5G technology enables enhanced mobile broadband services, which offers higher data rates, lower latency and more capacity. Development of 5G technology is being led by companies such as Huawei, Intel and Qualcomm for modem technology. Lenovo, Nokia, Ericsson, ZTE, Cisco and Samsung is working on infrastructure.
For deployment of 5G, 3GPP is defining new core network as well as new radio access network. New core network of 5G is 5GC and new radio access technology called “5G NR” new radio.5G use cases are already being built around immersive sports viewing and augmented reality applications.
Migration to 5G and Deployment Training and certification by TELCOMA GlobalGaganpreet Singh Walia
5G technology enables enhanced mobile broadband services, which offers higher data rates, lower latency and more capacity. Development of 5G technology is being led by companies such as Huawei, Intel and Qualcomm for modem technology. Lenovo, Nokia, Ericsson, ZTE, Cisco and Samsung is working on infrastructure.
For deployment of 5G, 3GPP is defining new core network as well as new radio access network. New core network of 5G is 5GC and new radio access technology called “5G NR” new radio.5G use cases are already being built around immersive sports viewing and augmented reality applications.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
LTE, LTE A, and LTE A Pro Migration to 5G Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G. Other topics include: 5G NR, Air Interface Architecture, 5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Nodes, Interfaces, and Operation.
Topics Include:
5GC Overview
5G Technology Overview
5G System Survey
5G Architecture and Interfaces
5G Network Services
5G-NR Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
5G-NR Signaling
5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
Advanced LPWA for IoT
5G Signaling and Operations
5G Protocol and Architecture
5GC Network Solutions
5G Network Design and Optimization
5G Network Roll-Out
5G Capacity Planning
5G For Non-Engineers and Managers
5G RAN Signaling
5G RF Engineering
5G RF Planning
Learning Objectives:
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Describe the evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G
Summarize LTE-A pro architecture enhancements towards 5G
Describe the fundamentals of 5G networks
Illustrate the architecture of the 5G network including 5G NR,5GC
Describe Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type (mMTC) Communications and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) features in 5G
Identify key 5G network functions, interfaces, protocols and interworking elements
Describe how the 5G NR works
Describe 5GC network functions and interfaces
Compare 5G Service Based Architecture vs. Reference Point Architecture
Describe ingratiation paths to 5G
Courses Material, Tools and Guides, Outlines:
Evolution from LTE/LTE-A Pro to 5G
Overview of 5G Network Services
5G Radio and Core Network Architecture
Network Slicing in 5G
Architecture Evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G NR
Cloud and Open RAN Architectures
Control and User Plane Architecture and Bearer Types
Introduction 5G Core Network (5GC)
Overview of 5G Core Network (5GC) Network Entities
5G Network Deployment and Migration Paths
Case Studies
Request more information about LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training. Visit Tonex.com link below
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/lte-lte-a-and-lte-a-pro-migration-to-5g-training/
The proposed new network architecture and the emergence of various types of transmission technology will pose new challenges to 5G air interface technology standardization, program design, and simulation.
For physical layer transmission technology, 5G will introduce new waveform & nonorthogonal multiple access at the physical layer to achieve the required traffic latency in the air interface.
To explore spatial freedom & improve the network throughput, 5G will introduce massive MIMO technology. In the simulation evaluation system, massive MIMO & MU-MIMO technology will greatly increase computational interference complexity.
The new channel propagation model will be introduced based on high-frequency band transmission technology, D2D technology & massive MIMO technology.
Need to design scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous computing resources, accurately estimate the consumed time of heterogeneous computing & interface data transmission and meanwhile design the synchronized mechanism for computing tasks to make full use of heterogeneous computing platform.
https://telcomaglobal.com/p/5g-testing-training-certification
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of LTE, LTE-A, and 4G mobile technologies. It explains that while LTE is often marketed as 4G, it does not fully meet the technical specifications for 4G set by the ITU. LTE-Advanced was developed to meet these specifications by achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps download and 500 Mbps upload through the use of carrier aggregation and other enhancements to LTE. The document outlines some of the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, such as carrier aggregation, relays, and coordinated multipoint, and how they help LTE-Advanced achieve the goals of 4G networks including higher speeds, lower latency, and better coverage.
Migration to 5G and Deployment Training and certification by TELCOMA GlobalGaganpreet Singh Walia
5G technology enables enhanced mobile broadband services, which offers higher data rates, lower latency and more capacity. Development of 5G technology is being led by companies such as Huawei, Intel and Qualcomm for modem technology. Lenovo, Nokia, Ericsson, ZTE, Cisco and Samsung is working on infrastructure.
For deployment of 5G, 3GPP is defining new core network as well as new radio access network. New core network of 5G is 5GC and new radio access technology called “5G NR” new radio.5G use cases are already being built around immersive sports viewing and augmented reality applications.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
LTE, LTE A, and LTE A Pro Migration to 5G Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G. Other topics include: 5G NR, Air Interface Architecture, 5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Nodes, Interfaces, and Operation.
Topics Include:
5GC Overview
5G Technology Overview
5G System Survey
5G Architecture and Interfaces
5G Network Services
5G-NR Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
5G-NR Signaling
5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
Advanced LPWA for IoT
5G Signaling and Operations
5G Protocol and Architecture
5GC Network Solutions
5G Network Design and Optimization
5G Network Roll-Out
5G Capacity Planning
5G For Non-Engineers and Managers
5G RAN Signaling
5G RF Engineering
5G RF Planning
Learning Objectives:
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Describe the evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G
Summarize LTE-A pro architecture enhancements towards 5G
Describe the fundamentals of 5G networks
Illustrate the architecture of the 5G network including 5G NR,5GC
Describe Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type (mMTC) Communications and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) features in 5G
Identify key 5G network functions, interfaces, protocols and interworking elements
Describe how the 5G NR works
Describe 5GC network functions and interfaces
Compare 5G Service Based Architecture vs. Reference Point Architecture
Describe ingratiation paths to 5G
Courses Material, Tools and Guides, Outlines:
Evolution from LTE/LTE-A Pro to 5G
Overview of 5G Network Services
5G Radio and Core Network Architecture
Network Slicing in 5G
Architecture Evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G NR
Cloud and Open RAN Architectures
Control and User Plane Architecture and Bearer Types
Introduction 5G Core Network (5GC)
Overview of 5G Core Network (5GC) Network Entities
5G Network Deployment and Migration Paths
Case Studies
Request more information about LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training. Visit Tonex.com link below
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/lte-lte-a-and-lte-a-pro-migration-to-5g-training/
The proposed new network architecture and the emergence of various types of transmission technology will pose new challenges to 5G air interface technology standardization, program design, and simulation.
For physical layer transmission technology, 5G will introduce new waveform & nonorthogonal multiple access at the physical layer to achieve the required traffic latency in the air interface.
To explore spatial freedom & improve the network throughput, 5G will introduce massive MIMO technology. In the simulation evaluation system, massive MIMO & MU-MIMO technology will greatly increase computational interference complexity.
The new channel propagation model will be introduced based on high-frequency band transmission technology, D2D technology & massive MIMO technology.
Need to design scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous computing resources, accurately estimate the consumed time of heterogeneous computing & interface data transmission and meanwhile design the synchronized mechanism for computing tasks to make full use of heterogeneous computing platform.
https://telcomaglobal.com/p/5g-testing-training-certification
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of LTE, LTE-A, and 4G mobile technologies. It explains that while LTE is often marketed as 4G, it does not fully meet the technical specifications for 4G set by the ITU. LTE-Advanced was developed to meet these specifications by achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps download and 500 Mbps upload through the use of carrier aggregation and other enhancements to LTE. The document outlines some of the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, such as carrier aggregation, relays, and coordinated multipoint, and how they help LTE-Advanced achieve the goals of 4G networks including higher speeds, lower latency, and better coverage.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Qualcomm is developing 5G NR technology to enable a unified 5G air interface that can address diverse spectrum types, services, and deployments. 5G will transform industries and society by connecting billions of devices and delivering new immersive experiences with requirements such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability. Qualcomm is leading innovations for 5G NR such as optimized waveforms, scalable numerology and transmission time interval, efficient spectrum utilization techniques, and support for diverse spectrum bands and deployments.
5G will enable new use cases by providing higher speeds, lower latency, and higher connection densities compared to 4G. It is being standardized by the 3GPP and ITU to meet the IMT-2020 requirements of enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. 5G networks will utilize new spectrum such as sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave bands to deliver multi-Gbps speeds and support the connectivity requirements of use cases like virtual and augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial IoT.
Ultra-Reliable Networks – A Mobile Operator Perspective3G4G
The document discusses the characteristics of an ultra-reliable mobile network. It states that an ultra-reliable network should provide near 100% population coverage, close to 100% geographical coverage, and over 99.99% reliability. It also discusses using multiple technologies like LTE, WiFi, LAA, and device-to-device communication to provide seamless coverage with availability close to 100% and data drops close to 0%. The document outlines EE's plans to build such an ultra-reliable network in the UK through investments in backup power, resilient transmission, emergency response vehicles, and new technologies from 3GPP to improve security, quality of service, and reliability.
Presented virtually by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology on 06 Aug 2020.
Andy provides an update and review of the transformational plans, capabilities and outcomes from 5G deployments in the UK. 5G networks are already enabling a step change in the range and capability of innovative applications from IoT to robotics. That pace of change is due to accelerate as 5G moves from its initial enhanced mobile broadband phase to deliver ultra-reliable and low latency communications along with massive machine type connectivity.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
The document describes the fundamentals of WCDMA radio access networks. It covers topics such as wireless signal propagation, CDMA principles including spreading and despreading, channel coding, and modulation techniques used in WCDMA like QPSK. It also discusses concepts like channelization codes, scrambling codes and the use of a RAKE receiver to mitigate multipath fading in WCDMA systems.
1) 5G shared spectrum technologies pioneered by Qualcomm such as LTE-U, LAA, LWA and MulteFire can unlock unused spectrum and improve spectrum utilization.
2) Qualcomm has contributed significantly to shared spectrum standards like CBRS and is a founder of alliances to develop shared spectrum technologies.
3) 5G New Radio is being designed by Qualcomm to support flexible deployment in shared, licensed, and unlicensed spectrum bands using technologies like LAA and MulteFire.
Zahid Ghadialy, Principal Analyst and Consultant discusses the controversial topic of "Real 5G" or "True 5G". To explain the concept he goes back to explain the difference between ITU defined requirements of IMT-Advanced and how that translated to 4G via LTE/LTE-Advanced. The main point to remember is that "there will be different flavours of 5G whether you like it or not. Get over it!"
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Keynote Address: Critical communications standards supporting a multi-vendor ...3G4G
Presented by Adrian Scrase, CTO, ETSI & Head of MCC, 3GPP at CCE 2019
Abstract:
The Critical Communications community has engaged in standardisation activities to ensure that their evolution path is supported by a multi-vendor and interoperable environment. This engagement is a long term commitment and involves participation in a number of different standardisation bodies. The primary focus for this work however lies within both ETSI and the Partnership Project 3GPP and so it is appropriate for this keynote address to focus on the progress made within those bodies in delivering critical communications standards. This address will also look into the future and assess the extent to which 5G will play a role in serving Critical Communication needs.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
AT&T View on LTE to 5G Network Migration Eiko Seidel
AT&T proposes a three step approach to evolving 5G architecture from early deployment to more mature phases:
1) Early 5G deployment using Phase 1 Option 3 architecture.
2) Phase 1 evolution to Option 7 architecture while still supporting Option 3, through software upgrades.
3) Phase 2 evolution to Option 2/4 architecture while still supporting Options 3 and 7, with specifications that allow different architectures to coexist.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for wireless data and information by optimizing wireless communication technology. Key points of LTE include using OFDM and MIMO to improve data transmission capacity and speed over wireless networks. The long-term goal of LTE was to simplify the network architecture and make it IP-based. The document also provides contact information for C&T RF Antennas Inc.
Radio Design Webinar: Optimising Your 700 MHz Deployments3G4G
This document provides an overview of 700MHz spectrum including its commercial status, main frequencies by region, and why it is important for 5G networks. Key points include:
- 700MHz spectrum is being cleared for mobile use in many regions to meet targets by 2020-2027 for coverage including rural areas.
- It can provide widespread coverage due to favorable propagation characteristics and is essential for applications requiring ultra-reliable communications like IoT.
- Technical challenges in deploying 5G include adding new spectrum and radios to existing sites which risks exceeding space and wind loading limits. Solutions like antenna combiners and remote radio heads help overcome these challenges cost effectively.
This presentation and demo show the hardware which consist of 5G UE’s, 5G radios, a fronthaul network and C-RAN with high density switches and servers, a transport network of 3 DWDM switches and a DC network of servers and high density switches. The basic software arrangement will be shown with emphasis on the structure of the orchestration and SDN controllers and the choice of virtualization components and logical networking. An eMBB slice will be brought up which will entail programming of the radios, the fronthaul, backhaul, a node B and the core. Its behavior will be noted through the test UE’s. An URRLC slice will be brought up and its nodeB and core will be demonstrated through its test UE’s showing extremely low latency. An MMTC slice will be brought up and a large number of test IOT devices will be demonstrated via the test UE’s. The eMBB slice will be augmented by programming a slice selection function that will create a ICN slice and an application (TBD) will be shown running over that ICN core (but with the eMBB slice). Spectrum will be reassigned from slice to slice and the changes noted as an optimizer recomputes the proper allocation of resources and executes it. Traffic will be increased and the changes in the backhaul over transport and core function placements will be noted. An additional demonstration will show creation of multiple 4G air interfaces using the same infrastructure network but with 4G radios and 4G UE’s using OAI software and ETTUS SDRs. A Skype session will be created between the two 4G slices. We will also try to show some of the EPC functions being moved while the UE sessions are not impacted.
Author : Peter Ashwood-Smith, Huawei Technologies
Presented at ITU-T Focus Group IMT-2020 Workshop and Demo Day, 7 December 2016.
More details on the event : http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/201612/Pages/Programme.aspx
Presentation by Kevin Smith, Vodafone & Chair ETSI NGP (Next Generation Protocols) at the URLLC 2017 conference on Nov. 14, 2017.
*** Shared with Permission ***
5g technology is a unique combination of high speed internet access , low latency , high reliability & seamless coverage which will support no. of vehicles & transport infrastructure. 5G platform will impact many industries like automotive , entertainment, agriculture , manufacturing and IT. As per the research forecast “IOT will account for one quarter of the global 41 million 5G connections in 2024”, out of these ¾ of the devices will be auto industry via embedded vehicle connections.
There are wide range of applications that will benefit from 5G ultra fast networks and real time responsiveness of the network.These properties of 5G technology are very important for many applications of IOT e.g self driven cars , intelligent transportation which demands very low latency .This will be a great boom for interactive mobile gaming which is bandwidth hungry application. 5G technology enables us to control more devices remotely in various applications where real time network performance is critical, like remote control of vehicles. It focuses on worker safety as well as monitoring environment. 5G technology is not focusing on improving speed , but this will prove best in evolution of business etc. IOT in 5G have excelled in connecting number of phones , tablets and other devices, however connecting cars , meters, sensors require more advanced business models.
5G Transport Network Requirement for Indian Telecom By Subrata SenSukhvinder Singh Malik
There are few people whom we meet and connect instantly. Recently, We met Subrata Sen, (Head, Fiber/Transport Planning at Bharti Infratel Ltd) and veteran in telecom industry during a conference. During our conversation, we had long discussion about upcoming technologies and how important the backhaul , specially fiber is for future network.
For example, if we wish to move our telco infrastructure to Cloud, virtualize our network elements, do we have the capability to move all data traffic to centralized cloud? Mr. Sen provided his expert opinion on how the transport network needs to be redesigned and what are important parameters for the same.
5G Network - It's Architecture and TechnologyRajKumarRaj32
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key features and technologies of each generation including network speeds, capabilities and limitations. 5G is described as being able to provide speeds up to 1Gbps using technologies like millimeter waves, small cells, massive MIMO, beamforming and full duplex to help address limitations of previous standards like inability to handle high speeds or pass through obstacles. 5G is predicted to deliver enhanced mobile broadband and help enable new applications.
The document discusses the evolution of 4G cellular technology, including LTE, LTE-Advanced, and LTE-Advanced Pro. It notes that LTE-Advanced Pro, defined in 3GPP Release 13 and 14, builds upon previous releases to provide significantly increased data speeds, efficiency, and network capacity compared to prior 4G standards. Key features of LTE-Advanced Pro include support for up to 32 component carriers of 20 MHz each for a total bandwidth of 640 MHz, data rates exceeding 3 Gbps, latency under 2ms, and the ability to aggregate licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
1. The document discusses the various 5G non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) architecture options defined by 3GPP, including their characteristics and differences. 2. The key NSA options are Option 3, 4, and 7 which rely on existing LTE networks, while Option 2 is the main SA option which uses only 5G NR and is connected to the 5G core. 3. SA Option 2 can fully support new 5G services like URLLC and network slicing, while NSA options have limited 5G capabilities due to dependencies on LTE core networks.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Qualcomm is developing 5G NR technology to enable a unified 5G air interface that can address diverse spectrum types, services, and deployments. 5G will transform industries and society by connecting billions of devices and delivering new immersive experiences with requirements such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability. Qualcomm is leading innovations for 5G NR such as optimized waveforms, scalable numerology and transmission time interval, efficient spectrum utilization techniques, and support for diverse spectrum bands and deployments.
5G will enable new use cases by providing higher speeds, lower latency, and higher connection densities compared to 4G. It is being standardized by the 3GPP and ITU to meet the IMT-2020 requirements of enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. 5G networks will utilize new spectrum such as sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave bands to deliver multi-Gbps speeds and support the connectivity requirements of use cases like virtual and augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial IoT.
Ultra-Reliable Networks – A Mobile Operator Perspective3G4G
The document discusses the characteristics of an ultra-reliable mobile network. It states that an ultra-reliable network should provide near 100% population coverage, close to 100% geographical coverage, and over 99.99% reliability. It also discusses using multiple technologies like LTE, WiFi, LAA, and device-to-device communication to provide seamless coverage with availability close to 100% and data drops close to 0%. The document outlines EE's plans to build such an ultra-reliable network in the UK through investments in backup power, resilient transmission, emergency response vehicles, and new technologies from 3GPP to improve security, quality of service, and reliability.
Presented virtually by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology on 06 Aug 2020.
Andy provides an update and review of the transformational plans, capabilities and outcomes from 5G deployments in the UK. 5G networks are already enabling a step change in the range and capability of innovative applications from IoT to robotics. That pace of change is due to accelerate as 5G moves from its initial enhanced mobile broadband phase to deliver ultra-reliable and low latency communications along with massive machine type connectivity.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
The document describes the fundamentals of WCDMA radio access networks. It covers topics such as wireless signal propagation, CDMA principles including spreading and despreading, channel coding, and modulation techniques used in WCDMA like QPSK. It also discusses concepts like channelization codes, scrambling codes and the use of a RAKE receiver to mitigate multipath fading in WCDMA systems.
1) 5G shared spectrum technologies pioneered by Qualcomm such as LTE-U, LAA, LWA and MulteFire can unlock unused spectrum and improve spectrum utilization.
2) Qualcomm has contributed significantly to shared spectrum standards like CBRS and is a founder of alliances to develop shared spectrum technologies.
3) 5G New Radio is being designed by Qualcomm to support flexible deployment in shared, licensed, and unlicensed spectrum bands using technologies like LAA and MulteFire.
Zahid Ghadialy, Principal Analyst and Consultant discusses the controversial topic of "Real 5G" or "True 5G". To explain the concept he goes back to explain the difference between ITU defined requirements of IMT-Advanced and how that translated to 4G via LTE/LTE-Advanced. The main point to remember is that "there will be different flavours of 5G whether you like it or not. Get over it!"
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Keynote Address: Critical communications standards supporting a multi-vendor ...3G4G
Presented by Adrian Scrase, CTO, ETSI & Head of MCC, 3GPP at CCE 2019
Abstract:
The Critical Communications community has engaged in standardisation activities to ensure that their evolution path is supported by a multi-vendor and interoperable environment. This engagement is a long term commitment and involves participation in a number of different standardisation bodies. The primary focus for this work however lies within both ETSI and the Partnership Project 3GPP and so it is appropriate for this keynote address to focus on the progress made within those bodies in delivering critical communications standards. This address will also look into the future and assess the extent to which 5G will play a role in serving Critical Communication needs.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
AT&T View on LTE to 5G Network Migration Eiko Seidel
AT&T proposes a three step approach to evolving 5G architecture from early deployment to more mature phases:
1) Early 5G deployment using Phase 1 Option 3 architecture.
2) Phase 1 evolution to Option 7 architecture while still supporting Option 3, through software upgrades.
3) Phase 2 evolution to Option 2/4 architecture while still supporting Options 3 and 7, with specifications that allow different architectures to coexist.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for wireless data and information by optimizing wireless communication technology. Key points of LTE include using OFDM and MIMO to improve data transmission capacity and speed over wireless networks. The long-term goal of LTE was to simplify the network architecture and make it IP-based. The document also provides contact information for C&T RF Antennas Inc.
Radio Design Webinar: Optimising Your 700 MHz Deployments3G4G
This document provides an overview of 700MHz spectrum including its commercial status, main frequencies by region, and why it is important for 5G networks. Key points include:
- 700MHz spectrum is being cleared for mobile use in many regions to meet targets by 2020-2027 for coverage including rural areas.
- It can provide widespread coverage due to favorable propagation characteristics and is essential for applications requiring ultra-reliable communications like IoT.
- Technical challenges in deploying 5G include adding new spectrum and radios to existing sites which risks exceeding space and wind loading limits. Solutions like antenna combiners and remote radio heads help overcome these challenges cost effectively.
This presentation and demo show the hardware which consist of 5G UE’s, 5G radios, a fronthaul network and C-RAN with high density switches and servers, a transport network of 3 DWDM switches and a DC network of servers and high density switches. The basic software arrangement will be shown with emphasis on the structure of the orchestration and SDN controllers and the choice of virtualization components and logical networking. An eMBB slice will be brought up which will entail programming of the radios, the fronthaul, backhaul, a node B and the core. Its behavior will be noted through the test UE’s. An URRLC slice will be brought up and its nodeB and core will be demonstrated through its test UE’s showing extremely low latency. An MMTC slice will be brought up and a large number of test IOT devices will be demonstrated via the test UE’s. The eMBB slice will be augmented by programming a slice selection function that will create a ICN slice and an application (TBD) will be shown running over that ICN core (but with the eMBB slice). Spectrum will be reassigned from slice to slice and the changes noted as an optimizer recomputes the proper allocation of resources and executes it. Traffic will be increased and the changes in the backhaul over transport and core function placements will be noted. An additional demonstration will show creation of multiple 4G air interfaces using the same infrastructure network but with 4G radios and 4G UE’s using OAI software and ETTUS SDRs. A Skype session will be created between the two 4G slices. We will also try to show some of the EPC functions being moved while the UE sessions are not impacted.
Author : Peter Ashwood-Smith, Huawei Technologies
Presented at ITU-T Focus Group IMT-2020 Workshop and Demo Day, 7 December 2016.
More details on the event : http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/201612/Pages/Programme.aspx
Presentation by Kevin Smith, Vodafone & Chair ETSI NGP (Next Generation Protocols) at the URLLC 2017 conference on Nov. 14, 2017.
*** Shared with Permission ***
5g technology is a unique combination of high speed internet access , low latency , high reliability & seamless coverage which will support no. of vehicles & transport infrastructure. 5G platform will impact many industries like automotive , entertainment, agriculture , manufacturing and IT. As per the research forecast “IOT will account for one quarter of the global 41 million 5G connections in 2024”, out of these ¾ of the devices will be auto industry via embedded vehicle connections.
There are wide range of applications that will benefit from 5G ultra fast networks and real time responsiveness of the network.These properties of 5G technology are very important for many applications of IOT e.g self driven cars , intelligent transportation which demands very low latency .This will be a great boom for interactive mobile gaming which is bandwidth hungry application. 5G technology enables us to control more devices remotely in various applications where real time network performance is critical, like remote control of vehicles. It focuses on worker safety as well as monitoring environment. 5G technology is not focusing on improving speed , but this will prove best in evolution of business etc. IOT in 5G have excelled in connecting number of phones , tablets and other devices, however connecting cars , meters, sensors require more advanced business models.
5G Transport Network Requirement for Indian Telecom By Subrata SenSukhvinder Singh Malik
There are few people whom we meet and connect instantly. Recently, We met Subrata Sen, (Head, Fiber/Transport Planning at Bharti Infratel Ltd) and veteran in telecom industry during a conference. During our conversation, we had long discussion about upcoming technologies and how important the backhaul , specially fiber is for future network.
For example, if we wish to move our telco infrastructure to Cloud, virtualize our network elements, do we have the capability to move all data traffic to centralized cloud? Mr. Sen provided his expert opinion on how the transport network needs to be redesigned and what are important parameters for the same.
5G Network - It's Architecture and TechnologyRajKumarRaj32
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key features and technologies of each generation including network speeds, capabilities and limitations. 5G is described as being able to provide speeds up to 1Gbps using technologies like millimeter waves, small cells, massive MIMO, beamforming and full duplex to help address limitations of previous standards like inability to handle high speeds or pass through obstacles. 5G is predicted to deliver enhanced mobile broadband and help enable new applications.
The document discusses the evolution of 4G cellular technology, including LTE, LTE-Advanced, and LTE-Advanced Pro. It notes that LTE-Advanced Pro, defined in 3GPP Release 13 and 14, builds upon previous releases to provide significantly increased data speeds, efficiency, and network capacity compared to prior 4G standards. Key features of LTE-Advanced Pro include support for up to 32 component carriers of 20 MHz each for a total bandwidth of 640 MHz, data rates exceeding 3 Gbps, latency under 2ms, and the ability to aggregate licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
1. The document discusses the various 5G non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) architecture options defined by 3GPP, including their characteristics and differences. 2. The key NSA options are Option 3, 4, and 7 which rely on existing LTE networks, while Option 2 is the main SA option which uses only 5G NR and is connected to the 5G core. 3. SA Option 2 can fully support new 5G services like URLLC and network slicing, while NSA options have limited 5G capabilities due to dependencies on LTE core networks.
Ericsson Technology Review: Simplifying the 5G ecosystem by reducing architec...Ericsson
One critical aspect of a successful 5G deployment is the mobile network operator’s ability to support user equipment, radio network, core network and management products that are manufactured by a multitude of device and network equipment vendors. The multiple connectivity options in 3GPP architecture for 5G have created several possible deployment alternatives.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article argues that there is a significant risk of ecosystem fragmentation if too many different connectivity options are deployed. After considering all the options, the authors conclude that a deployment approach based on options 3 and 2 will reduce network upgrade cost and time, simplify interoperability between networks and devices, and enable a faster scaling of the 5G ecosystem.
LTE was developed to overcome limitations in 3G networks like UMTS. It uses OFDM which divides the carrier bandwidth into multiple narrowband subcarriers to reduce multipath fading effects. LTE-Advanced was then created to meet 4G requirements like peak download rates of 1 Gbps by using wider bandwidths up to 20 MHz and carrier aggregation. It fulfills 3GPP and ITU requirements to be considered a true 4G mobile network technology.
The document discusses the transition from 3G to LTE networks. It notes that data usage is growing significantly, placing pressure on networks. LTE aims to address this through a flat IP-based architecture, improved spectral efficiency from technologies like OFDMA and MIMO, and scalable bandwidth deployment. This will allow higher throughput and lower latency comparable to DSL, helping support new multimedia services and enriched user experiences with seamless connectivity at high speeds. Network operators can benefit from reduced costs per megabyte of traffic and a simpler architecture allowing flat-rate pricing plans.
Orange outlined their vision and priorities for 5G networks and radio technology. Key points include:
- 5G should enable new services like IoT, vehicle connectivity, and ultra-low cost networks.
- 5G should provide improved user experience through higher throughput, lower latency, and consistent coverage.
- Energy efficiency is a top priority and 5G networks should have the lowest possible energy consumption.
- 3GPP should specify a new air interface below 6GHz that meets 5G requirements and performance goals.
The document provides an overview of LTE architecture and protocols. It describes the standardization landscape, LTE network architecture including elements like eNodeB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the user plane, control plane and management plane protocols in LTE. Specifically, it details the protocol stacks for each plane and the interfaces between different network elements like S1, S6a and X2. Finally, it discusses protocol overhead calculations in LTE.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
5G network architecture will include new functional blocks and interfaces defined by 3GPP. There are several options for deploying 5G, including standalone and non-standalone modes. When adding 5G to an existing multi-RAT site, backhaul capacity will need to be increased to at least 10Gbps to support 5G capabilities like massive MIMO and wider channel bandwidths. Migration from EPC to the new 5G core (NGCN) will require interworking between the networks during transition.
LTE is a mobile broadband technology specified in 3GPP release 8 that provides higher data rates of up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink. The high-level architecture of LTE includes user equipment (UE), the evolved-UTRAN radio access network, and the evolved packet core. LTE Advanced, specified in release 10, utilizes technologies like carrier aggregation to support peak rates of 1 Gbps downlink and 500 Mbps uplink. LTE Advanced in unlicensed spectrum as specified in release 13 aggregates unlicensed bands with licensed spectrum for a unified LTE network leveraging both types of spectrum.
A complete description of long term evolution including lte advanced. Study includes technical, services and strategic marketing information and gives a thorough overall picture of the technology and business.
4G LTE over satellite is arriving to the market at a faster pace than 2G and 3G did when they emerged. 4G carries the promise of a true mobile broadband experience with high volumes, higher speeds and enhanced efficiency, blurring the lines between cellular and wifi. Mobile operators will nevertheless wonder if 4G can be even more successful than its predecessors, and what value it really brings to the subscriber. They will also want to know if there are specifi c characteristics required to run the service over satellite, and if it is possible to optimize the traffi c just like in 2G and 3G to gain bandwidth and decrease the OPEX. Lastly, can 4G deployments be future proof in light of the upcoming 5G standards?
Prof. Andy Sutton: Backhauling the 5G Experience3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology at The IET seminar, "5G 2020 - Unleashed" on 29 January 2020.
A companion paper is available from Academia.edu website here: https://www.academia.edu/41625209/Design_and_Deployment_of_the_EE_5G_Network
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
The document provides an overview of LTE Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro mobile network technologies. It discusses the brief history of LTE and its evolution through 3GPP releases. Key aspects covered include the network architecture in LTE consisting of the radio access network and evolved packet core. LTE Advanced introduced new features like carrier aggregation and coordinated multi-point to meet the requirements for higher peak data rates and capacity. LTE-Advanced Pro supports further enhancements including advanced carrier aggregation and License Assisted Access.
5G network architecture will include new functional blocks and interfaces defined by 3GPP. 5G can operate in both standalone and non-standalone modes with an EPC or NGC core. Adding 5G to existing LTE macro sites will require at least 10Gbps backhaul to support features like massive MIMO and wider channel bandwidths. Migration strategies involve moving between EPC and NGC cores while maintaining interoperability and backward compatibility with earlier RATs.
LTE Basic Guide _ Structure_Layers_Protocol stacks_LTE control channels senthil krishnan
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication that aims to provide faster data speeds and improved system capacity. It evolved from 3G UMTS standards developed by 3GPP. The main goals of LTE are to increase data rates, improve spectral efficiency, and reduce latency. LTE introduced new network architectures using IP-based backhaul between network nodes and evolved packet core (EPC) to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and quality of service. Key aspects of LTE include support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz, MIMO transmission, and both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes.
Recent advances in Broadcasting standards and research3G4G
Dr. Belkacem Mouhouche – Samsung Electronics
Chief Standards Engineer
Technical Manager of 5G projects: 5G-Xcast and 5G-Tours
Presented in IEEE 5G Summit Istanbul, June 2019
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
This document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) including what LTE is, its key features and benefits, the LTE radio access network architecture, available services and markets, and device availability. Some of the main points covered include that LTE is the 4G standard designed to meet high speed data needs, it provides speeds over 100Mbps, low latency, simpler network structure than 3G, and efficient spectrum use. The document also discusses LTE deployment status worldwide, performance advantages over HSPA, and the types of initial LTE devices available.
Similar to Migration to 5G and Deployment Training and certification by TELCOMA Global (20)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.