Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds have been used for over 2000 years as a remedy for liver diseases and are still widely used today. The active constituents are flavonolignans known as silymarin, which are extracted from the seeds. Silymarin and its constituents act as antioxidants and protect and regenerate the liver from toxins, poisoning, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. However, studies on alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis have been equivocal. Milk thistle also has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and other therapeutic properties. It is generally safe with few side effects, but more research is still needed to substantiate its effects.
Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, contains chemical constituents such as silibinin, silychristin, silydianin, and tocopherols. It has various uses including as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective agent, and for treating depression. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting inflammatory processes, protecting the liver from toxins, and preventing blood clots. Potential side effects include increased bile flow and mild loose stools. It can interact with various drugs and should be avoided in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and for those with certain medical conditions.
This document summarizes information about milk thistle. It describes the general appearance and uses of milk thistle, including that extracts from its seeds have been used to treat liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, high cholesterol, and mushroom poisoning. Some potential side effects are discussed, such as nausea, diarrhea, and rashes. Conditions that may make someone unsuitable for milk thistle supplements include excess acid in the body, low potassium, high blood pressure, liver problems, and kidney or heart issues. Dosage and contraindications are also mentioned.
Silybum marianum as a hepatoprotective agentHawkar Qadir
The liver is one of the most important organs that performs many metabolic functions and detoxifies the blood. Liver diseases can be caused by viruses, alcohol, toxins and more. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been traditionally used and clinically shown to treat liver diseases. It contains flavonolignans like silybin that are antioxidants, protect liver cells, promote regeneration and have anti-inflammatory effects. Silymarin extracts from milk thistle seeds are a safe and effective treatment for liver diseases.
1. Linseed is a bulk-forming laxative that works by increasing stool bulk. It contains fibers, mucilage and fatty acids. The daily dose is 20-45g to treat constipation by producing soft stool. Side effects are rare. It should not be used long-term or by those with certain gastrointestinal issues.
2. Isphagula and psyllium are also bulk-forming laxatives that work by swelling in the gastrointestinal tract to increase stool bulk. They are used to treat chronic constipation. Side effects include gas and obstruction risks if taken without enough fluid.
3. Senna is a stimulant laxative that works by increasing intestinal motility and fluid secretion.
Mentha herb, commonly known as peppermint, is the dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita. It has an aromatic odor and taste, with opposite decussate leaves and purple flowers. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of epidermal cells, non-glandular hairs, glandular labiaceous hairs, xylem vessels and fibers. It contains volatile oil with menthol and is used for digestive issues, as a decongestant, and in toothpaste, mouthwashes and capsules. Thyme herb is the dried aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris and other Thymus species. It has quadrangular stems
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
Aloe vera is a short-stemmed plant with thick, fleshy leaves. The leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity. There are over 550 aloe species, with Aloe barbadensis Miller being the best known medicinal species. Aloe vera leaves contain gel that is used in cosmetics and some medicines. It is grown commercially in various countries. Potential health benefits include laxative effects, blood purification, and acid reflux relief, but it can also have side effects if taken in excess or by certain groups like pregnant women.
The document discusses several medicinal plants including turmeric, aloe vera, tulsi, and amala. It provides details on their uses such as turmeric helping with menstrual problems and bacterial infections, aloe vera helping with skin blemishes and hair growth, tulsi reducing blood pressure and cholesterol and being used to make herbal tea, and amala being a rich source of vitamin C and used to treat constipation. The document also discusses properties and uses of these plants in ayurvedic medicine.
Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, contains chemical constituents such as silibinin, silychristin, silydianin, and tocopherols. It has various uses including as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective agent, and for treating depression. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting inflammatory processes, protecting the liver from toxins, and preventing blood clots. Potential side effects include increased bile flow and mild loose stools. It can interact with various drugs and should be avoided in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and for those with certain medical conditions.
This document summarizes information about milk thistle. It describes the general appearance and uses of milk thistle, including that extracts from its seeds have been used to treat liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, high cholesterol, and mushroom poisoning. Some potential side effects are discussed, such as nausea, diarrhea, and rashes. Conditions that may make someone unsuitable for milk thistle supplements include excess acid in the body, low potassium, high blood pressure, liver problems, and kidney or heart issues. Dosage and contraindications are also mentioned.
Silybum marianum as a hepatoprotective agentHawkar Qadir
The liver is one of the most important organs that performs many metabolic functions and detoxifies the blood. Liver diseases can be caused by viruses, alcohol, toxins and more. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been traditionally used and clinically shown to treat liver diseases. It contains flavonolignans like silybin that are antioxidants, protect liver cells, promote regeneration and have anti-inflammatory effects. Silymarin extracts from milk thistle seeds are a safe and effective treatment for liver diseases.
1. Linseed is a bulk-forming laxative that works by increasing stool bulk. It contains fibers, mucilage and fatty acids. The daily dose is 20-45g to treat constipation by producing soft stool. Side effects are rare. It should not be used long-term or by those with certain gastrointestinal issues.
2. Isphagula and psyllium are also bulk-forming laxatives that work by swelling in the gastrointestinal tract to increase stool bulk. They are used to treat chronic constipation. Side effects include gas and obstruction risks if taken without enough fluid.
3. Senna is a stimulant laxative that works by increasing intestinal motility and fluid secretion.
Mentha herb, commonly known as peppermint, is the dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita. It has an aromatic odor and taste, with opposite decussate leaves and purple flowers. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of epidermal cells, non-glandular hairs, glandular labiaceous hairs, xylem vessels and fibers. It contains volatile oil with menthol and is used for digestive issues, as a decongestant, and in toothpaste, mouthwashes and capsules. Thyme herb is the dried aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris and other Thymus species. It has quadrangular stems
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
Aloe vera is a short-stemmed plant with thick, fleshy leaves. The leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity. There are over 550 aloe species, with Aloe barbadensis Miller being the best known medicinal species. Aloe vera leaves contain gel that is used in cosmetics and some medicines. It is grown commercially in various countries. Potential health benefits include laxative effects, blood purification, and acid reflux relief, but it can also have side effects if taken in excess or by certain groups like pregnant women.
The document discusses several medicinal plants including turmeric, aloe vera, tulsi, and amala. It provides details on their uses such as turmeric helping with menstrual problems and bacterial infections, aloe vera helping with skin blemishes and hair growth, tulsi reducing blood pressure and cholesterol and being used to make herbal tea, and amala being a rich source of vitamin C and used to treat constipation. The document also discusses properties and uses of these plants in ayurvedic medicine.
Cardiac Deseases And Herbs Use Against ThemUsman Sarwar
Angina pectoris is recurring chest pain or discomfort caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle. It generally results from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. There are three main types of angina: stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest; unstable angina occurs more frequently and can occur at rest, potentially leading to a heart attack; variant angina or Prinzmetal's angina is caused by coronary artery spasms and can occur at any time. Plants like hawthorn and lily of the valley have been used traditionally to treat angina and improve blood flow to the heart.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
This document discusses plant gums and mucilages, which are secreted by plants and have industrial uses. Gums are generally obtained from tree bark and are classified as water soluble or insoluble. Guar gum, from the guar bean, is water soluble and used as a thickening agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, printing, and explosives. Mucilages are similar to gums in being gelatinous polysaccharides and proteins secreted by plants and microbes.
The document discusses the role of alfalfa in treating high cholesterol. It defines alfalfa and outlines its chemical composition, which includes saponins. Saponins help lower cholesterol by interacting with bile acids to form extended micelles that enhance the removal of cholesterol from the body. While alfalfa can help lower cholesterol and has other pharmaceutical uses like treating diabetes, it should be avoided by certain groups like those with lupus, estrogen-sensitive cancers, or kidney problems due to risks of side effects.
Caraway is a plant with fruits that are used in traditional medicine. It contains carvone and limonene which soothe the digestive tract and have anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Caraway is used for digestive issues like gas, bloating, and mild stomach spasms. It may also help regulate blood sugar and have anti-cancer effects. Side effects include potential drug interactions and risks during pregnancy or with extended use. Dosage depends on preparation and form, with seeds, powder, or extracts used in small amounts.
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Learn more about this super seed and how it helps to treat all sorts of medical conditions and diseases. Visit https://www.spicelife.cf/ for more details.
Free radicals: are compounds that have an odd (uneven) number of electrons and therefore unbalanced and reactive (stealing an electron from compounds they encounter to gain stability)
Antioxidants: are compounds that offer an electron to free radicals to neutralize their destructive nature
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Echinacea is a plant that contains various chemicals and is used to stimulate the immune system, treat infections, and reduce inflammation. It works by stimulating immune cells, increasing antibody and white blood cell production, and inhibiting bacteria. Typical dosages are 200mg tablets taken 1-2 times daily or 100mg capsules taken 3 times daily. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, and rash. It should not be used by people with autoimmune disorders or while pregnant/breastfeeding. Echinacea may interact with some medications metabolized by the liver or affected by P-glycoprotein transporters.
This document discusses herbal products that can be used to treat heart diseases. It outlines several herbs including linseed, digitalis, green tea, garlic, arjuna, ginkgo biloba, guggul, and pomegranate. For each herb, it provides the botanical name, use for heart conditions, and example products containing the herb. The document also discusses cardiovascular disease as a major cause of death and provides counseling recommendations for patients suffering from heart disease.
This document discusses the Carica papaya plant, including its taxonomy, distribution, constituents, botanical description, ecology, uses, and dangers. It belongs to the family Caricaceae. While native to Central America, it is now grown in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is an herbaceous plant grown for its fruit, which has nutritional value. Various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses for treating conditions like dengue fever, cancer, ulcers, and wounds. Further research on its bioactive compounds supports some of these traditional uses.
This document summarizes the key details about two plants: Datura and Ashwagandha. It describes their scientific classification, biological source, geographical source, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents and tests. Datura contains tropane alkaloids like hyoscine and atropine. It is used medicinally as a parasympatholytic and for conditions like asthma. Ashwagandha contains steroidal alkaloids and lactones, with withanine as the main constituent. It has sedative, hypotensive and stimulant properties and is traditionally used to treat rheumatism, gout and skin diseases.
Vinca alkaloids are obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. They include vincristine and vinblastine, which are used as chemotherapy drugs to treat cancers like Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Vinca alkaloids work as antineoplastic agents by arresting cell division in cancer cells. Over 150 alkaloids can be extracted from Vinca, including indole alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine, and ajmalicine, which have anticancer, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties.
Biological source method of preparation ,identification test uses of enzymesSUSHILBHOYAR2
This document provides information about 5 enzymes - diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. It discusses the biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, identification tests, and uses of each enzyme. The key points covered are:
- Diastase is obtained from rat pancreas or fungi and is used as a digestant and to convert starch to sugars.
- Papain comes from papaya latex and is used as a meat tenderizer and anti-inflammatory.
- Pepsin is derived from pig stomach and used to treat gastric issues and in protein analysis.
- Trypsin is from ox pancreas and given to aid digestion or to remove dead tissue
The document discusses peppermint (Mentha pipertia), including its botanical information, parts used, chemical constituents like menthol and menthone, mechanisms of action as a calcium channel blocker, uses to treat nausea, headaches and reduce inflammation, potential side effects like heartburn and allergic reactions, contraindications during pregnancy and intestinal diseases, interactions with other drugs, and dosage recommendations of 3-6 grams as an infusion or 0.2 ml of peppermint oil per day in capsules.
Cranberries have many potential health benefits according to research. Studies have shown that cranberries rank highest among 11 fruits in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Cranberry extracts also showed the most potent antiproliferative effects in cell cultures, suggesting they may prevent rapid cell growth like cancer cells. Specifically, cranberries may prevent urinary tract infections and Helicobacter pylori infections by inhibiting bacterial adhesion. Cranberry flavonoids also stop the growth of various cancer cell lines and reduce cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting enzymes involved in cancer and inflammation. Cranberries thus have potential roles in preventing cancer, heart disease, and infections.
This document discusses several bitter plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine:
- Gentian contains bitter glycosides like gentiopicrin and is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and enhance menstrual flow. It can also treat wounds, arthritis, and sore throat.
- Kalmegh contains andrographolide and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and to treat liver issues and jaundice. It is also used as a blood purifier.
- Chirata contains bitter glycosides and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and historically as an antimalarial.
- Picrorhiza contains picrosides and is used as a bitter
Salvia officinalis (sage) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves and whole herb are used medicinally. It contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. It has anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-cancer, sedative, and anti-menopausal effects. Some compounds are water soluble while others like carnosol are ethanol soluble. Side effects include neurotoxicity, seizures, liver effects, and low blood pressure. It may interact with anti-diabetics, anti-convulsants, sedatives, and analgesics.
This document discusses liver detoxification and the nutrients needed to support the liver's two-phase detoxification process. Phase one prepares toxins for elimination while phase two works to safely remove them. Key pathways include glutathione conjugation, methylation, sulfation, acetylation and glucuronidation. Nutrients like milk thistle, dandelion, alpha lipoic acid, NAC, B vitamins and minerals help each phase. When detoxification is impaired, symptoms can include fatigue, skin issues, mood changes and more. Proper elimination is also important to fully clear the body of toxins.
Cardiac Deseases And Herbs Use Against ThemUsman Sarwar
Angina pectoris is recurring chest pain or discomfort caused by decreased blood supply to the heart muscle. It generally results from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. There are three main types of angina: stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest; unstable angina occurs more frequently and can occur at rest, potentially leading to a heart attack; variant angina or Prinzmetal's angina is caused by coronary artery spasms and can occur at any time. Plants like hawthorn and lily of the valley have been used traditionally to treat angina and improve blood flow to the heart.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
This document discusses plant gums and mucilages, which are secreted by plants and have industrial uses. Gums are generally obtained from tree bark and are classified as water soluble or insoluble. Guar gum, from the guar bean, is water soluble and used as a thickening agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, printing, and explosives. Mucilages are similar to gums in being gelatinous polysaccharides and proteins secreted by plants and microbes.
The document discusses the role of alfalfa in treating high cholesterol. It defines alfalfa and outlines its chemical composition, which includes saponins. Saponins help lower cholesterol by interacting with bile acids to form extended micelles that enhance the removal of cholesterol from the body. While alfalfa can help lower cholesterol and has other pharmaceutical uses like treating diabetes, it should be avoided by certain groups like those with lupus, estrogen-sensitive cancers, or kidney problems due to risks of side effects.
Caraway is a plant with fruits that are used in traditional medicine. It contains carvone and limonene which soothe the digestive tract and have anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Caraway is used for digestive issues like gas, bloating, and mild stomach spasms. It may also help regulate blood sugar and have anti-cancer effects. Side effects include potential drug interactions and risks during pregnancy or with extended use. Dosage depends on preparation and form, with seeds, powder, or extracts used in small amounts.
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Learn more about this super seed and how it helps to treat all sorts of medical conditions and diseases. Visit https://www.spicelife.cf/ for more details.
Free radicals: are compounds that have an odd (uneven) number of electrons and therefore unbalanced and reactive (stealing an electron from compounds they encounter to gain stability)
Antioxidants: are compounds that offer an electron to free radicals to neutralize their destructive nature
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Echinacea is a plant that contains various chemicals and is used to stimulate the immune system, treat infections, and reduce inflammation. It works by stimulating immune cells, increasing antibody and white blood cell production, and inhibiting bacteria. Typical dosages are 200mg tablets taken 1-2 times daily or 100mg capsules taken 3 times daily. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, and rash. It should not be used by people with autoimmune disorders or while pregnant/breastfeeding. Echinacea may interact with some medications metabolized by the liver or affected by P-glycoprotein transporters.
This document discusses herbal products that can be used to treat heart diseases. It outlines several herbs including linseed, digitalis, green tea, garlic, arjuna, ginkgo biloba, guggul, and pomegranate. For each herb, it provides the botanical name, use for heart conditions, and example products containing the herb. The document also discusses cardiovascular disease as a major cause of death and provides counseling recommendations for patients suffering from heart disease.
This document discusses the Carica papaya plant, including its taxonomy, distribution, constituents, botanical description, ecology, uses, and dangers. It belongs to the family Caricaceae. While native to Central America, it is now grown in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is an herbaceous plant grown for its fruit, which has nutritional value. Various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses for treating conditions like dengue fever, cancer, ulcers, and wounds. Further research on its bioactive compounds supports some of these traditional uses.
This document summarizes the key details about two plants: Datura and Ashwagandha. It describes their scientific classification, biological source, geographical source, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents and tests. Datura contains tropane alkaloids like hyoscine and atropine. It is used medicinally as a parasympatholytic and for conditions like asthma. Ashwagandha contains steroidal alkaloids and lactones, with withanine as the main constituent. It has sedative, hypotensive and stimulant properties and is traditionally used to treat rheumatism, gout and skin diseases.
Vinca alkaloids are obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. They include vincristine and vinblastine, which are used as chemotherapy drugs to treat cancers like Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Vinca alkaloids work as antineoplastic agents by arresting cell division in cancer cells. Over 150 alkaloids can be extracted from Vinca, including indole alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine, and ajmalicine, which have anticancer, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties.
Biological source method of preparation ,identification test uses of enzymesSUSHILBHOYAR2
This document provides information about 5 enzymes - diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. It discusses the biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, identification tests, and uses of each enzyme. The key points covered are:
- Diastase is obtained from rat pancreas or fungi and is used as a digestant and to convert starch to sugars.
- Papain comes from papaya latex and is used as a meat tenderizer and anti-inflammatory.
- Pepsin is derived from pig stomach and used to treat gastric issues and in protein analysis.
- Trypsin is from ox pancreas and given to aid digestion or to remove dead tissue
The document discusses peppermint (Mentha pipertia), including its botanical information, parts used, chemical constituents like menthol and menthone, mechanisms of action as a calcium channel blocker, uses to treat nausea, headaches and reduce inflammation, potential side effects like heartburn and allergic reactions, contraindications during pregnancy and intestinal diseases, interactions with other drugs, and dosage recommendations of 3-6 grams as an infusion or 0.2 ml of peppermint oil per day in capsules.
Cranberries have many potential health benefits according to research. Studies have shown that cranberries rank highest among 11 fruits in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Cranberry extracts also showed the most potent antiproliferative effects in cell cultures, suggesting they may prevent rapid cell growth like cancer cells. Specifically, cranberries may prevent urinary tract infections and Helicobacter pylori infections by inhibiting bacterial adhesion. Cranberry flavonoids also stop the growth of various cancer cell lines and reduce cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting enzymes involved in cancer and inflammation. Cranberries thus have potential roles in preventing cancer, heart disease, and infections.
This document discusses several bitter plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine:
- Gentian contains bitter glycosides like gentiopicrin and is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and enhance menstrual flow. It can also treat wounds, arthritis, and sore throat.
- Kalmegh contains andrographolide and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and to treat liver issues and jaundice. It is also used as a blood purifier.
- Chirata contains bitter glycosides and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and historically as an antimalarial.
- Picrorhiza contains picrosides and is used as a bitter
Salvia officinalis (sage) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves and whole herb are used medicinally. It contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. It has anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-cancer, sedative, and anti-menopausal effects. Some compounds are water soluble while others like carnosol are ethanol soluble. Side effects include neurotoxicity, seizures, liver effects, and low blood pressure. It may interact with anti-diabetics, anti-convulsants, sedatives, and analgesics.
This document discusses liver detoxification and the nutrients needed to support the liver's two-phase detoxification process. Phase one prepares toxins for elimination while phase two works to safely remove them. Key pathways include glutathione conjugation, methylation, sulfation, acetylation and glucuronidation. Nutrients like milk thistle, dandelion, alpha lipoic acid, NAC, B vitamins and minerals help each phase. When detoxification is impaired, symptoms can include fatigue, skin issues, mood changes and more. Proper elimination is also important to fully clear the body of toxins.
This document discusses several popular healing herbs and their key constituents and uses. It provides details on the active compounds in herbs such as alfalfa, bilberry, black cohosh, cayenne, dandelion, echinacea, garlic, ginger, goldenseal, hawthorn, milk thistle, nettles, passionflower, plantain, red clover, rosemary, sage and St. John's wort. These herbs have properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, liver protective, hormone balancing and more. The document focuses on the science behind the traditional uses of these herbs.
The document discusses the rehabilitation of street children in Nepal. It defines different types of street children and notes that there are approximately 5000 street children in Nepal, with 1200-1500 in Kathmandu alone. Many street children are addicted to drugs. The proposed project involves designing a home and learning center that incorporates rehabilitation programs for street children and drug addicts. It aims to provide physical, mental, and social rehabilitation through various training programs to help the children become independent. The center also seeks to be environmentally sustainable and provide spaces that meet the developmental needs of different age groups.
Milk thistle is a flowering plant native to Europe that has traditionally been used as a liver tonic. Its active ingredient, silymarin, is shown to protect the liver from toxins and help regenerate liver cells. Milk thistle supports liver and bile functions and may help treat diseases like hepatitis, gallstones, and inflammatory bowel disease. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While generally safe, milk thistle is best used to treat existing diseases in dogs rather than as a preventative supplement.
An immersive workshop at General Assembly, SF. I typically teach this workshop at General Assembly, San Francisco. To see a list of my upcoming classes, visit https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/seth-familian/4813
I also teach this workshop as a private lunch-and-learn or half-day immersive session for corporate clients. To learn more about pricing and availability, please contact me at http://familian1.com
HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD IN HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY SachinPadole5
Herbs as health food is related to the herbal drug technology subject . It's all about the importance of herbs as health food like Alfalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina, etc.. All above herbs plays the important role in herbal medicine. All the herbs have different chemicals constituents with different health benefits. And all of them herbs have give potent activity against the disease. It's play important role in herbal medicine.
Milk thistle seed extract comes from the stout flowering plant of the same name, also known as Silybum marianum. The extract is used as as an herbal remedy, detox base, and tea. It also contains antioxidants, making it a helpful nutritional supplement.
This document discusses herbal treatments for liver cirrhosis. It describes several plants that can help treat cirrhosis, including milk thistle (Silybum marianum), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), bupleurum (Bupleurum chinense), and ginseng (Panax ginseng). These plants contain antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and other compounds that can protect the liver from damage and promote regeneration of healthy liver cells. The document also provides lifestyle recommendations for cirrhosis patients such as a balanced diet and weight monitoring.
Pharmacognosy-III
If you seeking data about "herb as health food ",this assignment will be helpful to you and provide more and more information about different medicinal plant with their sourse, constituent, uses and for easily identification figure were added and mentioned shortly rules of medicinal plant in public health and economy .So hope that assignment willbe beneficial for everyone. Please forgive my mistake .
This document provides an overview of alfalfa sprouts, including their health benefits, nutritional value, and how to grow them. Alfalfa sprouts are a highly nutritious food containing vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds. Preliminary studies suggest they may help lower cholesterol and manage menopausal symptoms. The document also includes disclaimer information for legal purposes.
health and fitness ,
What are the 4 types of health?
What is health and its importance?
What is the meaning of UN in health?
What are the 3 biggest health problems?
What is your definition of health?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What was the first definition of health?
What is global health issues?
Why does global health matter?
WHO main objective?
What are the objectives of health?
The document discusses various cereals, grains, seafoods and beverages as functional foods. It provides details on the structure and components of common cereals like wheat, rice, oats, their health benefits. It elaborates on wheat bran, rice bran and their properties. The document also discusses tea, its types based on processing, major polyphenols and their health benefits. Finally, it summarizes the nutritional benefits of seafood and coffee.
The document discusses the health benefits of blueberries. It states that blueberries contain phytochemicals called anthocyanins that act as antioxidants and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. Regular consumption of blueberries may improve brain, vision and heart health, and reduce the risk of conditions like diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The document concludes that blueberries are a superfood due to the various health benefits provided by their phytochemical content.
Outstanding health benefits of plum fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Alla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Outstanding health benefits of plum fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G. Agriculture & Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Impressive health benefits of spinach A series of PresentationByMr. Alla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of PresentationByMr. Allah Dad Khan former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Nutritional supplements and nutraceuticalsTom Dot U
nutraceuticals are substances provides distinct health and medicinal benifits, classification prebiotics.......lycopene.........................................
Alfalfa contains saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. It is used for kidney conditions, bladder/prostate conditions, increasing urine flow, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, upset stomach, and thrombocytopenic purpura. Apricot kernels contain amygdalin and are used to produce oil and chemicals for cancer treatment. Arnica contains essential oils, fatty acids, thymol, and sesquiterpenes and is used for pain from osteoarthritis, sore throat, surgery, but there is no evidence to support uses for bleeding/bruising/swelling. Onions contain antioxidants that may lower heart disease risk and have anti-inflammatory
Blueberries have many health benefits due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They contain phytochemicals like anthocyanins that may prevent cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Regular consumption of blueberries has been linked to cognitive benefits, better vision and urinary tract health, and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Blueberries are widely available fresh, frozen, dried, or in other products throughout the year.
Since we can remember, man has looked to nature to cure poor health. Within the last decade notably, herbs have made their way into thought culture with the recognition of plant medicines resembling ayahuasca, ibogaine, and cannabis in the headlines for their powerful abilities to heal the most prominent diseases. However, these plant remedies can be forbidden to use for healing in many countries.
The good news is that common weeds in our yards yield superb healing skills and guess what — they’re legal! Here are 12 weeds that possess fascinating medicinal properties.
40. Health benefits of strawberry By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Strawberries provide many health benefits due to their high nutrient content. They are rich in vitamins C and K, folate, potassium, and antioxidants like quercetin and ellagic acid. Strawberries may help reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer, lower blood pressure, boost immunity, promote eye health, and reduce inflammation. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties also aid in weight management, brain health, and healthy aging.
This document discusses phytochemicals, which are compounds found in plants that provide health benefits to humans. It defines phytochemicals and describes some of their main functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The document then examines several types of phytochemicals in depth, including carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and curcuminoids, and discusses their sources and health benefits.
International Journal of Nutritional Sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Nutritional Sciences.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Nutrition. International Journal of Nutritional Sciences accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of nutritional sciences.
International Journal of Nutritional Sciences strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
35. Health benefits of plum fruit By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Plum is a fruit that comes in many colors and sizes depending on its origin. It grows on a small shrub and is widely cultivated around the world. Plums have many health benefits due to their nutritional composition that includes vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Regular plum consumption may help reduce blood sugar levels, fight infections, decrease anxiety, and reduce cancer and heart disease risk. Studies also show plums can improve bone density and vision, as well as support weight loss and digestive health.
Phytotherapy of Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersMarwa A.A. Fayed
This document discusses several natural products that can be used to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. It describes appetite suppressants such as Hoodia gordonii, Citrus aurantium, and Garcinia cambogia that work by suppressing appetite. It also discusses satiety enhancers high in fiber like oat bran and apples that promote fullness. Finally, it covers herbs that interfere with fat absorption and metabolism like chitosan, foenugreek, green tea, and garlic. The document provides details on the active constituents and mechanisms of these natural anti-obesity agents.
Rhizophora mangle, commonly known as Kandal, is a plant that contains properties that can induce a feeling of fullness in the stomach. Its botanical name is Rhizophora mangle and it belongs to the Rhizoporaceae family. In Ayurveda, it is used to treat various conditions like inflammation, diarrhea, menorrhagia, wounds, and infections. Kandal leaves contain unique acids that regulate appetite and help in weight loss by decreasing fat cell size and sugar cravings. The plant derives its common name from its ability to "fool the stomach" into feeling full for a prolonged period.
Garcinia cambogia is a tree native to South and Southeast Asia. Its fruit rind contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which has been used traditionally and is now a popular weight loss supplement. The document provides details on the plant's description, cultivation, active compounds, traditional uses including weight loss and digestive health, and harvesting of its fruit for medical use.
Banaba is a tropical flowering tree native to Southeast Asia. It has traditionally been used in Philippine and Indian herbal medicine to treat diabetes. Studies have found that banaba leaves and flowers contain corosolic acid and other compounds that have an insulin-like effect of lowering blood glucose. More recent research has identified specific gallotannins in banaba, such as penta-O-galloyl-glucopyranose, that stimulate glucose uptake in cells and may have antidiabetic properties without promoting weight gain, making them a promising potential treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Gymnema sylvestre is a woody climber found in Indian forests. It has long been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes. The active compounds in the plant, called gymnemic acids, help regulate blood sugar levels by blocking sugar receptors in the intestine and stimulating insulin production. Research also suggests gymnemic acids may help control obesity by reducing sugar cravings. A hormone produced in fat cells called resistin is thought to impair insulin function and link obesity to diabetes by causing insulin resistance throughout the body.
Yellow dock root is a common weed native to Europe and Asia that is used as a medicinal herb. It grows stalks about a meter high with smooth, curled leaves. The root has many benefits as a general health tonic and is used to treat digestive issues, skin conditions, and respiratory illnesses. It has a laxative effect due to anthraquinone glycosides, which stimulate bile and digestive enzymes to relieve constipation. Yellow dock root also has anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate joint pain from arthritis.
The document discusses whether Ramayana and the character of Rama are myth or historical fact. It provides evidence that Rama existed based on texts like Valmiki Ramayana that describe Rama's lineage and time period. It also notes legends and depictions of the Ramayana story found across various parts of Asia like Russia, China, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand and Malaysia, arguing this widespread knowledge suggests Rama was a historical figure known throughout the region prior to Christianity and Islam.
1) According to Vedic literature, the four most important aspects of the human body are prana, mun (mind), indriya (senses), and atma (soul).
2) Prana refers to oxygen and the life force that animates the body. It controls metabolism and allows the body to function. Mun is the mind that controls activities and allows us to be conscious.
3) Indriya are the senses, including the five organs of action (hands, legs, etc.) and five sensory organs (eyes, nose, etc.). They cannot function without prana and mun.
4) Atma is the soul that controls prana,
The document discusses the concepts of knowledge and ignorance according to yoga. It states that overcoming ignorance through true knowledge and virtuous acts leads to salvation. It defines four types of ignorance and explains that knowledge is understanding things as they truly are. Several steps and means for attaining salvation are outlined, including righteous conduct, discrimination between good and evil, and devotion to God. The document also explores concepts like the five sheaths of existence and the three gunas, or qualities of nature.
The Gayatri Mantra has great scientific importance according to modern astrophysics. It describes the movement of the earth, planets, and galaxies generating the primordial sound of "Om." It instructs meditating on the light of stars/suns to realize the formless divine, and prays for the divine to guide our intellect aright. The mantra hints that kinetic energy from galaxy movement balances cosmic energy consumption, and other religions later adopted the syllable "Om" with slight changes.
Insulin plant is a relatively new entrant to Kerala and India. Insulin plant has not got a Malayalam name yet, except the occasional use of insulin chedy or insulin chedi, where chedy means a plant. The catchphrase of this plant is a leaf a day keeps diabetes away.The plant is characterized by large fleshy looking leaves. It grows very quickly. Propagation is by stem cutting. It grows in slightly shady areas.Diabetes patients are advised to chew down a leaf in the morning and one in the evening for a month. Allopathic doctors too recommend it and it is found to be effective in bringing blood sugar levels under completely under control. There is also dried and ground powder of the leaves now available in the market.
* With FBS below 200, take ONE leaf daily before breakfast and drink a glass of water
* With FBS above 200, take TWO leaves in the morning and TWO at night on a daily basis.
After doing lot of search we could manage to set a network of expert collectors of seeds and plants in every part of country.
List of best variety of material we managed is given with maturation period as well as most appropriate sowing time. Our aim is to provide best service and material.
Compost is simply decomposed organic material. The organic material can be plant material or animal matter. While composting may seem mysterious or complicated, it’s really a very simple and natural process that continuously occurs in nature, often without any assistance from mankind. If you’ve ever walked in the woods, you’ve experienced compost in its most natural setting. Both living plants and annual plants that die at the end of the season are consumed by animals of all sizes, from larger mammals, birds, and rodents to worms, insects, and microscopic organisms. The result of this natural cycle is compost, a combination of digested and undigested food that is left on the forest floor to create rich, usually soft, sweet-smelling soil. Backyard composting is the intentional and managed decomposition of organic materials for the production of compost, that magical soil enhancer that is fundamental to good gardening. Anyone can effectively manage the composting process.
Herbal Cultivation….Increased Profits
"Nature Herbs" takes pleasure to introduce the most efficacious way of "Cultivating profits From Farm". We are affluent with traditional as well as scientific knowledge to enrich and add value to land through cultivating Medicinal Herb Plants, Crops, and Seeds.
Sowing
Crop can be grown either by seed or vegetative propagation.root cutting
Root stumps
Stem cutting (100 kg cuttings/ha) but indicates that transplanting of seedling gives better yield.ManuringWell rotten FYM @ 25-30 tones/ha during land preparations.
Spacing45 x 30 cmSeed CollectionFruits matured during January -"February are collected and immediately kept for drying in shade. Plumpy matter should be removed by rubbing the seeds.HarvestingPlants are dugged out after 2-3 years pf plantation. At the time of digging, soil must be moist, weight of harvested material sjjpnlcll be reduced by 40 % by air drying method and stored in store house.YieldYield of the dry roots varies from .1800 to 2000 kg/ha depending upon the crop condition (4 kg root/plant). Keep in air tight container in 7-10 cm pieces of root with 10 - 12 % moisture. It is used as anti-hypertensive and sedative drags. Intestional disorder etc. roots contain important alkaloids viz. Ajmatine, Serpentine, Raulfine (0.13 to 0.31 %).
Coleus is a crop that gives quality returns, as its every part is sold, from shoot to root. We procure handsome profit on selling its roots but an additional bonus is its shoot part, which is used as planting material. Coleus Forskohlii Herb available with us is used in urinary ailments. It also reduces the Blood pressure. Forskholii is extracted from coleus dry roots and it is an important constituent found in medicines related to heart.
Brahmi is found in humid and warmer parts of the world. It is a common creeping succulent herb branches profusely and starts rooting at the nodes. The succulent leaves are sessile, opposite, decussate, obovate-oblanceolate in shape, 1.0-2.5 cm x 0.4-1.0 cm in size. It is found in damp or marshy areas near streams or on the border of ponds, throughout India. The herb is generally confused with another herb – Centella asiatica that is morphologically different from that of Brahmi. The entire plant is used in indigenous system of medicine as a nerve tonic and cure for epilepsy and insanity. It is also being used as diuretic and for treating rheumatism, asthma, and hoarseness. Besides this, it has got good potency in controlling of cough, fever, diabetes and snakebite. Because of its inherent potential of enhancing memory and vitality, this miracle plant is gaining attention for its commercial cultivation. The memory enhancing activity of the herb has been attributed to saponin glycosides- bacosides –A and B. This plant is considered among one of the “ Celestial drugs” (Divya ausadhi) when consumed with milk for 6 months.
This document provides information on over 100 different herbs, including their names, descriptions, and uses. It includes culinary, medicinal, and ornamental herbs. Many of the herbs listed are beautiful additions to gardens and attract pollinators like butterflies and bees. Several herbs have potent medicinal properties and health benefits as well. The document encourages growing a variety of herbs and provides contact information to learn more.
Retailers respond positively when branded manufacturers send them online orders from their e-commerce sites. The survey found that retailers increase purchases from brands that send them online orders, stock more of their products, and see increased in-store sales. Additionally, retailers pay more attention to brands that launch retail-integrated e-commerce and will reduce working with brands that compete directly with retailers by selling online to consumers.
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Asteraceae) seeds have been used for over 2000 years
as remedy for several diseases especially for liver and still widely used. The active
constituents of milk thistle seed are three flavonolignans viz. silibinin, silychristin, and
silidianin collectively known as silymarin extracted from milk thistle seeds, available
commercially as standardized extract. Milk thistle seed extract (silymarin) and its
constituents (mainly silibinin) act as antioxidant and hepatoprotective; effective in
treating toxin poisoning, hepatitis, cirrhosis, fibrosis of liver; stimulate liver
regeneration. However, human studies regarding management of alcoholic cirrhosis and
hepatitis are equivocal. Milk thistle seed has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory,
lipid and biliary effects. It also has antiviral, antitumor and other therapeutic
properties. Milk thistle preparations are safe, well tolerated and cause no serious side
effects except mild gastrointestinal and allergic reactions. Milk thistle seed is a very
promising herbal drug. More research is warranted to substantiate its broad ranging
phytotherapeutic effects.
Key words: Milk thistle, Silybum marianum, hepatoprotective, silymarin, seeds,
antioxidant.
INTRODUCTION:
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaert., Asteraceae) seeds have been used for
centuries as herbal medicine mainly for the treatment of liver diseases. The common
name, milk thistle, is derived from the ‘milky white’ veins on the leaves, which, when
broken open, yield a milky sap. The therapeutically active constituents of milk thistle
seeds are three isomeric flavonolignans namely silibinin (silybin), silychristin, and
silidianin collectively known as silymarin extracted from the dried milk thistle seeds.
Silibinin is the most biologically active. The seeds also contain other flavonolignans,
betaine, apigenin, silybonol, proteins, fixed oil and free fatty acids, which may
contribute to the health giving effects of milk thistle seeds. [1, 2] Present review
attempts to provide a brief overview of the recent advances in the pharmacological and
therapeutic aspects of milk thistle seeds.
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Botanical descriptions
Milk thistle is an annual or biennial plant. It is erect, stout, 5-10 feet tall with large
prickly leaves, large purple flowering heads and strongly spinescent stems .
When broken the leaves and stems exude a milky sap. The glabrous leaves are dark
green, oblong, sinuate-lobed or pinnatified with spiny margins. The leaves have milkwhite
veins. White veins give the leaves, which initially form a flat rosette, a diffusely
mottled appearance. During flowering season, from June to September each stem bears
a terminal head containing a single, large, purple, slightly fragrant flower ending in
sharp spines. The reddish purple flowers are ridged with sharp spines. The achenes, 6-
7 mm in length and transversely wrinkled, are dark in colour, grey flecked with a yellow
ring at the apex. Attached to the achene is a long white pappus. The fruits are glossy
brown or grey with spots.
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Traditional cultivation and usage
Milk thistle was once cultivated in Europe as vegetable. The de-spined leaves were used
in salads and as spinach. The stalk, root and flowers were also consumed. He roasted
seeds were used as coffee substitute. Preparations of milk thistle seeds have been used
medicinally from as early as fourth century B.C. and first reported by Theophrastus.
Traditionally the seeds have been used in Europe as galactogogue in nursing mothers,
bitter tonic, and antidepressant, in liver complications (including gallstones), dyspepsia,
spleenic congestions, varicose veins, diabetes, amenorrhea, uterine hemorrhage and
menstrual problems. Its use as liver protectant can be traced back to Greek and Roman
references of first century A.D.
Present day cultivation and usage
Milk thistle is indigenous to Kashmir (India), Southern Europe, Southern Russia, North
Africa, and Asia Minor. It was introduced to most areas of Europe, North and South
America and Southern Australia and cultivated mainly in dry rocky soils of European
countries, Australia, Canada, China, North and South America as medicinal plant. It is
also grown widely as ornamental plant for its attractive foliage. The seeds are collected
ripe during late summer. Presently milk thistle seed, its purified extracts and its active
constituents are mainly used in liver diseases. It is the most widely used
hepatoprotective agent, in chronic inflammatory hepatic disorders including hepatitis,
jaundice, alcohol abuse, fibrosis, cirrhosis and fatty infiltration; in hepatotoxicity by
mushroom poisoning and by industrial pollutants. It is also widely used as
nutraceuticals agent. In homoeopathy the seed tincture has been used in liver
disorders, jaundice, gall stones, peritonitis, haemorrhage, bronchitis and varicose veins.
Extracts, tablets or capsules containing standardized extract of milk thistle seeds are
available commercially.
Phytotherapeutic applications
The seeds of milk thistle can be consumed raw (usually freshly milled), made into a tea
or used as a hydro-alcoholic extract for medicinal use. Silymarin is included in the
pharmacopoeia of many countries. Average adult dose of powdered seed is 12-15 g/day;
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as dry standardized seed extract (silymarin): 200-400 mg/day; as liquid seed extract: 4-
9 ml/day. Silymarin is very poorly soluble in water, so milk thistle seed is not much
effective in the form of tea. Extracts from the seed are generally marketed as tablet and
encapsulated form for oral use, usually containing concentrated seed extract
standardized to 70-80 % of silymarin. Silymarin is also administered by parenteral
route. The effects of silymarin (the standardized extract from milk thistle seed) are
discussed below.
Milk thistle seed’s therapeutic and health promoting efficacy involves a variety of
molecular mechanisms. Its primary activities are of use as antioxidant and
hepatoprotective.
Antioxidant: Silymarin has been reported to act as an excellent antioxidant,
scavenging free radicals (reactive oxygen species) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation
thereby protecting cells against oxidative stress. It augments the non-enzymatic and
enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of cells involving reduced glutathione,
superoxide dismutase and catalase. It can protect the liver, brain, heart and other vital
organs from oxidative damage for its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and
replenishing the reduced glutathione levels. Silibinin exhibits membrane protective
properties and it may protect blood constituents from oxidative damage.
Hepatoprotection: Use of milk thistle seeds as liver protectant dates back to the first
century. Antioxidant activity is one of the important factors in hepatoprotection.
Antihepatotoxic potential: Silymarin protects liver cells against many hepatotoxins in
humans and animals. Some mushrooms (e. g. Amanita phalloides, the death cup
fungus and A. virosa) contain two toxins: phalloidine and α-amanatine which destroy
hepatocyte cell membrane and block hepatic protein synthesis leading to severe liver
damage and death. Silymarin effectively prevents both of these effects by blocking the
toxin’s binding sites, increasing the regenerative capacity of liver cells. Silibinin was
found to be an effective measure against liver damage if it is administered intravenously
within 24 hours after mushroom ingestion. In one study, 60 patients with severe
Amanitia poisoning were treated with infusions of 20 mg/kg of slibinin with excellent
results showing no death of the patients treated. Sliymarin is often used as supportive
therapy in food poisoning due to fungi.
Silymarin also offers liver protection against tetracycline, d-galactosamine and thalliuminduced
liver damage and erythromycin estolate, amitryptiline, nortryptiline and tertbutyl
hydroperoxide exposure of neonatal hepatocytes. It reduces liver damage due to
long term treatment with phenothiazine or bytyrophenone. Silibinin significantly
inhibits concanavalin A-induced liver disease. It also provides heparoprotection against
poisoning by phalloidin, halothane, thioacetamide, acetaminophen and carbon
tetrachloride. It also protects liver from ischaemic injury, iron overload and radiation.
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Silymarin is used for the treatment of several liver diseases characterized by
degenerative necrosis and functional impairment including chronic liver disorders. The
German Commission E endorses use silymarin for the treatment of liver diseases,
including hepatitis A, alcoholic cirrhosis, and chemically induced hepatitis.
Alcoholic liver disease/cirrhosis: Ethanol metabolism involves formation of free radicals
leading to oxidative stress in liver. Silymarin successfully opposes alcoholic cirrhosis
with its antioxidant and hepatoprotective mechanisms restoring the normal liver
biochemical parameters. Silymarin also ameliorates cytolysis in active cirrhosis
patients. However use of silymarin is inadvisable in decompensated cirrhosis.
Hepatitis: In patients with acute viral hepatitis, silymarin shortens treatment time and
shows improvement in serum bilirubin, and serum liver enzymatic levels. Biochemical
values are restored to normal sooner in silymarin-treated patients. In chronic active
hepatitis silymarin treatment improves liver function tests. Histological improvement is
observed in sliymarin-treated patients with chronic hepatitis. Silymarin causes stable
remission of alcoholic hepatitis normalizing the liver biochemical parameters. [10]
Liver fibrosis: Liver fibrosis can result in remodeling of liver architecture leading to
hepatic insufficiency, portal hypotension and hepatic encephalopathy. The conversion
of hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast is condidered as central event in fibrogenesis.
Sliymarin treatment markedly inhibits this process in liver fibrosis patients showing
antifibrotic potential.
Liver tissue regeneration: Silymarin stimulates liver tissue regeneration by increasing
protein synthesis in the injured liver. In in vivo and in vitro experiments performed in
the liver of rats from which part of the organ (liver) was removed, silibinin produces a
significant increase in the formation of ribosomes and in DNA synthesis, as well as an
increase in protein synthesis. Interestingly, the increase in protein synthesis is induced
by silibinin only in injured livers, not in healthy ones.
There are a number of systematic reviews regarding the applications of milk thistle
seeds in liver diseases but most of the human studies done to date are of such variable
design, quality and results that no definitive conclusions about degrees of effectiveness
in the treatment or prevention of alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis can yet be made.
Better quality clinical trials are necessary.
Anti-inflammation: Milk thistle seed and its active extract silymarin have antiinflammatory
and anti-arthritic effects due to excellent antioxidant property, scavenging
free radicals which act as pro-inflammatory agents. Silymarin was found to be more
effective in cases of developing arthritis compared to developed arthritis. Silymarin and
silibinin hinder inflammatory process by inhibiting neutrophil migration and Kuppfer
cell inhibition. They also inhibit the formation of inflammatory mediators viz.
prostaglandins and leukotrienes especially (by inhibiting 5-lipoxigenase pathway) and
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release of histamine from basophils. Therefore, milk thistle seed may possess antiallergic
and anti-asthmatic activities.
Immunomodulation: Sliymarin’s immunomodulatory activity in liver disease patients
may also be involved in its hepatoprotective action. Sliymarin protects experimental
rodents from ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosupression. [14] Silibinin inhibits
activation of human T-lymphocyte, human polymorpho-nuclear leucocyte. Silymarin
significantly suppresses the inflammatory mediators, expression of histocompatibility
complex molecules and nerve cell damage. Long term administration of sliymarin
improves immunity by increasing T-lymphocytes, interleukins and reducing all types of
immunoglobulins. Sliymarin can be useful in development of therapeutic adjuvant in
which immunosupression is required including autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Liver lipidaemic control: It was found that silymarin and silibinin reduce the
synthesis and turnover of phospholipids in the liver. Silibinin neutralizes ethanolinduced
inhibition of phospholipids synthesis and the reduction in glycerol
incorporation into lipids of isolated hepatocytes. Furthermore, silibinin stimulates
phosphatidylcholine synthesis and increases the activity of choline phosphate
cytidyltransferase in rat liver both in normal conditions and after galactosamine
intoxication. Silymarin significantly inhibits hepatic lipid peroxidation and may
diminish triglyceride synthesis in liver. Impairments in the liver lipid profile caused as a
result of prolonged effect of ethanol, anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid, rifampacin), and
liver toxicants (acetaminophen, halothane, microcystin) are effectively improved by
silymarin.
Blood (plasma) lipidaemic control: Administration of silymarin to type II
hyperlipidemic patients resulted in slightly decreased total cholesterol and high-density
lipoprotein levels in blood plasma. Silymarin reduces plasma levels of cholesterol and
low-density lipoprotein levels in hyperlipidaemic rats, whereas silibinin does not reduce
plasma levels of cholesterol in normal rats; however, it reduces total phospholipid
levels. Biliary cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in rats are also slightly
reduced. Silymarin-induced reduction of biliary cholesterol and phospholipids in both
rat and human may be in part due to decreased liver cholesterol synthesis. Silymarin
could represent a novel agent in the prevention and therapy of hypercholesterolemia
and atherosclerosis.
Biliary effect: Silymarin undergoes excessive enterohepatic circulation, which allows a
continuous loop between intestine and liver. It prevents the disturbance of bile
secretion, thereby increasing bile secretion, cholate and bilirubin excretion.
Anti-viral effect: Although silymarin does not affect viral replication it has beneficial
role in viral hepatitis by its inhibitory action on inflammatory and cytotoxic processes
induced by viral infection. Silibinin strongly inhibits growth of both HepG2 (hepatitis B
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virus negative; p53 intact) and Hep3B (hepatitis B virus positive; p53 matured) cells
with relatively more cytotoxicity in Hep3B cells which is associated with apoptosis
induction. Silymarin also showed inhibitory activity against other viruses in different
cell lines.
Antitumor and anticarcinogenic effects: Silymarin significantly inhibits tumor
growth and also cause regression of established tumors. It is associated with in vitro
anti-proliferative, pro-apoptopic and anti-angiogenic efficacy in prostate tumor.
Silymarin feeding during the promotion phase of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat
tumorigenesis exerts chemopreventive activity against tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
The cancer chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic effects of silymarin in long term
animal tumorigenesis models and in human prostate, breast, and cervical carcinoma
cells are also reported. Treatment with silibinin results in a highly significant inhibition
of both cell growth and DNA synthesis with loss of cell viability in case of cervical
carcinoma cells.
It is well demonstrated that ultraviolet light-induced immunosuppression and oxidative
stress play an important role in the induction of skin cancers. Topical or dietary
administration of silymarin to mouse skin prevents photocarcinogenesis by significantly
inducing apoptosis, increase in catalase activity and induction of cylo-oxygenase and
ornithine decarboxylase activity. Similar results are also obtained in other chemical induced
skin carcinogenesis models. Prevention of ultraviolet light-induced
immunosuppression and oxidative stress by silymarin may be associated with the
prevention of photocarcinogenesis.
Silibinin significantly induces growth inhibition, a moderate cell cycle arrest and a
strong apoptotic cell death in small cell and non-small cell human lung carcinoma cells.
Silibinin inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Silymarin and silibinin have strong anti-angiogenesis effect on the colon cancer cell line
and effective against chemical-induced bladder carcinogenesis in mice and
hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
Neuroprotection: Silymarin was found to be useful in prevention and treatment of
neurodegenerative and neurotoxic processes due to its antioxidant effects. Silymarin
can effectively protect dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced
neurotoxicity in brain .
Cardioprotection: During cancer therapy, the use of certain chemotherapeutic agents
like doxorubicin is limited by cardiotoxicity that is known to be mediated by oxidative
stress and apoptosis induction. Silibinin has such cardioprotective properties due to its
antioxidant and membrane protective actions.
Miscellaneous effects: Silymarin helps to maintain normal renal function. Silibinin
reduces oxidative damage to kidney cells in vitro. In rats, silibinin prevents cisplatininduced
nephrotoxicity, but does not prevent cyclosporine-induced glomerular damage.
As an antioxidant, silymarin can protect the pancreas against certain forms of damage.
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In a controlled trial of human diabetics treated with silymarin, patients experienced
decreases in blood glucose and insulin requirements. It exhibits anti-ulcer activity in
rats. In one study of post parturient cattle given milk thistle seed meal, milk
production was increased and ketonuria reduced, as compared to controls. [19]
The value of silymarin in the treatment of psoriasis may be due to its ability to improve
endotoxin removal by the liver, inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate
phosphodiesterase, and leukotriene synthesis. Abnormally high levels of cyclic
adenosine monophosphate and leukotrienes are observed in patients with psoriasis and
normalization of these levels may improve the condition.
Adverse effects
Human studies performed with milk thistle seeds indicated little need for concern with
adverse effects. Human studies demonstrate that milk thistle seed extract (silymarin) is
safe and well tolerated. It is generally nontoxic and causes no side effects when
administered to adults in a dose range of 200-900 mg/day in two or three divided
doses. Higher dose (> 1500 mg/day) could produce minor gastrointestinal disturbances
involving mild laxative effect which may be due to increased bile secretion and flow.
Mild allergic reactions (pruritus, urticaria, arthralgia) are observed, but rarely enough to
discontinue. Commonly noted adverse effects such as bloating, dyspepsia, epigastric
pain, flatulence, nausea, irregular stool and laxation are observed in 2-10 % of patients
in clinical trial. Headaches and dermatological symptoms are also noted.
Silymarin was found nontoxic in rats and mice after oral doses of 2500 or 5000 mg/kg
body weight without producing any unwanted symptoms. Similar reports were also
obtained for rabbits and dogs. No evidence of ante- or postnatal toxicity in animals was
reported. These data reveal that the acute toxicity of silymarin is very low. [3,7]
It was found that silymarin at higher concentrations have an inhibitory effect on both
phase I and phase II hepatic drug metabolizing (biotransformation) cytochrome enzyme
systems. But the plasma concentrations at therapeutic doses are very less as compared
to that needed for the inhibition. So it exhibits no beneficial or harmful drug
interactions at normal doses.
Safety of milk thistle seed in pregnancy and lactation was not studied in humans.
Traditionally has been considered safe in lactation, however, no clinical studies have
been performed. Safety in children also has not been studied yet. No known
contraindications have yet been reported.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds have been used for over 2000 years as natural
remedy for the treatment of several diseases especially for liver and still widely used for
the same. The active constituents of milk thistle seed are three isomeric flavonolignans
viz. silibinin or silybin, silychristin, and silidianin collectively known as silymarin
extracted from the milk thistle seeds, available commercially as standardized extract.
Milk thistle seed extract (silymarin) and its constituents (mainly silibinin) act as
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antioxidant and hepatoprotective and effective in treating toxin poisoning, hepatitis,
cirrhosis, and fibrosis of liver; stimulate liver regeneration. Although the human studies
regarding management of alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis are equivocal. Milk thistle
seed demonstrates anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, lipid and biliary effects. It
also has antiviral, antitumor and other therapeutic properties. Milk thistle seed
preparations are safe, well tolerated and cause no serious side effects in humans except
mild gastrointestinal and allergic reactions.
Milk thistle seed shows great promise to be a superior herbal drug. Its good safety
profile, better standardization and quality control, easy availability and low cost are
added advantages. More definitive research is warranted to corroborate its wide range of
phytotherapeutic effects. Further research on milk thistle seed may make a
breakthrough as a new approach in disease prevention in addition to liver
complications.
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