in a colloidal gel that solidifies to a hard structure in ~ 4 hrs which has a
long setting time.
It is generally considered that a potential root end filling material should set as soon
as placed in root end cavity without significant shrinkage.
This condition would allow the dimensional stability of the material after placement
and less time for an unset material to be in contact with vital tissues. In general, quicker
a material sets more it shrinks.
But MTA has long setting time with less shrinkage
8. Solubility
Lack of solubility is an ideal characteristic of MTA as a root end filling
material.
Despite of some advantages of controlled long term clinical studies, because of its long
setting time, the recommended methods of ISO (6) or ADAS # 30 (7), the test solubility
of MTA had to be modified.
9. Biocompatibility
Clinically MTA is a biocompatible material with good sealing ability
should generate little or no inflammatory response in periradicular tissues, and
encourage the formation of fibrous connective tissue and / or cementum covering the
entire root end.
• Calcium & Phosphorus are the main ions present in this material, which are the
principle components of dental tissues, hence MTA proved to be biocompatible
when used in contact with cells and tissues.
10. Radio Opacity
Bismuth oxide added for radio opacity and it is more radio opaque than its
surrounding structures.
Shah et al in 1995 showed that the MTA is less radio opaque than Kalzinol- (7.97) and
more radio opaque than GP (6.14), IRM (5.30), Super EBA (5.16), Dentin- (0.70).
More radio opaque than GP & dentin are very much distinguishable on radiographs
11. pH
• MTA has a high pH of 12.5 similar to calcium hydroxide cement, which
prevents the bacterial growth and maintains the long lasting bactericidal potential.
• Induction of hard tissue formation / barrier in Apexification procedures and root
end filling would minimize the interaction between material and host tissues
12. Physical Property
Compressive Strength is an important factor to be considered when a filling material
is placed in a cavity that bears occlusal pressure. As a root end filling material do not
bear direct pressure, the Compressive strength of this material is not as significant as
materials used to repair defects in occlusal surfaces. Compressive strength in 21days
≈70 Mpa.
Mechanical wear, an important factor in coronal restoration, MTA is not used as
coronal restoration or not placed in functional areas.
18. Direct Pulp Capping
• In Exposed pulps, to preserve the pulpal vitality, MTA is used as a pulp capping
material. It prevents Bacterial leakage with a high level of biocompatibility.
• MTA stimulates dentin bridge formation adjacent to dental pulp. Dentinogenesis of
MTA due to its sealing ability, biocompatibility, alkalinity and other properties
associated with this material. Dentin bridge formation that promotes healing. It
formed a complete barrier at exposure site with free of inflammations.
• Reparative dentin formed by MTA does not originate from severely damaged
odontoblasts, but from undifferentiated cells that migrated from deep regions of
pulp, which replaced the degenerated odontoblasts. Reparative dentin formed is
regular and odontoblasts remain intact.
19. Root End Filling
(Torabinejad et al - 1995 & 1997)
MTA has the ability to prevent the irritants in the root canal to extrude into
periradicular tissues. There is a less inflammation, with cementum formation
and the regeneration of periradicular tissues.
20. Apical Plug
MTA indicated for Necrotic pulps and With open apices. MTA can be used as
a material of choice for apical plug and placed 3- 4mm in the apical plug. It creates a
hard tissue formation or as an apical plug to prevent the extrusion of filling material
during obturation of the canal with open apices.
21. Retrograde Filling
Jordan in 1998 ,MTA was tried as retro grade filling material.
It was found that it Inhibits dye penetration with a Good sealing ability.
-Nicholson et al: BDJ 2000
22. Root Perforations
Root perforations can occur during root canal treatment, post space
preparation or as a consequence of internal resorption.
MTA can be placed in the repair area as a reparative material. Repair can be
achieved by Intracoronal / Extracoronal placement.
-Lee etal, 1993, found to have less leakage with least overfilling
-Nataka, 1997, found that there was least bacterial leakage than amalgam
-Pittford, 1995, found that perforated area had non-inflamed surroundings
with cementum formation over MTA.
23. Furcation Involvement
• No inflammation with no loss of periodontal attachment surrounding
MTA.
• MTA forms cementum and is continuous with cementum and also forms a
hard tissue bridges. MTA extruded into bony defect cementum formed
around excess material and the periodontal ligament has a separated
cementum from bone.
24. Resorptive Defects
• MTA used for repairing the resorptive defects. There will not be
inflammation surrounding it with continuous cementum formation.
• It forms a hard tissue bridges also with reduced ostoeclastic activity.
26. Ca(OH)2 MTA
Hard tissue formation Not much Root end induction
Calcific bridge Not continuous Continuous with dentin
Biocompatibility Low High
Degree of Inflammation Low High
Sets Not Hard Hard
pH High High
Solubility Partially disolve Less soluble
Permeable to fluids Non permeable
Soluble in periapical tissue Insoluble
27. Viscosity Poor Good
Application Not easy to apply in RC Easy
Resorption Rate vary with density Non-resorbable
Appical barrier formation Change rate/ initial narrow
appical width
Less/wide
Apexification Multiple one
Appical closure Unpredictability Good
Patient follow up More Less
Treatment Delay shortens
28. MTA is an Insoluble matrix of silica that maintains the integrity even in
contact with water.
MTA is itself apical barrier material with good sealing ability properties and a
high degree of biocompatibility.
MTA has root-end induction capacity by producing an apical hard tissue
formation with significant greater consistency.
MTA is capable of maintaining high pH during a long time and forms an apical
barrier that creates a favorable environment for cell division and matrix
formation.
Its advantages over calcium hydroxide are
One- visit Apexification.
Shortens the treatment time.
Pt’s recall visit is less.
29. Disadvantages Of Ca(OH)2
• Permeable to fluids
• Soluble in periapical tissues
• Poor viscosity
• Not easy to apply in RC
• Multiple step Apexification with
• Unpredictability of apical closure
• Patients follow up
• Delay in the completion of treatment
30. Furcation Repair Case Done By
Dr. Sontosh Shrestha
Kantipur Dental College
Dept Of Cons & Endo
31. Patient Name: Anita Shrestha Regd. No: 44620
Age/Sex: 18yrs/Female Date: 2072/06/10
Ocupation: student
Address: Tokha
Chief Complaint: Patient complaint of dislodged filling on upper right back teeth
region since 4 months.
History Of Present Illness:
Gave H/O RCT on the same teeth 2 yrs back and dislodged since 4 months. No
associated history of pain and sensitivity.
But the associated with BAD SMELL from same region.
Medical History: Nothing Relevant Reported
32. Dental History: RCT done 2 yrs back
Family History: Nothing Relevant Reported
Personal History:
Brushes 2*daily with fluoridated toothpaste
Extra oral examination:
TMJ :Bilaterally Synchronous movement
Facial Symmetry: bilaterally Symmetrical
Lymph Node: non palpable
33. Intra oral Examination
• Decayed wrt: 17, 16, 36, 46
• Grossly Decayed wrt: 26
• Generalised yellowish discoloration wrt upper and lower posterior teeth
Provisional Diagnosis:
• Deep dental caries secondary to dislodged restoration wrt 26
• Dental caries wrt 17, 16, 36, 46
• Chronic generalised gingivitis
• Generalise Enamel Hypoplasia
Investigation:
IOPA wrt 26
Reveals loss of coronal portion with coronal and linear radicular radioopacity indicating rootcanal
treated tooth with diffuse periappical radiolucency.
Final Diagnosis:
• Deep dental caries secondary to dislodged restoration wrt 26
34. Treatment Plan:
• Oral Prophylaxis and oral Hygiene Instructions
• Prefabrication of post on palatal site and composite builup wrt 26
• Restoration wrt :17, 16, 36, 46
BUT
When treatment was started and caries excavation was done PERFORATION
was noted on sub-palatal floor and patient was informed about the
cause of bad smell.
The patient desired extraction of same teeth but was advised to save the teeth
and repair perforation. After getting the CONSENT of patient the furcation
repair was stared by using MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE [MTA].
35.
36. • The pre-operative radiograph was taken and the tooth
was meticulously evaluated.
• The old restoration was removed to rule out secondary
caries.
• Since the tooth was already root canal treated no re-rct
was done.
• The site of perforation was properly irrigated with
normal saline and betadine .
• Once the tooth was prepared the site of perforation
was filled with MTA.
37.
38.
39. • Then the composite build up was done (light
cure filling)
• The patient was instructed to follow up after 1
month.
40.
41.
42.
43. Conclusion
• Thanks to Dr Torabinejad for remarkable material for use in endodontics.
• MTA with high biocompatibility, alkalinity, sealing ability provided the best
hermetic seal till DATE.