Garcinia cambogia

www.natureherbs.org 2012

Garcinia Cambogia

Latin Name: Garcinia cambogia

Common Names: citrin, gambooge, Brindal Berry, Gorikapuli, HCA, Hydroxycitric acid, Malabar
Tamarind

Synonyms: Gutta gamba. Gummigutta. Tom Rong. Gambodia. Garcinia Morella.

Saskrit name: Vrikshamla, Kankusta

Other Common Names of Garcinia Cambogia: Brindle berry, brindall berry, garcinia, malabar
tamarind,gambooge, gorikapuli, uppagi, garcinia kola, mangosteen oil tree.

natureherbs@ymail.com | +91 841 888 5555


Introduction : Garcinia cambogia is a small, sweet, exotic fruit native to South India and
Southeast Asia. Garcinia has garnered a lot of attention of late as a popular natural weight loss
aid. The reason is that the rind of this pumpkin like fruit is rich in a substance called
hydroxycitric acid / HCA, a principle extract of Garcinia cambogia. Garcinia is a source for a
revolutionary natural diet ingredient which is currently a rage in America, Japan, Europe, and
other western countries.

It flowers during the hot season and fruits ripen during the rainy season..The fruit is harvested,
dried and ground into a powder.

Garcinia cambogia extract is the calcium salt of hydroxyl citric acid (Both 50% and 60% hydroxy
citric acids are available), which is obtained from water extract of Garcinia cambogia fruit .

It is non-toxic, tasteless, odorless powder and found to be very effective herbal medicine for
controlling obesity and cholesterol by inhibiting lipogenesis in our body. It is a well established
fat burning agent all over the world.

Chemical Constituents: The plant contains various chemical constituents such as Xanthones,
Benzophenones,Garcinol and plant acids like (-) Hydroxy Citric Acid, Maleic acid, Citric acid.



HCA is naturally occurring fruit acid found in the outer layer covering of the fruits of Garcinia
cambogia.

HCA is highly unstable and therefore extracted as a salt of preferably as calcium or potassium.

Therapeutic Uses:

The active constituent in this herb is called Hydroxycitric acid or HCA and is gaining a reputation
for assisting weight loss through appetite suppression and by reducing the body’s ability to
form adipose(fatty) tissue during times of overeating.

* Garcinia has also been historically used to treat gastric ulcers. A 2002 study indicates this herb
works primarily through the action of one of these plant’s constituents, garcinol. Garcinol is
known to lower acidity in the stomach and protects the gastric mucosa.

* The rind of garcinia cambogia is also astringent, which is why it was also historically used in
the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentry as well as having the added benefit in the treatment of
gastric and duodenal ulcers.

* The ability for Garcinia’s component, HCA, to reduce blood lipid levels and lower blood
cholesterol is another feature of this amazing natural medicine.

* More recently, it has been proposed that Garcinia cambogia has a hepato protective ability
against external toxins, such as alcohol. A recent study showed that Garcinia prevented liver
cells from becoming fibrotic and stopped cell damage caused by high blood lipid levels.

*Garcinia cambogia, an exotic fruit grown in South India, has been used to impart a distinctive
sour flavour to Indian cooking. It is the source for a revolutionary natural diet ingredient which
is currently a rage in America, Japan, Europe and other western countries.



Plant Description : Garcinia cambogia is a moderate-sized, evergreen tree and the flowers are
unisexual, sessile and axillary. The leaves are dark green, shining, elliptic to obovate. It bears
sweet-sour mixed fruits native to SE Asia and India. The fruit may resemble a small yellow or
reddish pumpkin, or it may have a unique purple color. The fruit of Garcinia cambogia has been
traditionally used in food preparation and cooking, having a distinctive taste. Garcinia has
garnered a lot of attention of late as a popular natural weight loss aid. The reason is that the
rind of this pumpkin like fruit is rich in a substance called hydroxycitric acid / HCA.

History : In Ayurveda, it is said that the sour flavors, such as those from Garcinia, activate
digestion. Garcinia has also been considered to make foods more filling and satisfying, and has
been used routinely for many centuries with no known toxicity. This herb has been used
historically in India to support the treatment of various health conditions.

Garcinia the 'cambodge tree' is a good-sized glabrous and evergreen tree belonging to the
family Clusiaceae and presently known under the scientific name, Garcinia Cambogia (L.). It is
commonly seen in the western ghats of Kerala, Karnataka, and in Sri Lanka. In Kerala the tree is
seen in plenty in mid-Travencore tract and in Karnataka in Konkan tract. Garcinia shows wide
variability in yield, growth habit, and fruit qualities. Both male and hermaphrodite trees are met
with in the genus.



The tree is very much adapted to both hilltops and plain lands alike. But, its performance is best
in riverbanks and valleys. It grows well in dry or occasionally water logged or flooded soils.
Usually seedling takes 10-12 years to start bearing. The percentage of male trees in population
varies from 50-60 per cent and this also creates much difficulty in the cultivation of the crop.
Problems such as lack of high yielder, planting grafts prepared from elite mother trees can solve
variability in population and occurrence of male trees.

The economic part of the plant is its mature fruit which are highly acidic. The rinds of the ripe
fruit are processed and used as a condiment in fish and prawn preparations to impart flavour
and taste and to improve the keeping quality. The extracts obtained from the mature fruit rind,
Hydroxy Citric Acid, attracts foreign markets - thanks to its use in medicines controlling obesity.
It is also one of the ingredients in many ayurvedic medicines.



Varieties

Even though garcinia is one of the oldest tree spices of the State, only recently that it has
attained international importance. Hence research work in the field of crop improvement and
crop husbandry is very meagre. Most of the trees in the field are of seedling origin and hence
they exhibit wide variability. Recently Kerala Agricultural University has identified a few
promising types which are being multiplied for cultivation.

Planting Materials

Use grafts prepared through Soft grafting/ side grafting or the healthy seedlings raised in the
nursery, for cultivation. If seedlings are planted, 50-60 percent will be male, and hence planting
of grafts are advocated as they ensure maternal characters and early bearing tendency.



Propagation by seedlings

Selection of mother trees: Mother trees which give steady annual yield, having a mean fruit
weight of 200-275g, high acid content and low tannin content are located, Seeds are collected
from freshly harvested and fully ripened fruits and washed in running water and spread in a
thin layer under roof. By twentieth day, seeds will be ready for sowing. Seeds at the rate two
per bag are sown in poly bags during the month of August-September. It takes five to seven
months for the seed to start germination. Usually seeds start sprouting in the month of
December and they come above the soil surface by February. In order to avoid delayed
germination, simple seed treatment methods are employed.

Method 1: Processed seeds (after drying under shade) are given a mechanical treatment. Seed
coat of such seeds are removed using a sharp knife without injuring the ivory coloured
cotyledon. These ivory coloured cotyledons are sown afresh in poly bags at a depth of 2 inches
and they start germinating in 20-25 days after sowing.

Method 2: Seeds, after removing the seed coat, are treated with gibberelic acid @ 250 ppm for
six hours, and later they are soaked in Dithane M-45 @ 4g/I for two hours. They are sown in
nursery bags and irrigated daily. Seeds germinate in 16-20 days time.

Method 3: After removing the seed coat, seeds treated with gibberelic acid @ 250 ppm for six
hours, and later they are soaked in Dithane M-45 @ 4g/I for two hours. These seeds are then



transferred to a white poly propylene cover of the size 20 cm x 25 cm along with 30-50 ml of
filtered water. The poly bag along with the air inside is tied tightly using a rubber band. Such
seeds germinate in 10-12 days after sowing. In a poly bag, about 500-750 seeds can be
incubated at a time. Sprouted seeds are picked up and sown in the nursery bags kept under
shade.

Raising seedlings: Seedlings can be kept under open condition or under shade. They are to be
watered regularly on alternate days during summer months. Those seedlings, which are kept
under shade, after 3-4 months, are placed under direct sun light to trigger growth. At this age,
apply FYM @ 50g per bag. In six to seven months time, seedlings will be ready for planting.

Propagation by grafting

Seedling usually takes 10-12 years for bearing. Fifty percent of the population will be male and
unproductive. There will be variation in the inheritance of maternal characters in the progenies.
For these reasons, grafts are preferred to seedlings. Grafts start bearing in three-four years
time, true to type progenies are obtained, height of the tree can be controlled and more
number of trees can be planted in a unit area. Two types of grafting methods are employed:
soft-wood grafting and approach grafting.

Soft wood grafting

Scions are selected only from specific elite trees showing regular bearing tendency, yielding
large sized and quality fruits.

Collection of scions: Straight growing, healthy young shoots emerging from the primary
branches with whorled leaf arrangement are selected. They are cut at a length of 6-10 cm
length and stored in poly bags under humid condition. Leaves are partly removed and the cut
end is shaped to a wedge of three-four cm long by giving slanting cuts on the two opposite
sides.

Preparation of root stock: Stock plants having 3-4 mm stem thickness is ideal for grafting.
Selected plants will be deheaded at two nodes below the terminal bud and all the leaves are
partly removed. Grafting is done using scion and root stock of same thickness.

Grafting: The wedge of the scion is inserted into the cleft of the root stock and the graft joint is
secured firmly by black polythene tape of 1.5-2 cm wide and 30 cm long.

Care In the nursery: Immediately after grafting they are kept either in mist house or covered
with transparent poly-propylene cover and kept under shade. By the thirtieth day the grafts



would have established and new leaves start emerging. The grafts are then removed from the
mist house or the polythene cover and kept under shade. Grafts are to be watered daily using
rose can or microsprinkler. Care should be taken to remove sprouts emerging from root stock
at frequent intervals. Three months after grafting the plants will be ready for planting in the
main field. just before planting in the main field the grafts are left under open condition for
hardening.

Approach grafting: Here also stock plants having three-four mm thickness are preferred and
they are brought to the place where the mother tree is located. Grafting is done as in other
crops and they are kept intact for 45 days by which time union occurs. Graft is detached from
the mother tree in three steps. The main disadvantage is that only a limited number of grafts
can be produced in this method. Forty five days after grafting, they will be ready for
transferring to the main nursery for hardening. Grafts are to be watered daily using rose can or
micro-sprinkler. Care should be taken to remove sprouts emerging from rootstock at frequent
intervals. Leaf folder pests are very common in the nursery. Spray Ekalux @ 2ml/L of water at
monthly intervals.

Planting and Management of Plantations

The crop can be raised as a pure or as a perennial intercrop of coconut, arecanut etc. Pits of the
size 75x75x75 cm in hard and laterite soils, 50x50x50 cm in sandy and alluvial soils, at a spacing
of 4m x 4m for grafting and 7m x 7m for seedlings, are prepared. In hill slopes of 15% or more,
for planting grafts rows are spaced at 5 to 5.5 m and 3.5m between trees in a row. For planting
seedlings, rows are spread at 8 to 12 m apart and at 6 to 8 m for trees in row. Planting is
generally done during July-October months. Under existing coconut plantations of 25 years and
above, spacing shall be so adjusted that it should alternate with the palms in the rows. Under



Kuttanad conditions, where bunds and channels alternate, planting can be done in between
two palms. Planting pits are filled with top soil and two kg of compost or well decomposed
cattle manure and Iog of sevin or lindane dust, to avoid white ants attack, before planting. The
graft union shall remain just above the ground level. Plants are to be supported with bamboo
split of 2.5' long. One month after planting the polythene tape around the graft union is gently
removed.

Manuring

Apply 10 kg of cattle manure or compost per seedling/graft during the first year. Increase the
quantity gradually till a well grown tree of 15 years and above receives 50 kg of organic manure
per year. Apply NPK mixture at the rate of 20:18:50 g/plant during the first year. This is doubled
in the second year and gradually increased to 500:250: 1000 g/plant/year so as to obtain full
dose at 15th year onwards.

Purning

Grafts will grow fast from second year onwards. Strong support of casuarina poles are to be
given at this stage. By fifth year the tree will have 3 to 4m height. From third year onwards
some of the fast growing branches are to be pruned so as to balance the weight. In the fifth
year the height of the plant may be maintained at 3.5 to 4m and by seventh year at 4 to 4.5m.

Pests and Diseases

Hard scales and beetles are the common pests infesting the crop. The hard scales desap the
leaves and tender shoots. Both the beetles and grubs defoliate the crop inflicting heavy loss on
yield. These can be controlled by spraying Rogor or Nuvacron @ 1.5 ml/l. Sooty mould is seen
associated with the hard scales. Seedling blight in the nursery stage is very common and this
can be controlled by spraying I% Bordeaux mixture or Dithane M 45 @ 4 g/l. Leaf folders are
very common in the nursery. Spray Ekalux @ 2ml/lit at monthly intervals to control the pest.

Harvesting

Seed-grown plants start bearing generally at the age of 10-12 years. Grafts start bearing from
the third year onwards and will attain the stage of full bearing at the age of 12 to 15 years.
Flowering occurs in January-March and fruits mature in July. There are reports of off season
bearers, which bear two times a year, ie., during january-july and September-February. Mature
fruits which are orange yellow in colour, either drop from the tree or are harvested manually.
The fruit rind is separated for processing immediately after harvest.



Processing

Separated fruit rind is first sun dried and then either smoked or oven dried. In order to increase
the storage life and impart softness, the dried rind is mixed with common salt @ 150 g and
coconut oil @ 50 ml per kg of dried rind.

Method for collection of the Resin : In order to obtain the gum-resin incisions are made into
the tree, or a large slice is pared from the bark, from which the juice flows thick, viscid, and
bright-yellow, which is scraped off and dried in the sun. If left on the tree, it speedily concretes
into dry tears or irregular masses.

1.Ceylon gamboge:- It is generally collected, by making incisions into the bark, into which
bamboo joints are inserted to catch the oozing fluid, which subsequently solidifies. It is



removed from the bamboo by slowly rotating them over a fire until the water has dried out
sufficiently to allow the receptacle to be detached from the hardened gamboge.

2.Pipe gamboge:- The best kinds are the pipe gamboge, consisting of cylindrical pieces, often
cohering together, forming irregular masses weighing several pounds.

Phytochemistry : The plant contains acids tartaric, citric and phosporic. The latex of Garcinia
cambogia contains two polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives, camboginol (I) and
cambogin (II).

Chemistry : The major phytoconstituent in Garcinia cambogia is Hydroxycitric acid. This
principal acid has been found to suppress the fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and
promotes glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and induced weight loss.

How it works : Garcinia Cambogia fills the glycogen stores in the liver and other tissues, thereby
reducing appetite while increasing energy levels. Garcinia Cambogia lowers the production of
triglycerides and cholesterol and may also increase thermogenesis, the burning of calories.
Unlike chemical stimulants commonly used in weight loss products, Garcinia Cambogia does not
act on the central nervous system. This means that Garcinia Cambogia will not cause insomnia,
nervousness, changes in blood pressure or heart rate and its effectiveness will not diminish
with time.

Who can take Garcinia? Because herbal medicines are relatively mild and gentle on the human
body, Garcinia can be taken by practically everyone, regardless of age and gender. Garcinia can
be taken for the following reasons:



 Helps reduce body’s ability to store fat.
 Lowers body weight through appetite control.
 Lowers serum triglycerides.
 Creates a process in the body called thermogenesis.
 Helps with catarrhal conditions of the throat, urinary system, and uterus.

Benefits & Uses :

 Garcinia has also been considered to make foods more filling and satisfying.
 Garcinia cambogia was able to decrease the acidity and to increase the mucosal defence
in the gastric areas, thereby justifying its use as an antiulcerogenic agent.
 Garcinia does not contain any addictive components and can be taken without fear of
addiction for extended periods of time.
 Garcinia also contains significant amounts of Vitamin C and has been used as a heart
tonic.
 Garcinia, when taken over a period of time, has the ability to slow production of fat and
help the body metabolize it more efficiently.



ABSTRACT

Obesity is a major problem in the effluent societies of developing and developed world and the
Health Risks associated with the obesity are Diabetes mellitus, Heart disease, High b.p.,etc.

WHO report –Globally with more than 1 billion adults overweight

- at least 300 million of them clinically obese.

Main cause of obesity is a person consumes more calories from food than he or she burns.

Now a days herbal drug are used because of its lesser side effects as compared to synthetic
drugs.

This review provides complete information about the herbal drug Garcinia cambogia and its
action in controlling weight.

The Garcinia fruit is a rich source of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the active agent that aids in
weight loss by inhibiting fat production and suppressing appetite.

Garcinia cambogia extract is quickly becoming a popular ingredient in many weight loss
supplements.

GARCINIA- THE ANTI-OBESITY DRUG:



The Garcinia fruit is a rich source of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the active agent that aids in
weight loss by inhibiting fat production and suppressing appetite.

Garcinia contains citrine, an extract that is 50-60% HCA, which inhibits an enzyme that helps the
body synthesize fat for storage in adipose tissue. HCA promotes energy, inhibits lipogenesis,
lowers the production of cholesterol and fatty acids, increases the production of glycogen in the
liver, suppresses appetite, and increases the body's production of heat by activating the process
of thermogenesis.

Garcinia cambogia extract is quickly becoming a popular ingredient in many weight loss
supplements. Many studies have been pointing to strong possibilities that it will help some
people to lose weight. But like similar studies, the evidence is not conclusive. Inspite of this it is
been cited in many weight loss supplements as been an active ingredient for losing weight.

Garcinia cambogia belongs to the citrus family like oranges and lemons. It is a small tropical
fruit that is too sour to eat but the rind is used as a spice in Indian cooking. It is indigenous to
India and Africa. The active ingredient usually accredited for weight loss in this fruit is its
extract, hydroxycitric acid.

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) unlike caffeine is not a stimulant. Neither is it an appetite suppressant,
both of which work directly on the nerve centers of the brain.

Both stimulants and appetite suppressants can have undesired side effects, including causing
food binges any time you stop taking them.



Instead, HCA satisfies the body's need for energy and improves the signaling system that the
body uses to tell the brain when it has eaten enough. In overweight people this response is
often delayed, causing them to continue to eat more than they need.

HCA seems to work best for people who overeat when they are anxious or stressed, as it will
give the same calming effect that they get from food. Generally you do not need to eat any
special foods when you are taking HCA, and there are no 'forbidden foods'. Choose healthy
foods and you should find that you lose weight and fat slowly but steadily without really trying.
You can take slightly smaller portions if you wish and choose fruit instead of sugary snacks but
you should not need to go hungry. This is a very natural way to lose weight.

Garcinia cambogia extract (HCA) in weight loss supplements is usually combined with
chromium.

Chromium is a mineral that is often lacking in our diets as we get older and a chromium deficit
can contribute to weight gain and possibly diabetes. HCA and chromium seem to work in a
positive synergy to regulate the body's blood sugar levels. However if you have diabetes
already, you should see your doctor before taking any products containing chromium.

Though HCA shows possibilities it is best to be cautious just like with all other weight loss
supplements. For example do not take HCA if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Consult a
doctor before giving it to children.

You may also want to avoid HCA if you suffer from migraine or arthritis which can be worsened
by citrus fruits.

HCA has some significant advantages over many other weight loss supplements ingredients
because it has been extensively tested in research laboratories on both human and animal
subjects and no side effects have been found. Consequently it is considered a natural weight
loss supplement.

COMPARISON BETWEEN HERBAL AND SYNTHETIC DRUGS:

Synthetic Drugs:



Sibutramine:

Sibutramine (usually in the form of the hydrochloride monohydrate salt) is an oral anorexiant.

Sibutramine is a neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor that reduces the reuptake of serotonin (by
53%),norepinephrine (by 54%), and dopamine (by 16%), serotonergic action, in particular, is
thought to influence appetite.thereby increasing the levels of these substances in synaptic
clefts and helping enhance satiety.

Side effects

A higher number of cardiovascular events have been observed in people taking sibutramine
versus control (11.4% vs. 10.0%).

In 2010 the FDA noted the concerns that sibutramine increases the risk of heart attacks and
strokes in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Frequently encountered side effects are: dry mouth, paradoxically increased appetite, nausea,
strange taste in the mouth, upset stomach, constipation, trouble sleeping, dizziness,
drowsiness, menstrual cramps/pain, headache, flushing, or joint/muscle pain.

Sibutramine can substantially increase blood pressure and pulse in some patients. Therefore
regular monitoring needs to be performed.

The following side effects are infrequent but serious and require immediate medical attention:
cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia, mental/mood changes (e.g., excitement, restlessness,
confusion, depression, rare thoughts of suicide).

Symptoms that require urgent medical attention are seizures, problems urinating, abnormal
bruising or bleeding, melena, hematemesis, jaundice, fever and rigors, chest pain, hemiplegia,
abnormal vision,dyspnea and edema.

Orlistat

Orlistat is used for the treatment of obesity. The amount of weight loss achieved with orlistat
varies. In one year clinical trials, between 35.5% and 54.8% of subjects achieved a 5% or
greater decrease in body mass, although not all of this mass was necessarily fat.

Its primary function is preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet, thereby reducing
caloric intake.

Mechanism of Action:



Orlistat works by inhibiting gastric and pancreatic lipases, the enzymes that break down
triglycerides in the intestine. When lipase activity is blocked, triglycerides from the diet are not
hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids, and are excreted undigested instead.

Side Effects:

The primary side effects of the drug are gastrointestinal related, and include steatorrhea (oily,
loose stools with excessive flatus due to unabsorbed fats reaching the large intestine), fecal
incontinence and frequent or urgent bowel movements.

An analysis of over 900 orlistat users in Ontario showed that their rate of acute kidney injury
was more than triple that of non-users.

The putative mechanism for this effect is postulated to be excessive oxalate absorption from
the gut and its subsequent deposition in the kidney, with excessive oxalate absorption being a
known consequence of fat malabsorption.

A 2006 animal study linked orlistat with aberrant crypt foci (ACF), lesions found in the colon
which is believed to be one of the earliest precursors of colon cancer.

Phentermine:

Phentermine, a contraction of "phenyl-tertiarybutylamine", is an appetite suppressant of the
phenethylamine class.

It is an amphetamine like stimulant.

It is approved as an appetite suppressant to help reduce weight in obese patients when used
short-term and combined with exercise, diet, and behavioral modification.

It is typically prescribed for individuals who are at increased medical risk because of their
weight and works by helping to release certain chemicals in the brain that control appetite.

Mechanism of Action:

Phentermine works on the hypothalamus portion of the brain to stimulate the adrenal glands
to release norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter or chemical messenger that signals a fight-or-
flight response, reducing hunger.



Phentermine works outside the brain as well to release epinephrine or adrenaline causing fat
cells to break down stored fat, but the principal basis of efficacy is hunger-reduction.

At clinically relevant doses, phentermine also releases serotonin and dopamine, but to a much
lesser extent than that of norepinephrine.

Adverse Effects:

Generally, phentermine appears to be relatively well tolerated.It can produce side effects
consistent with its catecholamine-releasing properties, e.g., tachycardia (increased heart rate)
and elevated blood pressure, but the incidence and magnitude of these appear to be less than
with the amphetamines.

Because phentermine acts through sympathomimetic pathways, the drug may increase blood
pressure and heart rate. It may also cause palpitations, restlessness, and insomnia.

Additionally, phentermine has the potential to cause psychological dependence. After short
term use, tolerance begins and can be followed by rebound weight gain.

More common side effects:

Cardiovascular: Primary pulmonary hypertension and/or regurgitant cardiac valvular disease,
palpitation, tachycardia, elevation of blood pressure.

Central Nervous System: Overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness,insomnia, euphoria,
dysphoria, tremor, headache.

Gastrointestinal: Dryness of the mouth,unpleasant taste, diarrhea, constipation, other
gastrointestinal disturbances.

Allergic: Urticaria, endocrine Impotence, changes in libido.

Herbal Drugs:

Herbal Drugs is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and
plant extracts.

Potential Side Effects of Garcinia Cambogia:



There are no known side effects for using this herb, however, it is not recommended for
diabetics or people suffering any dementia syndrome, including Alzheimer’s; and in pregnant
and lactating women.

Garcinia cambogia does have contraindications with certain medications, and it is important to
discuss this with your health care professional.


Garcinia cambogia

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