This document discusses various types of minerals, energy resources, and renewable energy sources found in India. It provides details on major deposits of minerals like iron ore, manganese, mica, and limestone across different states. It also describes India's major fossil fuel reserves of coal, petroleum, and natural gas and their locations. Additionally, it covers various renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, biomass, geothermal and nuclear energy and their use in India. It emphasizes the need for sustainable energy development and increased use of renewable sources given the rising energy demand.

1. Social Science –
Geography
Chapter 5

2.  Mineral : A homogenous, naturally occurring substance
with a definable internal structure.
 They are found in varied forms in nature.
 Rocks are combinations of minerals.
 A particular mineral that formed from a certain combination of
elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions
under which the material forms.
 Because of this different minerals have different colour,
hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density.

3.  Minerals are usually found in ores.
 Minerals generally occurs in these forms:
In igneous rocks they occur as cracks, crevices, faults
or joints. Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger
ones are called lodes.
In sedimentary rocks minerals occur as beds or layers .
Another mode of formation is when only mass of
weathered material containing ores remain.
 Some minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of
valley
floors and hill bases.
 Ocean water and ocean beds also contain minerals.

4. Ferrous Minerals
Non-Ferrous
Minerals Non-
Metallic Minerals
Rock Minerals

5. Ferrous minerals account for about three-
fourths of the total value of the production of
metallic minerals.
They provide a strong base for the
development of metallurgical industries.
Two types of ferrous minerals are:
 Iron ore
 Manganese

6. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of
industrial development.
 India is rich in good quality iron ores.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron
up to 70 per cent.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of
the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than
magnetite. (50- 60 per cent).

7.  Orissa-Jharkhand belt. Haematite iron ore is mined in Goa and
Noamundi.
 Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and
South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.
 Bellary-Chitradurga - Chikmanglur - Tumkur belt in Karnataka has
large reserves of iron ore. The ore is transported as slurry through
a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.
 Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao
port.

8. others
orissa
chattisgar
h goa
jharkhand
karnataka

9. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and
Ferro- manganese alloy.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one
tonne of
steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints .
Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It
accounted
for one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-01.

10. orissa
others
madhya
pradesh
karnataka

14. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits so easily into thin
sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of
a few centimeters high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Due to its
excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance
to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and
electronic industries.
Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau. Koderma
Gaya- Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.
In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica
belt of
Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.

15. Limestone is found in association with rocks composed
of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium
carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most
geological formations.
Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement
industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace.

16. Others 50%
Karnataka 30%
Andhra Pradesh
20%

17.  The total volume of workable mineral deposits is only 1% of the
earth’s
crust.
The geological processes of mineral replenishment are infinitely
small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
Mineral resources are therefore non-renewable.
Continued extraction of ores lead to increasing costs as mineral
extraction
comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral
resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use
of low grade ores at low costs.
 Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are
steps in
conserving our mineral resources for the future.

18. Conventional
Sources
• Firewood, coal, petroleum,
cattle dung cake, electricity,
natural gas
Non-Conventional
Sources
• Solar, wind, tidal,

19. Coal
Petroleum
Natural
Gas
Electricity

20. In India , coal is most abundantly available fossil fuels.
 There are three types of coal :
 Lignite : Low grade brown coal which is soft with high moisture
content.
Found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. Used to generate electricity.
 Bituminous : Most popularly used coal . Used in smelting
irons in blast furnaces.
Anthracite: High quality hard
coal .

 Metallurgical coal found at : Damodar valley [West Bengal-
Jharkhand]
 Important coal fields : Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro .
 Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal
deposits.
 Tertiary coals : North Eastern States

21. Found in the rocks of tertiary
age .
 63% petroleum comes from Mumbai
high.
 18% from Gujarat's Ankleshwar oil
field .
 16% from Assam Digboi, Naharkatiya
and
Moram
-
Hugrijan oil fields.
 Digboi [Assam] : Oldest oil field in India .
Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry
for synthetic textile, fertilizer, and numerous
chemical industries

22. Environment friendly owing low Carbon dioxide emissions.
 Used as CNG (compressed natural gas) in vehicles .
 Found in :
Krishna-Godavari
basin Gulf of
Cambay
Andaman and Nicobar islands
Mumbai High
 Transported through pipelines.
HAZIRA-VIJAIPUR-JAGDISHPUR is the longest (1700km)
pipeline that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to
Jagdishpur in UP.

23. Electricity per capita consumption is considered
as an index of development.
 Hydroelectricity : by the force of water
Bhakra Nangal and Damodar valley projects
generate hydroelectricity.
Thermal Electricity : by coal, petroleum or
natural gas.
 There are over 310 thermal power plants in India
.

24. Nuclear or Atomic
Energy
 Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
 Electric power is produced from the energy released through this process.
 Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand , Rajasthan and
Kerala are
used for generating Nuclear Power.
Solar Energy
 Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy.
 Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.
Wind Power
 Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep and
Maharashtra also have important wind farms.
 Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy.

25. Biog
as
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to
produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has
high thermal efficiency.
Tidal Energy
 Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to generate electricity.
A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh by the National
Hydropower Corporation.
Geo Thermal Energy
The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior is called Geo
Thermal Energy.
The steam rising from earth’s surface due to the heating inside earth is
used to generate electricity.
 One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in
Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh

26. Energy is the basic requirement for economic development. Energy is needed in every
sector of the national economy. Presently, consumption of energy in all forms has been
steadily rising all over the country.
Due to this, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy
development.
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are
two ways of sustainable energy.
We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy
resources.