The document provides details about the types of building elements at Mid Valley Megamall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It describes the different types of roofs including flat roofs, dome-shaped roofs, and glass roofs. It also examines the various window types such as awning windows, fixed windows, and louvre windows. Regarding doors, it outlines sliding doors, partly glazed doors, and bi-fold doors. Lastly, it briefly discusses stairs as a means of movement between floors in buildings.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
A window consists of a frame and shutters. The frame includes horizontal and vertical members that form the opening and hold the shutters. Shutters are the movable parts of the window. There are many types of windows including awning, casement, single-hung, double-hung, sliding, louvered, tilt-turn, bay, bow, garden, picture, arch/radius, and skylight windows. Each type has different characteristics regarding how the shutters open, are mounted, and function.
The document summarizes the construction features of The Gardens Mall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It describes the different types of doors used, including fire doors made of timber and metal sliding doors. It recommends metal sliding fire doors due to their higher fire resistance and lifespan compared to wooden doors. Toilet doors made of timber or plastic are also compared, with plastic sliding doors found to have lower overall costs and maintenance fees. In conclusion, the document analyzes and compares various door types used in the mall's construction.
This document defines and describes various types of windows. It discusses double-hung sash windows, single-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, clerestory windows, hopper windows, tilt and slide windows, bay windows, tilt and turn windows, transom windows, jalousie windows, roof windows, roof lanterns, stained glass windows, glazing and filling methods, window coverings, and smart glass alternatives. Modern windows are typically made with large panes of glass, low-e coatings, and insulating gas fills between panes to improve thermal performance.
Windows come in a variety of types and designs to serve different functions. The most common type is the casement window, which has two panes that open outward from the frame, providing good illumination while obstructing little light. Other common types include double-hung or sash windows with two glass panes that open independently, as well as bay windows comprising three windows that form an alcove protruding from the house to create a sense of spaciousness. Proper treatment of windows depends on their shape, size and location within a room or house.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.
Windows serve several important purposes in buildings. They allow natural light and ventilation which saves on electricity costs while improving air quality. Windows also provide architectural design elements and can enhance quality of life. There are various common types of windows including casement, double hung, pivoted, sliding, sash/glazed, metal, corner/glass-to-glass, gable, dormer, bay and clerestory windows, and skylights - each with their own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages for different applications.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
A window consists of a frame and shutters. The frame includes horizontal and vertical members that form the opening and hold the shutters. Shutters are the movable parts of the window. There are many types of windows including awning, casement, single-hung, double-hung, sliding, louvered, tilt-turn, bay, bow, garden, picture, arch/radius, and skylight windows. Each type has different characteristics regarding how the shutters open, are mounted, and function.
The document summarizes the construction features of The Gardens Mall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It describes the different types of doors used, including fire doors made of timber and metal sliding doors. It recommends metal sliding fire doors due to their higher fire resistance and lifespan compared to wooden doors. Toilet doors made of timber or plastic are also compared, with plastic sliding doors found to have lower overall costs and maintenance fees. In conclusion, the document analyzes and compares various door types used in the mall's construction.
This document defines and describes various types of windows. It discusses double-hung sash windows, single-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, clerestory windows, hopper windows, tilt and slide windows, bay windows, tilt and turn windows, transom windows, jalousie windows, roof windows, roof lanterns, stained glass windows, glazing and filling methods, window coverings, and smart glass alternatives. Modern windows are typically made with large panes of glass, low-e coatings, and insulating gas fills between panes to improve thermal performance.
Windows come in a variety of types and designs to serve different functions. The most common type is the casement window, which has two panes that open outward from the frame, providing good illumination while obstructing little light. Other common types include double-hung or sash windows with two glass panes that open independently, as well as bay windows comprising three windows that form an alcove protruding from the house to create a sense of spaciousness. Proper treatment of windows depends on their shape, size and location within a room or house.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.
Windows serve several important purposes in buildings. They allow natural light and ventilation which saves on electricity costs while improving air quality. Windows also provide architectural design elements and can enhance quality of life. There are various common types of windows including casement, double hung, pivoted, sliding, sash/glazed, metal, corner/glass-to-glass, gable, dormer, bay and clerestory windows, and skylights - each with their own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages for different applications.
1) The document discusses different types of windows including casement windows, sash or glazed windows, fixed windows, sliding windows, pivoted windows, and double hung windows.
2) Windows are classified based on their material, operation, location. The selection of a window depends on factors like the size and location of the room as well as climatic considerations.
3) Specific window types discussed in more detail include fixed windows, casement windows, sash or glazed windows, sliding windows, double hung windows, pivoted windows, bay windows, louvered windows, corner windows, dormer windows, clerestory windows, and gable windows.
Spray foam insulation is effective for insulating attics, which can significantly reduce heating and cooling costs. Attics are typically not insulated but still impact energy usage as heat rises. Spray foam insulation seals air leaks and gaps around joists and ductwork in the attic, preventing hot or cold air from escaping and ensuring all areas of the home are efficiently heated and cooled. It also allows proper ventilation of the roof to prevent moisture or sun damage to shingles. Using spray foam insulation throughout the home, including the attic, is an easy way to insulate effectively and lower energy bills.
The document provides information about a ventilation problem in a heritage building and discusses potential solutions. It includes:
1) An introduction that defines ventilation and its importance, and describes natural and mechanical ventilation. It also defines what constitutes a heritage building.
2) Details about the installation process and types of windows and doors used in heritage buildings like the Forbidden City and Westminster Abbey, including clerestory windows, stained glass windows, wooden doors, and ventilating lamps.
3) A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation in heritage buildings, noting benefits like aesthetics, energy efficiency and adaptability, but also challenges like inconsistent indoor environments.
Aliminium doors, windows sections and curtain wallMohammad Salman
This document provides information on aluminum door and window frames and curtain wall sections. It discusses curtain wall systems, including stick curtain wall systems and unitized curtain wall systems. It also discusses different types of aluminum doors (hinged, sliding) and windows (sliding, casement, bi-fold, tilt-turn). Product prices are provided for various aluminum door and window styles. The document emphasizes that aluminum is a strong and durable material suitable for doors and windows.
Windows are composed of glazing (glass or plastic), a sash that holds the glazing, and a frame. There are several types of windows including casement, awning/hopper, horizontal sliding, and double hung. Window frames can be made from wood, metal, vinyl, fiberglass, or composites. Energy efficiency and standards depend on factors like glazing, weatherstripping, and materials. All windows in Canada must meet standards for performance, insulation, and durability. Proper weatherstripping around windows helps prevent air leakage.
Hello,
I am Christopher McBreen I am a window and door Specialist Here at the Fort worth ProSource Showroom.
I am looking to help any and all builders, contractors, remodelers, designers, architects, painters, carpet cleaners, real estate broker, realtor you name it any Trade pro that would possibly benefit from offering windows to their Clients.
I’m so excited to be able to talk to you and see if I can help you with all your window needs.
We offer Pella windows and doors patio and entry doors
Also as a secondary option we offer Atrium windows.
chrism@prosourcetexas.com
The document provides details on the construction of a building project. It discusses the site and safety plans, preliminary work including site layout and earthworks, the foundation including the type of foundation and construction process, the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs and walls, doors and windows, and the roof including the type of roof and construction process. Site visits are an important part of understanding how theoretical construction knowledge is applied in practice. Safety is the primary concern on construction sites.
Aluminium sliding windows are a popular choice for quick and effective ventilation.They are also useful in areas with limited space that cannot accommodate a window sash protruding inside or out. Featuring our patented inline reveal as standard, our sliding windows offer improved thermal performance.
Our sliding windows have no unsightly drainage holes, screws or rivets for a cleaner finish.
Installing insulated window shades can significantly improve home energy efficiency and comfort. Insulated shades have an R-value rating that indicates their ability to block heat transfer, with higher R-values providing better insulation. Proper installation with deep vertical tracks and weatherstripping helps the shades form an effective air barrier. When selecting shades, factors like the R-value, ease of operation, and appearance should be considered. DIY options like cellular and Roman shades can also provide insulation benefits if constructed with reflective barriers between layers.
Doors and windows provide access and ventilation for buildings. Doors come in various materials and types for different uses. Common residential door sizes are 0.9x2m for internal and 1x2m for external. Doors should be located 20cm from corners and opposite walls for cross ventilation. Windows also have standard sizes and components like frames, shutters, and mullions. Window type and location depends on room size, use, climate and wind direction. Common window types include casement, steel, bay and dormer windows.
Things You Should Remember About Sash Windowsgramps2
Sash windows are comprised of two sliding panels within a single frame. They were designed by Robert Hooke to provide effective ventilation and were popular in Victorian and Georgian houses in city centers in Great Britain. Sash windows work by using individual grooves that allow each panel to move vertically or horizontally within the frame for ventilation, and they have hinges and locks for security and convenience.
The document defines and describes different types of buildings based on their use such as residential, educational, industrial, etc. It then discusses the key components of buildings like foundations, walls, floors, stairs, and roofs. It also covers finishes and building services. Different structural elements are defined including columns, beams, doors, windows, and balconies. The document provides an overview of the main structural parts and functions of various types of buildings.
Building Services 1 - Ventilation in Heritage BuildingAfiqah Zariful
The document discusses ventilation issues in heritage buildings and provides examples of natural ventilation techniques used in various heritage sites around the world. It describes traditional windows and doors used in the Forbidden City and Westminster Abbey that helped ventilate the buildings. Advantages of natural ventilation include aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency, and adaptability to different seasons. However, natural ventilation alone may not consistently provide a comfortable indoor environment due to fluctuating outdoor conditions.
The document compares the properties of steel, aluminum, and PVC for doors and windows. Aluminum is lighter than steel but more difficult to weld. It is highly corrosion resistant and does not require painting. Aluminum doors and windows are made from extruded aluminum sections with channels and grooves for glazing. Different types of aluminum doors are described, including sliding doors, lift and slide doors, and casement doors. Aluminum windows come in fixed, sliding, stacking, and casement styles.
This document provides an overview of windows and window treatments. It discusses the history and origins of windows, describes common window types like double-hung windows and casement windows. It also examines the anatomy of windows and various stiff and soft window treatments like blinds, shades, curtains, pelmets and accessories.
This document provides an overview of storm doors and screens. It discusses that storm doors create an extra barrier against elements, helping to keep warm air in during winter and reduce exposure to harsh weather. Screens allow ventilation while preventing insects. The document outlines different types of storm doors including aluminum, vinyl, and screen styles. It also discusses porch enclosures, hardware options, and ordering information.
The document summarizes a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall and objectives of the assignment. Key areas analyzed include the flat roof, roof shade, skylights, ventilation, and fixed windows using aluminum frames. The group recommends replacing the flat roof with a pitched roof for better drainage and longer lifespan.
1. The document provides details about a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall, objectives of the assignment, and breakdowns of the various building components like the roof, windows, doors, and stairs.
2. The group was tasked with identifying the types of roof, windows, doors, and staircase used in the mall. They also had to compare and contrast the different types and recommend alternatives. The roof is a flat roof, while windows include fixed windows. Doors include glass swing doors and flush doors.
3. The summaries provide overviews of the key building components analyzed in the assignment, with a focus on the
1) The document discusses different types of windows including casement windows, sash or glazed windows, fixed windows, sliding windows, pivoted windows, and double hung windows.
2) Windows are classified based on their material, operation, location. The selection of a window depends on factors like the size and location of the room as well as climatic considerations.
3) Specific window types discussed in more detail include fixed windows, casement windows, sash or glazed windows, sliding windows, double hung windows, pivoted windows, bay windows, louvered windows, corner windows, dormer windows, clerestory windows, and gable windows.
Spray foam insulation is effective for insulating attics, which can significantly reduce heating and cooling costs. Attics are typically not insulated but still impact energy usage as heat rises. Spray foam insulation seals air leaks and gaps around joists and ductwork in the attic, preventing hot or cold air from escaping and ensuring all areas of the home are efficiently heated and cooled. It also allows proper ventilation of the roof to prevent moisture or sun damage to shingles. Using spray foam insulation throughout the home, including the attic, is an easy way to insulate effectively and lower energy bills.
The document provides information about a ventilation problem in a heritage building and discusses potential solutions. It includes:
1) An introduction that defines ventilation and its importance, and describes natural and mechanical ventilation. It also defines what constitutes a heritage building.
2) Details about the installation process and types of windows and doors used in heritage buildings like the Forbidden City and Westminster Abbey, including clerestory windows, stained glass windows, wooden doors, and ventilating lamps.
3) A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation in heritage buildings, noting benefits like aesthetics, energy efficiency and adaptability, but also challenges like inconsistent indoor environments.
Aliminium doors, windows sections and curtain wallMohammad Salman
This document provides information on aluminum door and window frames and curtain wall sections. It discusses curtain wall systems, including stick curtain wall systems and unitized curtain wall systems. It also discusses different types of aluminum doors (hinged, sliding) and windows (sliding, casement, bi-fold, tilt-turn). Product prices are provided for various aluminum door and window styles. The document emphasizes that aluminum is a strong and durable material suitable for doors and windows.
Windows are composed of glazing (glass or plastic), a sash that holds the glazing, and a frame. There are several types of windows including casement, awning/hopper, horizontal sliding, and double hung. Window frames can be made from wood, metal, vinyl, fiberglass, or composites. Energy efficiency and standards depend on factors like glazing, weatherstripping, and materials. All windows in Canada must meet standards for performance, insulation, and durability. Proper weatherstripping around windows helps prevent air leakage.
Hello,
I am Christopher McBreen I am a window and door Specialist Here at the Fort worth ProSource Showroom.
I am looking to help any and all builders, contractors, remodelers, designers, architects, painters, carpet cleaners, real estate broker, realtor you name it any Trade pro that would possibly benefit from offering windows to their Clients.
I’m so excited to be able to talk to you and see if I can help you with all your window needs.
We offer Pella windows and doors patio and entry doors
Also as a secondary option we offer Atrium windows.
chrism@prosourcetexas.com
The document provides details on the construction of a building project. It discusses the site and safety plans, preliminary work including site layout and earthworks, the foundation including the type of foundation and construction process, the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs and walls, doors and windows, and the roof including the type of roof and construction process. Site visits are an important part of understanding how theoretical construction knowledge is applied in practice. Safety is the primary concern on construction sites.
Aluminium sliding windows are a popular choice for quick and effective ventilation.They are also useful in areas with limited space that cannot accommodate a window sash protruding inside or out. Featuring our patented inline reveal as standard, our sliding windows offer improved thermal performance.
Our sliding windows have no unsightly drainage holes, screws or rivets for a cleaner finish.
Installing insulated window shades can significantly improve home energy efficiency and comfort. Insulated shades have an R-value rating that indicates their ability to block heat transfer, with higher R-values providing better insulation. Proper installation with deep vertical tracks and weatherstripping helps the shades form an effective air barrier. When selecting shades, factors like the R-value, ease of operation, and appearance should be considered. DIY options like cellular and Roman shades can also provide insulation benefits if constructed with reflective barriers between layers.
Doors and windows provide access and ventilation for buildings. Doors come in various materials and types for different uses. Common residential door sizes are 0.9x2m for internal and 1x2m for external. Doors should be located 20cm from corners and opposite walls for cross ventilation. Windows also have standard sizes and components like frames, shutters, and mullions. Window type and location depends on room size, use, climate and wind direction. Common window types include casement, steel, bay and dormer windows.
Things You Should Remember About Sash Windowsgramps2
Sash windows are comprised of two sliding panels within a single frame. They were designed by Robert Hooke to provide effective ventilation and were popular in Victorian and Georgian houses in city centers in Great Britain. Sash windows work by using individual grooves that allow each panel to move vertically or horizontally within the frame for ventilation, and they have hinges and locks for security and convenience.
The document defines and describes different types of buildings based on their use such as residential, educational, industrial, etc. It then discusses the key components of buildings like foundations, walls, floors, stairs, and roofs. It also covers finishes and building services. Different structural elements are defined including columns, beams, doors, windows, and balconies. The document provides an overview of the main structural parts and functions of various types of buildings.
Building Services 1 - Ventilation in Heritage BuildingAfiqah Zariful
The document discusses ventilation issues in heritage buildings and provides examples of natural ventilation techniques used in various heritage sites around the world. It describes traditional windows and doors used in the Forbidden City and Westminster Abbey that helped ventilate the buildings. Advantages of natural ventilation include aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency, and adaptability to different seasons. However, natural ventilation alone may not consistently provide a comfortable indoor environment due to fluctuating outdoor conditions.
The document compares the properties of steel, aluminum, and PVC for doors and windows. Aluminum is lighter than steel but more difficult to weld. It is highly corrosion resistant and does not require painting. Aluminum doors and windows are made from extruded aluminum sections with channels and grooves for glazing. Different types of aluminum doors are described, including sliding doors, lift and slide doors, and casement doors. Aluminum windows come in fixed, sliding, stacking, and casement styles.
This document provides an overview of windows and window treatments. It discusses the history and origins of windows, describes common window types like double-hung windows and casement windows. It also examines the anatomy of windows and various stiff and soft window treatments like blinds, shades, curtains, pelmets and accessories.
This document provides an overview of storm doors and screens. It discusses that storm doors create an extra barrier against elements, helping to keep warm air in during winter and reduce exposure to harsh weather. Screens allow ventilation while preventing insects. The document outlines different types of storm doors including aluminum, vinyl, and screen styles. It also discusses porch enclosures, hardware options, and ordering information.
The document summarizes a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall and objectives of the assignment. Key areas analyzed include the flat roof, roof shade, skylights, ventilation, and fixed windows using aluminum frames. The group recommends replacing the flat roof with a pitched roof for better drainage and longer lifespan.
1. The document provides details about a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall, objectives of the assignment, and breakdowns of the various building components like the roof, windows, doors, and stairs.
2. The group was tasked with identifying the types of roof, windows, doors, and staircase used in the mall. They also had to compare and contrast the different types and recommend alternatives. The roof is a flat roof, while windows include fixed windows. Doors include glass swing doors and flush doors.
3. The summaries provide overviews of the key building components analyzed in the assignment, with a focus on the
1. The document provides details about a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall, objectives of the assignment, and explanations of the roof, windows, doors, and stairs in the multiple levels of the building.
2. The group was required to identify and explain the types of roof, windows, doors, and staircase in the mall, compare them to other types, and recommend alternatives. The document finds that the mall uses a flat roof, fixed windows, glass swing doors, and flush doors. Pitched roofs, glass block windows, and folding glass doors are recommended as replacements.
3. Analyzing the building materials and
1. The document provides details about a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall, objectives of the assignment, and breakdowns of the various building components like the roof, windows, doors, and stairs.
2. The group is required to identify and explain the types of roof, windows, doors, and staircase used in the mall. They must also compare and contrast these components with other types and recommend alternatives.
3. Key components discussed include the flat roof, fixed windows, glass swing doors, flush doors, and different door and window types. Alternatives like a pitched roof and folding glass doors are recommended.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other window types. It concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference texts.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.
This document provides definitions and information about doors and windows. It defines a door as an openable barrier secured in a wall opening. It then discusses door functions, common sizes, components like frames and shutters, and types including hinged, sliding, and collapsible doors. For windows, it discusses fixed, pivoted, double-hung, sliding, and casement windows, defining their characteristics and how they operate.
This document summarizes the different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found in the IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. The main roof is pitched roof made of clay tiles, which provides shelter from weather and blends in with the surrounding buildings. Additional roofs include glass roofs that provide natural lighting to reduce energy usage, and trapezoidal metal roofs that provide shade for the rooftop parking area. The document examines the functions and suitability of each type of roofing material for the mall.
The document summarizes different types of windows, including fixed windows, pivoted windows, double-hung windows, sliding windows, casement windows, louvred windows, metal windows, bay windows, awning windows, and skylights. It describes the key characteristics of each window type, such as how they open/close, materials used, advantages, and common applications. The document also discusses window materials, fixtures and fastenings, and provides details on hinges, bolts, handles, locks and various material options like wood, aluminum, fiberglass and PVC.
This document provides information about Fujin Windows & Doors, a company that manufactures windows and doors. It discusses the company's experience, custom design capabilities, factory pricing, lifetime warranty, and the security features of its products. It also provides details about the various types of frames, glass, grids, screens, and door/window designs available. The document contains specifications and benefits for each product option.
Chapter 6 doors, windows & ventilatorsKHUSHBU SHAH
This document provides information on doors, windows, and ventilators used in building construction. It defines doors and windows, discusses their functions, components, types, sizes and locations used in buildings. It describes different types of doors like revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors, collapsible steel doors, rolling shutter doors and their components. Similarly, it discusses types of windows like fixed windows, pivoted windows, sliding windows, casement windows, glazed windows and their characteristics. Recommended dimensions for different types of windows are also provided.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
This document provides information about energy efficient windows and doors from White Object that use Aluplast uPVC window and door systems. It discusses the company's history and choice of Aluplast as their supply partner. It then provides an overview of the document which discusses uPVC windows, different types of windows, product ranges, sliding door systems, designs, hardware, glazing options, noise reduction, sound insulation, energy efficiency and unique selling propositions of uPVC windows.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
This document discusses different types of doors and windows and their functions and materials. It describes common door types like hinged doors, louvered doors, and collapsible doors. It also discusses window types such as double-hung windows, louvered windows, glazed windows and gable windows. Finally, it mentions materials commonly used for doors and windows like vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and wood.
Before you decide on your replacement windows, we recommend brushing up on these need to know window terminology!
https://advancedwindowsusa.com/window-terminology
The document provides details about the library building located on Level 3 of Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. It describes the various facilities located on Level 3 such as the quiet study area, main collection, multimedia room, computer lab and more. It then discusses the different building materials used for the windows, walls, flooring and ceilings of the library, outlining their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Ceramic tiles are used for the toilet walls, concrete for the interior walls, carpets for the flooring, and suspended ceilings are installed. The document provides information on the building and materials to understand the design and construction of the library.
The document discusses different types of doors. It defines a door and describes its main components like the frame, shutter, and materials used. It covers the functions, typical sizes and locations of doors. Several common door types are explained in detail, including hinged, paneled, glazed, flush, louvred, and revolving doors. Key points about each type's construction and typical uses are provided.
The document discusses key concepts related to the formation of construction contracts, including tenders, offers, acceptance, letters of intent, and letters of award. It provides examples of each concept and explains essential contract terms that must be agreed upon. Letters of intent and letters of award are described as important documents that provide assurance to contractors but do not legally bind parties until a formal contract is signed. Case law examples are also presented to illustrate how these concepts have been applied.
This document summarizes the results of a value management workshop for an educational building project in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The workshop identified ways to reduce costs and improve value. Recommendations included changing from conventional to industrialized building system construction, reducing the number of lifts, combining electrical rooms, and changing to a hollow slab system. These and other changes could save an estimated RM1,127,133.84 and reduce the construction cost from RM4,687,275.92 to RM3,560,142.08. The value management approach was deemed successful and should be implemented earlier in the design process.
The document provides details about a construction project for Ability Construction Sdn Bhd. It includes a company profile, background on the proposed mixed residential/commercial development project, and analyses of risks, quality, and project details. The development will include 199 housing and commercial units across different plot sizes. Risk factors like delays and safety will be evaluated and mitigated. Quality will be managed according to the Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) to ensure workmanship meets standards.
This document discusses the rights of setting-off by an employer under a construction contract. It outlines that a contractor has 28 days to accept or 21 days to dispute a set-off amount provided by a quantity surveyor. If disputed, the employer has 21 days to accept the contractor's disagreement or the dispute can be referred to adjudication. Adjudication aims to enable works to continue while temporarily resolving disputes. Liquidated damages are exempt from set-off procedures and must be resolved separately.
This document provides information on a proposed mixed development called "The Emerald" located near Cecil Street and Telok Ayer Street in Singapore. The development will consist of a 61,730 square meter Grade A office tower, 15,432 square meters of retail space, and an open space area with a potential 100 square meter F&B kiosk. Details are provided on the site plans, surrounding developments, proposed amenities, benchmark projects, and estimated development costs which total approximately 524 million Singapore dollars. A group of 8 students will be presenting this proposal to their lecturer, Ms. Dianne.
This document is a tender for a proposed 1 unit 2 storey semi detached house in Pantai Sepang Putra, Selangor. It includes information on the employer, Vintage Heights Sdn Bhd, as well as the architect, A&A Architects Sdn Bhd, civil and structural engineer Perunding LNL Sdn Bhd, M&E engineer Jurutera Perunding Gen Sdn Bhd and quantity surveyor Quanticonsult Sdn Bhd working on the project. The tender consists of 83 pages covering forms of tender, instructions to tenderers, conditions of tendering, bills of quantities and appendices.
CostX® and CostX®2D are estimating software that allow users to perform 2D and 3D takeoffs, develop cost plans and estimates, and generate bills and tenders. They support collaboration between multiple users, paperless estimating, and various file formats. Limitations include high costs and inability to edit BIM models.
Nomitech CostOS is an estimating software that can develop cost estimates at various project stages from 2D, BIM, and GIS takeoffs. It supports multiple industries and has capabilities like resource cost databases and estimating directly in 3D models.
Innovaya Visual BIM and related software enable automatic and drag-and-drop quantity generation from BIM models, interactive
This document summarizes a group assignment presentation for an estimating course. It includes:
1) An introduction stating the group members and that they submitted a tender for a single-story show house project but were disqualified.
2) Sections on the company's organization chart, strengths, weaknesses, and errors made in the tender submission.
3) Analysis of the reasons for failure including poor preparation, lack of communication, and submitting the tender late.
4) A conclusion with recommendations for improvement to prevent similar mistakes in the future.
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Mid valley finale
1. 0
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING
AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
(HONOURS)
Construction Technology 1
(QSB 1514 / BLD60104)
Assignment 1
Venue: Mid Valley Megamall
Lecturer: Azrina Binti Md Yaakob
Group members
Koh Wen Qi 0323355
Kong Zhen Chung 0319528
Gan Xiao Ying 0322998
Lily Then 0313973
Aishath Hussain 0320429
2. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction …………………………………………………………… pg 2-3
Part 1 ………………………………………………………........……… pg 4
Part 2
Type of roofs ……………………………………….…... pg 5-6
Type of windows ……………………………………….…... pg 7-12
Type of doors …………………………………………… pg 13-17
Type of stairs …………………………………………… pg 18-22
Part 3: Compare Table and Alternative recommended
Roofs ……………………………………………….… pg 23-24
Windows ……………………………………………….… pg 25-27
Doors ……………………………………………….… pg 28
Stairs ……………………………………………….… pg 29-30
Conclusion ……….…………………………………………….…… pg 31
3. 2
INTRODUCTION
This assignment is relevant to building elements. It mainly divided into three
parts. The first part of the assignment is to illustrate the type of building. After that,
identify and further explain the type of roofs, windows, doors and stairs of the
building. Lastly, compare with another type of these elements before recommend an
alternative for replacement.
After our discussion, the venue that we have chosen is Mid Valley Megamall,
Kuala Lumpur. It was opened in November 1999. Mid Valley Megamall is a complex
comprising shopping mall, an office tower block, 30 offices, and 2 hotels located in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The mall has 4.5 million square feet (420,000 m²) of total
floor area, out of which 1.7 million square feet (158,000 m²) is leasable space.
The main reason why we chose this place is because it is a huge shopping mall
and has many parts for us to penetrate into. Another reason is the suitability of public
transport, we can go Mid-Valley by bus or by KTM.
5. 4
PART 1
There are many types of building: agricultural buildings, commercial
buildings, residential buildings, educational buildings, government buildings,
industrial buildings, military buildings, parking structures and storage, religious
buildings, transport buildings, infrastructure, plants and others.
Shopping mall falls under commercial building.
A shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of
shopping precinct or shopping centre, in which one or more buildings form a complex
of shops representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable
customers to walk from unit to unit.
As time goes by, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with
large centres or "malls", often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as
electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late nineteenth century. From
the late twentieth century, entertainment venues such as movie theatres and
restaurants began to be added.
6. 5
PART 2
TYPES OF ROOF IN MIDVALLEY MEGAMALL
The roof of Mid valley megamall is the combination of different type of roofs such as
flat roof, transparent dome-shape roof octagonal on plan at the centre area of the mall.
Generally, the roof is constructed of flat roof and a certain area are covered with pitch
roof. A combination roof incorporates a design using various types of roofs on the
same structure for aesthetic and practical reasons.
1. FLAT ROOF
Flat roof, which is one of the combination of roof for this shopping mall appears to be
completely flat with no pitch. However, they do have a slight pitch to allow for water
run off and drainage. These roofs are generally used in industrial or commercial
buildings. However, they can also be found on houses in both high and low rainfall
areas.
Advantages
Easier to climb up on and
inspect.
More stability and horizontal
surface than sloped roofs.
They are cheaper to re-coat and
install than sloped roofs.
7. 6
Disadvantages
The larger the area that the roof is covering, the less stable it becomes.
Have extreme difficulty bearing the weight of snow accumulation and heavy
rain.
Lack of roofing material options. The vast majority of flat roofs use a type of
rolled roofing; rubber, EPDM, TPO, or bitumen.
2. TRANSPARENT DOME-SHAPED ROOF
For the transparent dome-shape roof which is shown in the pictures above, it is the
design of the mall which will make the mall look more attractive besides allowing
natural lighting into the mall.
3. SPENCER GLASS ROOF
Advantages
Provides more light penetrate through the roof
Perfectly sealed against rain and wind
Remove cold and noise
Can be recycled
Disadvantages
Glass manufacturing release air pollutants
8. 7
***ADDITIONAL
WHAT IS WINDOW?
Window is a vented barrier secured in a wall opening, usually glazed or covered by
transparent or translucent materials which hold in place by frames. Window is give a
view of inside and outside of the building and most of the windows can be opened to
allow ventilation or closed to exclude inclement weather. In addition, Window often
have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut and is comprised of two
parts that are window frame and sashes or shutter frame.
WINDOW PARTS AND TERMS
FUNCTIONS OF WINDOW
to allow a view of the inside and outside of the building
to allow the passage of air, light and sound.
to allow ventilation or closed to exclude inclement weather.
9. 8
TYPES OF WINDOWS IN MIDVALLEY MEGAMALL
1. AWNING WINDOW
Awning Window are hinged at the top and open outward.
It is designed to provide ventilation without letting in rain.
Awning Window can be used alone or in vertical or horizontal groups in combination
with additional awning windows and other types of windows.
10. 9
Advantages of Awning Window
easy to install
increase living space
low cost
provide an attract and stylish look
provide good air ventilation
provide all weather protection
provide a good secure opening
Disadvantages of Awning Window
unsuitable for parts of the building where external walkway traffic is high.
maintenance and cleaning maybe a challenge.
escape may be difficult.
2. FIXED WINDOW
Fixed Window is a window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allow
light to enter.
This type of window is used in situations
where light or vision alone is needed as no
ventilation is possible through fixed window.
In this type, the glass pane is permanently
fixed in the opening of the wall.
The function is limited to allow light and or
permit vision in the building.
There are no rebates provided to the frame
and the shutters are fully glazed.
11. 10
Advantages of Fixed Window
Attention-getter
Let light in
Keeps prying eyes out
Disadvantages of Fixed Window
Obstruct views
Prone to overkill (a little stained glass goes a long way)
12. 11
3. LOUVRE WINDOW
Louvre Windows are also known as Louvers,
Jalousie Windows and Shutters.
Louvre Windows is a window blind or
shutter comprised of a series of horizontal
pieces of wood, glass, aluminium or other
material fitted to the window frame.
The horizontal slats that are angles to admit
which may be adjusted to rest open to allow
light and breeze through, but to keep out
rain, direct sunshine and noise
Louvre Window are provided for the sole
function of ventilation and not for the vision
outside.
The louvre usually fixed at 45° inclination sloping downward to the outside to run-off
the rain water.
The louvre slats are generally adjusted, usually in blinds and window or fixed.
The windows provide light and ventilation even if closed.
13. 12
Advantages of Louvre Window
can be left open in gentle rain
easy to clean
excellent for cross-ventilation
purposes
Disadvantages of Louvre Window
offer relatively poor insulation and
may leak air
significant security risk if installed
without extra measures
14. 13
TYPES OF DOORS IN MIDVALLEY MEGAMALL
1. SLIDING DOOR (ENTRANCE DOOR @ MID-VALLEY)
Four operating options : fully automatic, half open, always open and always
locked.
Suitable for both external and internal environments.
Automatically reverse back if an obstruction is in the way of the automatic
sliding door opening or closing cycle.
In case of power failure, all of the programmed parameters remain in the
computers memory, if the door is not locked the door can be open manually.
15. 14
Advantages
Maximizes any natural light ensuring that
you can enjoy floodlit interiors throughout
the day
Eco-friendly traits
Easy to access to the outdoor areas
Can be efficient insulators, ensuring that
your home stays warm in the winter and
cool in the summer
Make it easy to bring the outdoors inside
by creating a seamless flow between
outdoor and indoor space
Disadvantages
Don’t always slide as easy as you would
like them to
Do not fully open
16. 15
2. PARTLY GAZED DOOR (KATH KIDSTON @ MID-VALLEY)
This type of door is used in
residential and public buildings.
They can be made fully glazed or
partly glazed.
In case of partly glazed, the bottom
1/3 rd part is usually panelled and
upper 2/3 part is glazed.
They supplement the natural
lighting provided by windows or to
make the interior of the room
visible from adjoining rooms.
Advantages
Resistant to termites and insects
Easy cleaning
Do not swell from exposure to moisture
Bring visual openness
Cannot rust, peel, cone off or corrode
Disadvantages
Easily broken compare to timber
Need curtain to attain privacy
18. 17
3. BI-FOLD DOOR (MATCH UP @ MID-VALLEY)
Providing an impressive feature.
They bring the outside in and literally transform your property into a
functional and open space for living, working and entertaining.
They are stylish, versatile and practical addition to any property.
The main draw of this kind of door is that they create around a 90% clear
opening when all of the door panels have been open.
19. 18
***ADDITIONAL
WHAT IS STAIRS?
A stair is a series of steps, each elevated at a measured distance and leading means of
movement from one floor to another from a building. Staircases consist of number of
steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users. In
addition they commonly have horizontal element called tread and a vertical element
called a riser and most common materials used for staircases are concrete, timber and
steel. Overall Staircases add dignity and charm to a structure.
STAIR PARTS AND TERMS
FUNCTIONS OF STAIRCASES
Facilitate easy access between various levels within a building
Acts as a means of easy and rapid escape in case of emergency
20. 19
TYPES OF STAIRS IN MIDVALLEY MEGAMALL
The most common type of stairs used in mid valley megamall is half-turn stair, Straight
flight stair with central landing and Quarter turn stair. All of the three types of stairs are
made of reinforced concrete (R.C.C). The reinforced concrete offers the possibility to
build better stairs in different solutions and it is widely used in almost all type of
buildings.
Advantages of using R.C.C stairs
They are durable and strong
Good fire resistant
Can be easily molded
Steps can be provided with suitable finishing materials such as marble, tile
Pleasing in aesthetics
21. 20
1. HALF-TURN STAIR
Half-turn stairs is a stair turning
through right angle. It consists of
two straight flights running in
opposite directions. The two
flights connected by the landing
may be equal or unequal
depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway
opening. This landing helps to
reduce the number of steps and
hence is more flexible.
Half-turn stair may be of dog-legged type or open newel type. The spaces
between the upper and lower flights cause half land spacing to be loner. These
staircases are useful where the space for a staircase has a width greater than
twice the width of steps.
Advantages
It is flexible
The landings offers a resting point along the
steps
Gives aesthetical appeals
These types of stairs are easier to fit into an
architectural plan
Landing provides a safe platform
Disadvantages
Area occupied by the staircase is more
Difficult to build
22. 21
2. STARIGHT FLIGHT STAIR WITH CENTRAL LANDING
A straight flight staircase is one of the oldest and most
common types of staircase found in buildings. It requires a
simple construction and consists of single straight flight of
stairs that behaves like simply supported slab leading from
one landing to another. Furthermore it is the simplest stair
arrangement where all the steps lead in one direction.
These types of stairs are used when space available for
staircase is long but narrow in width. In a straight flight stair
the width and the length of the landings should be equal.
Advantages
Affordability – because the process is simple and less time consuming
Uninterrupted view – can see the clear view of the flight
Many design options are available
Ease of construction – due to the simple design it is typically the easiest to
construct
Disadvantages
Do not offer any privacy barrier between the floors
Use up a fair amount of linear space
Falls can be dangerous
23. 22
3. QUARTER TURN STAIR
A quarter turn stair also known as an L shape stair is a stair
containing a flight with a landing and a right angle turn to
left/right. The two flights connected by an intervening landing
may be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion
of the stairway opening. These stairs comes with either
winders or landings and the bending is normally close to the
bottom of the stairway.
A quarter turn staircase is often supported by one or two
walls,which means that railing is only needed on one side.
Advantages
These stairs are visually interesting and adds privacy
Helps sound transmission between floors when they are connected within
walls
The landing provides a place for resting
Can be located in a corner of a room
Disadvantages
Difficult to build and a support is required for the landing
Hand rails to these type of buildings require more skill and planning
24. 23
PART 3
COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ONE OTHER TYPE OF ROOF
FLAT ROOF PITCH ROOF
Life span If constructed properly,
can last between 20-50
years.
If constructed properly, is almost
certain to offer a much longer
lifespan than a flat roof.
The internal accommodation will
be more efficiently insulated and
will not suffer from the extremes
of temperature that tend to afflict
rooms under flat roofs.
Maintenance Tends to have higher
maintenance cost due to
the possibility of water
ponding problem that
leads to leakage.
Very often, flat roof can
be lifted up by strong
wind.
Pitch roof have longer life span
than flat roof according to roofing
manufacturers’ specification and
with good workmanship.
Cost More affordable because
involves considerably less
materials and labour than
a pitched roof.
High expenses, as the more
complex design, additional
building materials and extra man-
hours cost significantly more than
a flat roof.
Material Asphalt or three-ply
modified bitumen with a
thin layer of gravel to
protect the roof from the
harmful effects of UV
sunlight.
A more recent design is
Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer (EPDM), a
3mm thick rubber
membrane which can be
applied seamlessly in one
piece.
Mostly framed with pairs of
common rafters or prefabricated
wooden trusses fastened together
with truss connector plates.
Sheathing is also one of the
material, usually plywood that is
installed directly onto the tops of
the rafters or trusses.
If the house has a cathedral
ceiling, there will generally be 6-
inch batts of fibreglass insulation
installed between the rafters.
Design Choice for smaller
structures, such as garages
and extensions.
Flat roofing consists of a
horizontal base which is
fixed to the ceiling joists
underneath with a
waterproof membrane
applied on top.
The roof's pitch is its vertical rise
divided by its horizontal span (or
"run"), what is called "slope" in
geometry and stair construction,
or the tangent function in
trigonometry
25. 24
RECOMMEND AN ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACE THE EXISTING TYPE
OF ROOF IN THE BUILDING
Pitch roof would be a good alternative for shopping malls as they have some
advantages over flat roof.
One of the most important advantages is that pitched roofs offer a longer
lifespan and the problems of water ponding can be eliminated, which means lower
maintenance cost. We can also use a more durable and weather resistant roof
coverings to enhance the life span of the roof.
Other than that, in the process of designing the roof, any planned usage of this
area can be incorporated into the design in the very early stage so this type of roof
offers an unmatched flexibility that a flat roof cannot.
Installing a pitched roof also means the building can be more effectively
blended into either the rest of the property or to neighbouring while also helping to
retain a sense of individuality and character as part of a unique architectural design.
26. 25
COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ONE OTHER TYPE OF WINDOW
CASEMENT WINDOW
Casement Window is a window that is attached to
its frame by one or more hinges.
Casement Windows are hinged at the side and
they are used singly or in pairs within a common
frame, in which case they are hinged on the
outside.
Casement Window operates like a hinged door,
except that it opens and closes with a lever inside
the window.
The shutter consists of styles, top rail, bottom rail and intermediate rail.
Depending upon the design, the frame can have additional vertical and horizontal
members.
The panels may be either glazed, unglazed or partly glazed and are fixed in the
grooves made in rails and styles.
FIXED WINDOW CASEMENT WINDOW
A window that cannot be opened. A window that can be opened.
The shutter cannot be opened or
closed.
The shutter can be fully opened
and closed.
The function is limited to
allowing light and permit vision
in the room.
The function is allowing light, air
and permit vision in the room.
No ventilation. Offer the maximum amount of
ventilation.
No rebates are provided to the
frame.
Rebates are provided to the frame.
The shutters are fully glazed. The shutters are consists of styles,
top rail and intermediate rail.
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RECOMMEND AN ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACE THE EXISTING TYPE
OF WINDOW IN THE BUILDING
The existing type of window in the building can be replaced by Sliding
Window. A Sliding Window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide
horizontally within the frame. There are suitable openings or grooves are left in the
frame or wall to accommodate the shutters when they are slide to open the window.
These windows are often large and used to brighten a room or frame a view, but there
are a ton of advantages to them beyond aesthetics.
28. 27
One of the advantages of a Sliding Window are they have less parts than
conventional windows so they are low-maintenance and less expensive for the
building.
The Sliding Window is very durable due to the fact that the springs and pulley
of traditional windows can fail over the long term, sliding windows have an advantage
because they don’t rely on these components for the opening and closing of the
window. The majority of sliding windows have added durability because they use
window glazing.
Besides that, Sliding Window is more energy efficient because of the window
glazing aspect, sliding window are very well insulated. Sliding Window is also easy
to use because sliding windows do not require much effort to open and close.
Furthermore, we can choose with a great degree of control the amount by
which the window is open. This in turn allows us to have control over the amount of
fresh air coming into the room, and the temperature too. Sliding replacement
windows open and close easily with minimal dexterity and effort. A good one will
open and close quite simply.
29. 28
COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ONE OTHER TYPE OF DOOR
Bi-fold doors Hinged garage doors
most commonly used as
external patio doors
multi-leaved folding sliding
doors which open using a
concertina action
available in timber and in
UPVC
equipped with two
shoot bolt latches for
extra security and
weather seals
Advantages easy to install
flexible, without disrupting
the natural light
wide range of designs
ideal for new building
safety first
ease of use
security matters
tracks do not need to be
affixed to the floor to
allow the doors to
function
can be swung open
available light to get
into the house
allow for access to the
entire wardrobe space
at once
Disadvantages the casters and tracks receive
some or the other unusual
stresses right from the
closing and opening system
usually the users normal
tendency is to pull the door
knobs outward, which
damages the door
if excessive pushing or
pulling is done it can force
the casters to sneak out or
may be the track would bend
can only be made to a
maximum width of 9
foot wide
side hung doors are not
as secure as sectional or
roller doors
more costly to make
automatic
RECOMMEND AN ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACE THE EXISTING TYPE
OF DOOR IN THE BUILDING
The existing type of door in Mid-Valley Megamall can be replaced by
revolving doors.
Revolving doors allow for better control of the interior environment when
compared to regular sliding or hinged doors. Opening a hinged or sliding door even
for a brief period will let out a tremendous amount of heat. With a revolving door, this
doesn’t happen as there is never a point where the air can flow freely between the
conditioned and unconditioned space.
This type of door is efficiency in the movement of people entering and exiting
a building. It also intuitive for use. Besides, some of them have safety sensors with
‘speed control’ which prevent people from spinning the doors too fast.
30. 29
COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ONE OTHER TYPE OF STAIRCASE
SPIRAL STAIRS
A spiral stair is a type of stair which
follows a helical arc, usually is made very
compact and the treads radiate around a
central pole. Spiral staircases glamorize a
structure and add aesthetics to the building.
Moreover it fits into any small space
making it more reliable.
TURNING STAIRCASE SPIRAL STAIRCASE
Are stairs with landings turning
through right angles.
Are stairs which follow a helical
arc and steps radiate around a
central pole.
Flights consist of landings. Flights consist of winders.
Constructed with reinforced
concrete, steel or timber.
Constructed with cast iron, mild
steel or concrete.
Structural design is simple and
easy to construct.
Structural design and
construction is complicated.
Simple formwork hence it is
affordable compared to spiral
staircase.
Due to heavy steel reinforcement
and complicated formwork, the
spiral construction is expensive.
Useful for large area as it takes
up more space.
Useful where limited space is
available.
Structural design is not so
appealing yet it provides privacy
between the floors.
Attractive and have variations on
railing styles which gives a good
finish to the staircase.
Uninterrupted view – can see the
clear view of the flight.
Interrupted view – difficult to
see a clear view of the flight.
Landings offer a resting point
along the steps.
No resting points within the
stairs
Simple movements turning
through right angles within the
staircase
Circular movements within the
staircase
Easy to navigate Difficult to navigate
Slab provides support to the
whole staircase.
No extra support needed for the
structure as the central pole and
winders provides the structural
support.
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RECOMMEND AN ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACE THE EXISTING TYPE
OF STAIRCASE IN THE BUILDING
The existing type of stair case in the
building can be replaced by spiral stairs.
These stair cases are unique and
aesthetically pleasing giving a great bird’s
eye view. They occupy a minimal amount of
floor space and are supported by a central
post and they can be used as escape stairs or
accommodation stairs in a building.
Moreover the finishing is stunning as the
staircase can be done according to the latest trends in the market. There are also many
options for the railings as these gives completeness to the stairs.
These helical stairs can be built with or without intermediate landing
depending on the users, Furthermore they can be made of precast concrete which
gives a better quality control of the finished product. Even though spiral stairs are
complicated and expensive to build it gives a great structure and aesthetics, which
adds value to a building especially in a shopping mall.
“The road to success is always under construction.”
This is the world’s
largest spiral escalator
stairs at newly opened
shopping centre in
China. It’s an amazing
look and gives a great
view.
32. 31
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there are ample of types of building elements. Each type of
building element has its own characteristics resulting in different suitability.
Therefore, it is crucial to consider suitability, pros and cons of the types of building
elements before a construction work begin. After the comparison, we can find out the
most suitable type for each building elements.
For example, a shopping mall entrance is better to have an automatic
revolving door than a normal panel door, pitch roof is more suitable for shopping mall
than flat roof which water has great tendency to puddle on it.
Material is also an important element besides the type. The main purpose of
choosing a material is stability and ability to handle the load laid on it. Both type and
material of building elements are significant to give out the best effect. Not only that,
the maintenance and cost can be greatly reduced.
During this assignment, we know the importance of teamwork. We distribute
work evenly among ourselves, discuss about each type of building elements, giving
ideas and point out the unsuitable parts in order to perform a better job in our
assignment. Although we met some obstacles in the progress, we never give up and
try our best to overcome them.
Our group members truly appreciate this opportunity of outdoor learning as
most of the time we were having our lecture indoor. This is a really great experience!