Salvia officinalis (sage) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves and whole herb are used medicinally. It contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. It has anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-cancer, sedative, and anti-menopausal effects. Some compounds are water soluble while others like carnosol are ethanol soluble. Side effects include neurotoxicity, seizures, liver effects, and low blood pressure. It may interact with anti-diabetics, anti-convulsants, sedatives, and analgesics.

1. SALVIA OFFICINALIS
(LAMILACEAE)

3. Pharmacognostic Features
 Botanical Origin: Salvia Officinalis.L
 Family:Lamilaceae
 Urdu name: Sefakus (Sepakass), Sathi
 English name: Salvia, sage
 Part used: Leaves, whole herb
 Chemical Constituents
1. Monoterpenes
α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor, Borneole,
1,8-cineole, thujone

4. 2. Diterpenes
Crypyotanshinone, carnosol, Ursolic acid
3. Triterpenes
Oleanolic acid, Uvaol, Betulinic acid
4. Phenolic Acid
Lithospermate B, Rosemary acid, Salvianolic acid
A & B
5. Flavonoids
Apigenin, Hispidine

5. Pharmacological actions
 Anti diarrheal activity
o It has anti spasmodic effect on GIT by inhibiting its
motility by precense of some muscle relaxants by
the action of voltage sensitive K+ channels.
 Treatment of obesity and overweight
o Methanolic extract inhibits pancreatic lipase & thus
prevents triglyceride and fatty acid production &
prevents obesity.
 Treatment of Alzheimer's disease
o Extract of Salvia Officinalis inhibits Acetyl
cholinesterase that inhibits Acetyl choline & thus
treats Alzheimer's disease.

6.  Treatment of cancer
o Salvia officinalis extract inhibits angiogenesis and
inhibits metastasis thus inhibits abnormal growth of
cells.
 Sedative
o Some salvia components affect on GABA receptor in
brain causing opening of ion channels resulting in
increase in polarity of neurons & reduction in
ratability.
 Symptoms of menupause
o These include insomnia, headache & palpitations.
Salvia helps to adjust estrogen level & thus is used to
treat above described problems.
 Anti-diabetic
o Salvia improves HDL|LDL ratio & reduces insulin
resistance & reduces size of adipose tissues.

7. Solubility
 Some ingredients like some acidic components are
extracted by water.
 While some phenolic compounds such as
Carnosol, Carnosinic acid, rosmarinic acid, &
rosmanol epirosmanol are extracted by ethanol.
Side Effects
o Thujone causes neurotoxicity
o Seizures
o Adverse effect to liver
o Lower blood pressure
o Dizziness
o During pregnancy lead to miscarriage

8. Dosage
 For Alzheimer’s disease – 1 gm/day
 On skin cream having 23 mg/gm
 Sage tea 300 ml/twice a day for diabetes
Drug Interactions
 With anti diabetics like Glipizides cause
hypoglycemia and if used for long time lead to
coma.
 Anti-convulsants like Phenobarbital velporoic acid
decrease their effectiveness by interacting with
chemical in brain.
 Its interaction with Sedative and analgesic
increase their effect too much sleeping and too
much drowsiness.

9. References
o www.naturafoundation.co.uk/monografie/Salvia_offi
cinalis_extract.html
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003706/
 www.japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/975_pdf.p
df
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003706/
 www.drug.com
 www.botanical.com