1. The document provides details about a group assignment to analyze the construction of Paradigm Mall in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the mall, objectives of the assignment, and breakdowns of the various building components like the roof, windows, doors, and stairs.
2. The group is required to identify and explain the types of roof, windows, doors, and staircase used in the mall. They must also compare and contrast these components with other types and recommend alternatives.
3. Key components discussed include the flat roof, fixed windows, glass swing doors, flush doors, and different door and window types. Alternatives like a pitched roof and folding glass doors are recommended.
This document summarizes the different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found in the IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. The main roof is pitched roof made of clay tiles, which provides shelter from weather and blends in with the surrounding buildings. Additional roofs include glass roofs that provide natural lighting to reduce energy usage, and trapezoidal metal roofs that provide shade for the rooftop parking area. The document examines the functions and suitability of each type of roofing material for the mall.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
The document discusses construction technology factors for a shopping center site location. It analyzes Pavilion Shopping Center in Kuala Lumpur, identifying the types of doors (glass, timber, fire, rolling), windows (awning), and roofs (flat, pitched) used. It explains the functions, suitability, advantages, and disadvantages of each construction element. Recommendations are made to improve the fire doors and fiber glass flat roof used at the site. Maintaining high construction quality and sustainability over the long run is emphasized.
This document provides information on doors and windows. It defines doors and windows, discusses their components like frames, shutters, and sizes. It then describes different types of doors like glazed, plastic, flush, louvered, collapsible, revolving, rolling steel, and sliding doors. For windows, it discusses considerations for size, shape, location and provides guidelines for window area based on room size and climate. It also lists common window types like casement, double hung, pivoted and sliding windows.
How Flat Roof Garages Can Be A Better ChoiceBehm Design
These garage plans are great for blending with homes of this style are are often hard to find. Flat roof garage plans also minimize blocking of light and view which can be important siting issues in dense settings.
This document provides information on various sustainable building materials and technologies including:
- Fly ash brick, which is a building material containing fly ash and water that is stronger and more durable than traditional clay brick.
- Jaali walls, which allow air and light flow while providing aesthetics and occupant comfort.
- Low-e glass, which has a coating that reduces heat transfer to improve thermal efficiency.
- It also discusses various plumbing technologies like automatic urinal sensors, sensor taps, and dual flush toilets that save water.
Double envelopes, also known as double facades, are building facades with multiple layers or skins. They are used to maximize daylighting while controlling solar gain and temperature. There are four main types of double envelope configurations: box windows, corridor facades, multi-story facades, and shaft boxes. Double envelopes provide benefits like increased insulation, natural ventilation, and shading/sun control. Their performance must be considered in the context of a specific building and climate. Case studies demonstrate how double envelopes allow interior control of light and views while providing energy benefits.
This document summarizes the different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found in the IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. The main roof is pitched roof made of clay tiles, which provides shelter from weather and blends in with the surrounding buildings. Additional roofs include glass roofs that provide natural lighting to reduce energy usage, and trapezoidal metal roofs that provide shade for the rooftop parking area. The document examines the functions and suitability of each type of roofing material for the mall.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
The document discusses construction technology factors for a shopping center site location. It analyzes Pavilion Shopping Center in Kuala Lumpur, identifying the types of doors (glass, timber, fire, rolling), windows (awning), and roofs (flat, pitched) used. It explains the functions, suitability, advantages, and disadvantages of each construction element. Recommendations are made to improve the fire doors and fiber glass flat roof used at the site. Maintaining high construction quality and sustainability over the long run is emphasized.
This document provides information on doors and windows. It defines doors and windows, discusses their components like frames, shutters, and sizes. It then describes different types of doors like glazed, plastic, flush, louvered, collapsible, revolving, rolling steel, and sliding doors. For windows, it discusses considerations for size, shape, location and provides guidelines for window area based on room size and climate. It also lists common window types like casement, double hung, pivoted and sliding windows.
How Flat Roof Garages Can Be A Better ChoiceBehm Design
These garage plans are great for blending with homes of this style are are often hard to find. Flat roof garage plans also minimize blocking of light and view which can be important siting issues in dense settings.
This document provides information on various sustainable building materials and technologies including:
- Fly ash brick, which is a building material containing fly ash and water that is stronger and more durable than traditional clay brick.
- Jaali walls, which allow air and light flow while providing aesthetics and occupant comfort.
- Low-e glass, which has a coating that reduces heat transfer to improve thermal efficiency.
- It also discusses various plumbing technologies like automatic urinal sensors, sensor taps, and dual flush toilets that save water.
Double envelopes, also known as double facades, are building facades with multiple layers or skins. They are used to maximize daylighting while controlling solar gain and temperature. There are four main types of double envelope configurations: box windows, corridor facades, multi-story facades, and shaft boxes. Double envelopes provide benefits like increased insulation, natural ventilation, and shading/sun control. Their performance must be considered in the context of a specific building and climate. Case studies demonstrate how double envelopes allow interior control of light and views while providing energy benefits.
Research On Building Projects In Structural Glazing(Three Projects In The Fie...Mrinal -
This document discusses three building projects that utilized glass beams in structural glazing applications. It summarizes each project, including details on the architecture, engineers, year completed, dimensions of the glass beams used, and connection methods. Specifically it examines projects at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and a glass roof for the International Chamber of Commerce in Munich. Comparison details are provided on attributes of the glass beams such as size, span, area covered, and glass layering. Sources of additional information about each project are also listed.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
Facade Cladding Systems is a leading organization established in 1999 that offers various facade and cladding services including structural glazing, ACP cladding, glass doors and windows, and spider glazing. The company uses experienced architects and consultants to properly plan and execute projects as per client specifications. It has completed many projects for commercial and residential sectors across India under the leadership of owner Mr. Shailendra Singh.
Vertical Design is an interior design firm with over 17 years of experience that offers complete solutions for office space design and equipment. They provide services from consultation and design to construction and project management. Their solutions are customized for each client and project. They aim to create productive, efficient work environments through high-quality finishes, furnishings, and layouts tailored to the business needs. Their portfolio includes designs for lobbies and receptions, operational areas, management offices, conference rooms, and technical spaces.
This document discusses doors and windows used in building construction. It begins by defining a door as a movable barrier that provides access through an opening in a wall or partition. A window is defined as an opening in a wall that allows natural light, ventilation, and vision. The document then covers various types of doors, categorizing them based on their location, number of panels, construction method, operation, and materials. Different door components like frames, panels, and types like flush doors are described. Overall, the document provides an overview of doors and windows, their functions, types and construction details for use in buildings.
Modern glass facades are an expression of contemporary architecture. Glass ensures plenty of natural
daylight, which has a direct positive influence on well-being and quality of life. However, large areas of glass
may also give rise to undesirable heat build-up in summer. solar control insulating glasses permit optimum
use of the natural light source and can also prevent solar energy causing excessive increases in room
temperatures. With solar control glasses, the indoor climate remains pleasant and comfortable even in
summer while energy costs for air-conditioning are also reduced. These interrelated functions optimise the
overall energy management of buildings in a cost-effective way.
The document discusses MYO PVC PANEL DOORS, a new type of folding partition door. The doors combine features of doors and partitions and provide privacy and noise reduction while allowing airflow. They are made of durable, maintenance-free PVC and can be used in homes, offices, hospitals, and other settings. The doors are customizable in size, color, and style, and provide benefits over traditional wood or aluminum doors like being waterproof, termite-proof, and easy to install.
This document discusses non-engineered building construction techniques commonly used in rural Bangladesh and their vulnerability to earthquakes. It describes the typical materials and styles used, including mud walls, bamboo walls, thatch walls, masonry, and basic reinforced concrete. A survey of damage from a 2003 earthquake found these structures suffered significant damage. The document calls for developing simple, low-cost earthquake resistant techniques appropriate for rural communities to strengthen existing housing and build new housing.
The document provides information on various public and private funding opportunities for creative businesses and projects, including grants, loans, and equity investments. Details are given on funding programs from Innovate UK, the Arts Council, Nesta, and other sources, as well as support resources and upcoming industry events. Contact information is provided to learn more about each of the funding mechanisms and resources described.
Why I love the Rain and You Will too - GuarenteedJane Coombs
Have you ever heard people complaining about the rain in the UK or when on holiday? Well I never do and this slide explains why I love the rain and why you should too.
The document provides a digest of information for UK creative businesses seeking funding and support, including:
1) An upcoming Digital Transport Speed Networking event on 8 December to bring together industry leaders and entrepreneurs with digital solutions for transport.
2) AHRC Creative Economy workshops on 8-15 November to help design a new research initiative focused on creative research.
3) Innovate UK funding calls for manufacturing/materials projects and emerging technologies projects.
4) Upcoming Horizon 2020 calls focused on media and digital technologies.
5) A range of funding opportunities from organizations like Design Council, Ufi, and Creative England.
6) Details of upcoming events in November on innovation, IoT, and pitching.
Bitcoin is a digital currency created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a decentralized alternative to traditional currencies. It functions like cash but exists only in electronic form, using cryptography and a public ledger called a blockchain to record transactions. Users can access the peer-to-peer payment network from anywhere with an internet connection to send and receive bitcoin without needing a central authority.
1. The document is a review for lab practical #3 on anatomy and physiology (A&P) covering bones, muscles, joints, and other structures. It contains 46 multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank questions asking students to identify various anatomical features, structures, and bones labeled on diagrams.
2. The review covers topics including the sella turcica, pituitary gland, external acoustic meatus, oblique muscles, joint types, bones of the skull, femur, and structures of the foot.
3. Bonus questions ask students to identify the side of the body depicted and notches between bones.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai jenis puasa menurut agama Islam, termasuk puasa wajib seperti puasa Ramadhan, puasa sunnah seperti pada hari Senin dan Kamis, serta puasa-puasa lain seperti puasa Arafah, Asyura, dan puasa kaffarat.
This document provides a summary of various public and private funding opportunities for UK creative industries businesses in January 2015. It outlines several public funding calls from Innovate UK for areas like integrated city infrastructure, inclusive technology, urban data challenges, smart grants for startups, and wearable technologies. It also lists regional film and media funds from Northern Film & Media and Creative England. Other opportunities mentioned include loans from Creative Industry Finance, impact investments from Nesta, arts funding from Creative Scotland, and R&D funding through Horizon 2020 EU programs. The briefing is intended as a monthly digest of useful information for creative businesses seeking financing and support.
Health supervision policy for the workplaceJane Coombs
What do you need to put in your health supervision policy for compliance with UK health and safety law. Here is an example of such a policy as used by one of my companies
If one is not careful, the number of summary tables in a ROLAP schema can grow very large as the number of dimensions increases. This is because a naïve implementation would require all combinations of summary tables at each aggregation level. This can lead to issues with maintenance and exploding storage requirements. However, most ROLAP products address this by building summaries on-demand or selecting the most useful aggregations to pre-build to balance speed and storage space.
It's not difficult to improve yourself, even small changes can make a lot of difference.
This slide is to inform the students on how they should carry themselves at school to look presentable. :D
Enjoy!!
This document provides a summary of various public and private funding opportunities, financing mechanisms, and support resources available to UK digital businesses in January 2015. It outlines several live public funding calls from Innovate UK for innovative projects related to urban challenges, inclusive technology, biomedical solutions, creative production, learning technology, and more. It also lists private financing sources and other mechanisms like crowdfunding platforms. The document serves as a useful monthly digest of relevant information for digital businesses seeking funding and support.
Programme on Ms Excel For Managerial Computingvamnicom123
Special Programme on Ms Excel For Managerial Computing (24-27th October) primarily intends to update participants with basics MS-Excel, Formula designs for data processing and modeling, Advanced functions, Graphs, analysis of financial statements etc. The programme fee is Rs.8000/-per participant in favor of 'The Director, VAMNICOM, Pune
Developing for Windows 8 based devicesAneeb_Khawar
This document provides an overview of developing applications for Windows 8 devices. It discusses the redesigned user interface in Windows 8 and modern applications. It outlines reasons for developers to create apps for Windows 8, including an emerging market, the Windows Store, revenue sharing terms, and Microsoft initiatives like DreamSpark and BizSpark that support students and startups. The learning curve is described as not too steep, especially for experienced developers, and Visual Studio is highlighted as a powerful development tool. Technical aspects like the application lifecycle and MVVM pattern are also briefly covered.
Research On Building Projects In Structural Glazing(Three Projects In The Fie...Mrinal -
This document discusses three building projects that utilized glass beams in structural glazing applications. It summarizes each project, including details on the architecture, engineers, year completed, dimensions of the glass beams used, and connection methods. Specifically it examines projects at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and a glass roof for the International Chamber of Commerce in Munich. Comparison details are provided on attributes of the glass beams such as size, span, area covered, and glass layering. Sources of additional information about each project are also listed.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
Facade Cladding Systems is a leading organization established in 1999 that offers various facade and cladding services including structural glazing, ACP cladding, glass doors and windows, and spider glazing. The company uses experienced architects and consultants to properly plan and execute projects as per client specifications. It has completed many projects for commercial and residential sectors across India under the leadership of owner Mr. Shailendra Singh.
Vertical Design is an interior design firm with over 17 years of experience that offers complete solutions for office space design and equipment. They provide services from consultation and design to construction and project management. Their solutions are customized for each client and project. They aim to create productive, efficient work environments through high-quality finishes, furnishings, and layouts tailored to the business needs. Their portfolio includes designs for lobbies and receptions, operational areas, management offices, conference rooms, and technical spaces.
This document discusses doors and windows used in building construction. It begins by defining a door as a movable barrier that provides access through an opening in a wall or partition. A window is defined as an opening in a wall that allows natural light, ventilation, and vision. The document then covers various types of doors, categorizing them based on their location, number of panels, construction method, operation, and materials. Different door components like frames, panels, and types like flush doors are described. Overall, the document provides an overview of doors and windows, their functions, types and construction details for use in buildings.
Modern glass facades are an expression of contemporary architecture. Glass ensures plenty of natural
daylight, which has a direct positive influence on well-being and quality of life. However, large areas of glass
may also give rise to undesirable heat build-up in summer. solar control insulating glasses permit optimum
use of the natural light source and can also prevent solar energy causing excessive increases in room
temperatures. With solar control glasses, the indoor climate remains pleasant and comfortable even in
summer while energy costs for air-conditioning are also reduced. These interrelated functions optimise the
overall energy management of buildings in a cost-effective way.
The document discusses MYO PVC PANEL DOORS, a new type of folding partition door. The doors combine features of doors and partitions and provide privacy and noise reduction while allowing airflow. They are made of durable, maintenance-free PVC and can be used in homes, offices, hospitals, and other settings. The doors are customizable in size, color, and style, and provide benefits over traditional wood or aluminum doors like being waterproof, termite-proof, and easy to install.
This document discusses non-engineered building construction techniques commonly used in rural Bangladesh and their vulnerability to earthquakes. It describes the typical materials and styles used, including mud walls, bamboo walls, thatch walls, masonry, and basic reinforced concrete. A survey of damage from a 2003 earthquake found these structures suffered significant damage. The document calls for developing simple, low-cost earthquake resistant techniques appropriate for rural communities to strengthen existing housing and build new housing.
The document provides information on various public and private funding opportunities for creative businesses and projects, including grants, loans, and equity investments. Details are given on funding programs from Innovate UK, the Arts Council, Nesta, and other sources, as well as support resources and upcoming industry events. Contact information is provided to learn more about each of the funding mechanisms and resources described.
Why I love the Rain and You Will too - GuarenteedJane Coombs
Have you ever heard people complaining about the rain in the UK or when on holiday? Well I never do and this slide explains why I love the rain and why you should too.
The document provides a digest of information for UK creative businesses seeking funding and support, including:
1) An upcoming Digital Transport Speed Networking event on 8 December to bring together industry leaders and entrepreneurs with digital solutions for transport.
2) AHRC Creative Economy workshops on 8-15 November to help design a new research initiative focused on creative research.
3) Innovate UK funding calls for manufacturing/materials projects and emerging technologies projects.
4) Upcoming Horizon 2020 calls focused on media and digital technologies.
5) A range of funding opportunities from organizations like Design Council, Ufi, and Creative England.
6) Details of upcoming events in November on innovation, IoT, and pitching.
Bitcoin is a digital currency created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a decentralized alternative to traditional currencies. It functions like cash but exists only in electronic form, using cryptography and a public ledger called a blockchain to record transactions. Users can access the peer-to-peer payment network from anywhere with an internet connection to send and receive bitcoin without needing a central authority.
1. The document is a review for lab practical #3 on anatomy and physiology (A&P) covering bones, muscles, joints, and other structures. It contains 46 multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank questions asking students to identify various anatomical features, structures, and bones labeled on diagrams.
2. The review covers topics including the sella turcica, pituitary gland, external acoustic meatus, oblique muscles, joint types, bones of the skull, femur, and structures of the foot.
3. Bonus questions ask students to identify the side of the body depicted and notches between bones.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai jenis puasa menurut agama Islam, termasuk puasa wajib seperti puasa Ramadhan, puasa sunnah seperti pada hari Senin dan Kamis, serta puasa-puasa lain seperti puasa Arafah, Asyura, dan puasa kaffarat.
This document provides a summary of various public and private funding opportunities for UK creative industries businesses in January 2015. It outlines several public funding calls from Innovate UK for areas like integrated city infrastructure, inclusive technology, urban data challenges, smart grants for startups, and wearable technologies. It also lists regional film and media funds from Northern Film & Media and Creative England. Other opportunities mentioned include loans from Creative Industry Finance, impact investments from Nesta, arts funding from Creative Scotland, and R&D funding through Horizon 2020 EU programs. The briefing is intended as a monthly digest of useful information for creative businesses seeking financing and support.
Health supervision policy for the workplaceJane Coombs
What do you need to put in your health supervision policy for compliance with UK health and safety law. Here is an example of such a policy as used by one of my companies
If one is not careful, the number of summary tables in a ROLAP schema can grow very large as the number of dimensions increases. This is because a naïve implementation would require all combinations of summary tables at each aggregation level. This can lead to issues with maintenance and exploding storage requirements. However, most ROLAP products address this by building summaries on-demand or selecting the most useful aggregations to pre-build to balance speed and storage space.
It's not difficult to improve yourself, even small changes can make a lot of difference.
This slide is to inform the students on how they should carry themselves at school to look presentable. :D
Enjoy!!
This document provides a summary of various public and private funding opportunities, financing mechanisms, and support resources available to UK digital businesses in January 2015. It outlines several live public funding calls from Innovate UK for innovative projects related to urban challenges, inclusive technology, biomedical solutions, creative production, learning technology, and more. It also lists private financing sources and other mechanisms like crowdfunding platforms. The document serves as a useful monthly digest of relevant information for digital businesses seeking funding and support.
Programme on Ms Excel For Managerial Computingvamnicom123
Special Programme on Ms Excel For Managerial Computing (24-27th October) primarily intends to update participants with basics MS-Excel, Formula designs for data processing and modeling, Advanced functions, Graphs, analysis of financial statements etc. The programme fee is Rs.8000/-per participant in favor of 'The Director, VAMNICOM, Pune
Developing for Windows 8 based devicesAneeb_Khawar
This document provides an overview of developing applications for Windows 8 devices. It discusses the redesigned user interface in Windows 8 and modern applications. It outlines reasons for developers to create apps for Windows 8, including an emerging market, the Windows Store, revenue sharing terms, and Microsoft initiatives like DreamSpark and BizSpark that support students and startups. The learning curve is described as not too steep, especially for experienced developers, and Visual Studio is highlighted as a powerful development tool. Technical aspects like the application lifecycle and MVVM pattern are also briefly covered.
Dokumen menjelaskan berbagai jenis topologi jaringan komputer seperti topologi bus, ring, mesh, tree, peer to peer, linear, dan star. Setiap topologi memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan tertentu seperti kemampuan konektivitas, biaya, skalabilitas, dan keamanan. Dokumen juga membahas perbandingan antar topologi-topologi tersebut.
Occupational Health Technician TrainingJane Coombs
This document provides an introduction to working as an occupational health technician. It outlines the objectives of the session which are to understand key legislation, define occupational health, list types of work-related ill health, and understand the need for and basic steps of universal hygiene measures. The session will cover what occupational health is, why organizations need it, types of health monitoring technicians perform, how technicians protect themselves and clients, and other required knowledge and skills. Technicians roles include performing health checks, risk assessments, and first aid but they do not provide general health advice or disclose abnormal findings without referral.
multimedia and web technology
this ppt briefs you about the meaning, applications of and careers in multimedia and web technology.
made by a class 11 student
The document discusses several predictions about emerging technologies over the next 8-10 years:
1) Ebooks and digital textbooks will become ubiquitous as reading devices like tablets and phones continue to advance and online/digital content becomes more widely available in schools.
2) Virtual and online learning will grow significantly as new technologies enable more flexible and convenient ways to teach and learn remotely.
3) Smart televisions will become highly advanced, allowing voice control of content and interactive capabilities. Television viewing will become more personalized.
4) Cell phones will take on more uses beyond communication, potentially controlling other devices like computers, cars and appliances through new technologies.
- ROLAP implements OLAP using relational database technologies like SQL Server instead of proprietary multidimensional databases.
- It allows for larger dimension tables by storing and aggregating data in relational tables rather than pre-computed cubes.
- Front-end tools allow for multi-dimensional analysis of data stored relationally using techniques like aggregate awareness and star schema designs.
This document provides details about a construction technology assignment for a group of students. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and location background. It then analyzes and compares different types of roofs, windows, doors, and stairs found at IOI Mall in Puchong, Malaysia. For the roofs, it examines pitched roofs, glass roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. It provides photos and diagrams and discusses the functions, suitabilities, and advantages/disadvantages of each. The document also suggests potential substitutes for each roof type and compares installation methods.
The Shanghai Tower will be the tallest building in China and the second tallest in the world once completed in 2014. It has an ambitious design as the world's tallest double skin building. Some key highlights include its double skin facade system that functions like a thermos bottle to increase insulation and allow for enclosed atrium spaces. The facade encountered many complexities in its design due to the building's extreme height and need to account for various movements. The chief architect Marshall Strabala emphasizes that movement is one of the most important lessons in designing super tall skyscraper facades, as it can impact the facade design in many ways due to factors like the building's overall movement, structural changes, and concrete creep.
The document provides details about the types of building elements at Mid Valley Megamall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It describes the different types of roofs including flat roofs, dome-shaped roofs, and glass roofs. It also examines the various window types such as awning windows, fixed windows, and louvre windows. Regarding doors, it outlines sliding doors, partly glazed doors, and bi-fold doors. Lastly, it briefly discusses stairs as a means of movement between floors in buildings.
Construction of Mid Valley Report for Construction Technology I'mMiss Lily
Mid Valley Megamall in Kuala Lumpur has a combination of different roof types including flat roofs, a transparent dome-shaped roof, and glass roofs. The mall also features awning, fixed, and louvre windows as well as sliding, partly glazed, and bi-fold doors. Half-turn, straight flight, and quarter turn stairs constructed of reinforced concrete are used within the mall.
The Shanghai Tower has an ambitious design as the world's tallest double skin building. Its design aims to minimize energy usage through a "thermos bottle" approach of an inner and outer skin that can be opened or closed like a sweater. The double skin design allows for public amenity floors with atriums every 15-20 floors, making the tower accessible to both public and private users. The design and construction of the tower's two skins, especially the inner skin, presented complex technical challenges due to the tower's extreme height. Lessons learned included preparing for unexpected issues and being flexible to fabricator input to optimize aesthetics and return on investment.
A Small Business view of Commercial RoofingDeluxe Roofing
This document provides an overview of commercial roofing for small to medium sized businesses. It discusses the most common types of commercial roofs including spray polyurethane foam, single-ply membrane, metal, shingle and built-up roofs. It also covers important considerations for commercial roof maintenance like monitoring roof access and logging maintenance activities. Special issues for commercial roofs like regulations and weather damage are also addressed. The document recommends hiring a professional commercial roofing company to handle all roofing needs.
Windows serve several important purposes in buildings. They allow natural light and ventilation which saves on electricity costs while improving air quality. Windows also provide architectural design elements and can enhance quality of life. There are various common types of windows including casement, double hung, pivoted, sliding, sash/glazed, metal, corner/glass-to-glass, gable, dormer, bay and clerestory windows, and skylights - each with their own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages for different applications.
Guide to selecting the right window or doorlingelsocial
This document discusses different types of windows and doors available from Lingel Windows and Doors Technologies Private Limited. It describes the features and benefits of casement windows, tilt-and-turn windows, smart windows, sliding windows, glass conservatories, and discusses important factors to consider when selecting windows and doors such as material and a reliable fabricator. The document aims to guide readers on selecting the right window or door for their home.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other window types. It concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference texts.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.
This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.
This document provides information about an energy efficient ventilation system project. It includes sections on the installation process, management system, advantages and disadvantages, a case study on Burj Khalifa, potential problems, recommendations, and references. For the installation process, it describes how to install louvre windows and fiberglass doors to optimize natural ventilation. It explains that louvre windows provide good airflow while fiberglass doors have high energy efficiency. The document also discusses mechanical ventilation and managing the ventilation system. Overall, it aims to educate about creating an energy efficient ventilation system to improve indoor air quality and thermal comfort in a sustainable way.
This document provides information about energy efficient windows and doors from White Object that use Aluplast uPVC window and door systems. It discusses the company's history and choice of Aluplast as their supply partner. It then provides an overview of the document which discusses uPVC windows, different types of windows, product ranges, sliding door systems, designs, hardware, glazing options, noise reduction, sound insulation, energy efficiency and unique selling propositions of uPVC windows.
How effective is double skin façade in preventing building heat lossDarwin Jayson Mariano
Double-skin facades have advantages like natural ventilation, noise insulation, and reducing heating and cooling energy needs. However, they also have disadvantages like higher construction costs and requiring more maintenance. The chief architect of the Shanghai Tower, a supertall skyscraper with a double-skin facade, says it is very effective at preventing heat transfer through the facade. It uses cool air multiple times within the facade and interior before exhausting it, maintaining a temperature gradient that provides high insulation.
This document provides an overview of Prospec, a company that specializes in lockers and cubicles. It summarizes Prospec's history dating back over 100 years, with the current company established in 1985 focusing initially on glass walls for squash courts. It then expanded into lockers and cubicles. The document describes Prospec's various product lines including glass and laminate lockers and cubicles for both wet and dry environments. It provides brief descriptions and features of the different locker and cubicle systems including materials, construction, and specifications.
This document provides information about Granada Secondary Glazing, a UK-based specialist in secondary glazing systems. It summarizes Granada's products and services, highlighting that they design, manufacture, and install secondary glazing solutions that improve noise insulation, thermal efficiency, and security while respecting historic building aesthetics. Granada has a wide range of products and extensive experience supporting renovation projects across various sectors, particularly for heritage and listed buildings.
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1. 1
Construction Technology BLD60104 Assignment
Lecturer: Ms Azrina Md Yaakob
Building chosen: Paradigm Mall
Name ID
Lu Siau Vay 0318567
Tan Kiah Chun 0324414
Siong Jia Yii 0318239
Tan Jia Yi 0319476
Yong Sing Yew 0318766
Welson Lum Wei Jiunn 0319514
3. 3
Objective
In a group of six people, we are required to choose a shopping mall at first.
We have chosen Paradigm which is located in Petaling Jaya as our assignment
requirement. After taking all the photos of the shopping mall, we have to illustrate the
type of the building with plan in the report. Then, identify and explain the types of
roof, windows, doors and staircase as well. The most important part is to compare
and contrast with other types and recommend an alternative to replace the existing
type of roof, windows, doors and stairs.
In this group assignment, students get deeper relationship between every one
of the group because group work is very important in this assignment. By searching
the information about the assignment, students tend to learn more about the
knowledge of construction technology, especially the structure of a building. Other
than that, this assignment provides students to demonstrate their ability and
willingness to work together.
Therefore, students can gain a lot of knowledge after doing this assignment,
but not just learning things from lectures or books and study for examination.
4. 4
Introduction
Paradigm mall is located at Jalan SS7/ 26A, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling
Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. It is strategically located along the Lebuhraya
Damansara – Petaling Jaya, so when you drive along LDP highway, you can
definitely see this awesome building with awesome exterior design.
Besides than driving to Paradigm mall, you can get on the shuttle bus service
from Kelana Jaya LRT station. If you are coming all the way from the KLIA or KLIA2,
you can take the Aerobus with charges of RM10. These routes are with high
frequency of trips, so you do not have to worry even you are rushing. For further
information of getting to Paradigm Mall, you can go to their website which is
http://www.paradigmmall.com.my/Getting_Here/ or you can call the hotline with +603
7801 1188.
Paradigm Mall offers you more than you can imagine, spread across six levels
and 1 million square feet of retail paradise. In case you get lost, you can find the
directory in the mall. If you want to do a preparation before getting to Paradigm Mall,
you can go to their website and search for the clearer floor plan, like what shops are
inside the plan. The website is located at
http://www.paradigmmall.com.my/Floor_Plan/.
*The photos below show every floor plan of Paradigm Mall.
9. 9
Roof
A roof is an essential covering that is placed on houses and buildings and even such
items as automobiles. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—
flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical,
economic, or aesthetic considerations.
The earliest roofs constructed by man were probably thatched roofs that were made
of straw, leaves, branches, or reeds; they were usually set at a slope, or pitch, so
that rainfall could drain off them.
Roof act like a huge umbrella in receiving and deflecting all the potentially harmful
weather that a structure would otherwise receive, a roof itself normally sustains
damage. High winds can damage or remove the roof's shingles. Continued exposure
to rainwater can damage the valleys on the roof. Holes and roof leaks are always a
major concern. Because of this, a roof should be checked at least twice annually and
after major windstorms to spot any damage early.
10. 10
Types of roof in Paradigm Mall- Flat roof
Type of roof used in Paradigm Mall is flat roof.
A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of
sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up
to approximately 10°. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and
allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.
Advantages of flat roof
By far the biggest advantage of using a flat roof is the expense. From the initial
building and installation to the materials most often used to cover the roof, flat roofs
are fairly cheap. A flat roof is also extremely affordable both for initial installation and
the maintenance and upkeep. Flat roofs are more suitable for complex buildings or
structures with various levels, such as shopping mall like Paradigm Mall.
Disadvantages of flat roof
The disadvantages of flat roof are limited capacity for insulation. It is also contrast in
style with other buildings in the vicinity. There is also only little space to
accommodate services.
11. 11
Roof shade
There is also a white roof shade located in front of the main door of Paradigm Mall,
which taxi and cars can drop off or pick up passengers at this place.
Roof shade is used for protecting commercial buildings from the heat and damage of
the sun. By shading a building and its outdoor spaces we can reduce summer
temperatures, improve comfort and save energy. This roof shade can also provide
shield from rain so that people will not get wet when entering Paradigm Mall during
rainy days.
Skylight
Skylights are fitted into your roof, allowing light to travel
through and into the interior of a building. Skylights are
light transmitting fenestration which are elements filling
building envelope openings forming all, or partially of,
the roof of a building's space for day lighting purposes. It
is a great environmentally friendly solution for brightening
the building, saving you money on your electricity bills,
and getting the most out of hard to use spaces.
12. 12
Air ventilation
There are also air ventilation on ceiling in paradigm mall. Ventilation is accomplished
by introducing “clean” air into a space. This air is either mixed with the air alreadr
present in the enclosure to give “mixing” or “dilution” ventilation, or is used to
“displace” air in the space to give “displacement” or “piston flow” ventilation. Air
ventilation is installed to maintain a comfortable environment for the occupants. This
includes maintaining comfortable temperatures and relative humidity levels uniformly
throughout the space.
13. 13
Comparisonbetween flat roof and pitched roof
Types of roof Features Advantages Disadvantages
Flat roof
- Roof which is
almost level in
contrast to the
many types of
sloped roofs
-Slope of a roof is
properly known as
its pitch and flat
roofs have up to
approximately 10°
-Cost
effectiveness as
minimal surface
area means less
materials, labour
and time for
construction.
-designed to hold
standing water to
some degree
- Maintenance:
The lifespan of
a flat roof is
typically around
20 years,
meaning it
requires a lot of
maintenance
and eventually
a repair
Pitched roof
- A roof sloping
downward in two
parts at an angle
from a central
ridge, so as to
leave a gable at
each end.
- Lifespan: Sloped
roofing will almost
certainly last
significantly
longer than flat
roofing, with more
durable and
weather-resistant
materials
- more complex
design,
requiring
additional
materials and
man-hours,
making the
cost a bit more
than that of a
flat roof.
14. 14
Recommendation
Besides flat roof, we recommend pitched roof for replacement.
We recommend this because this type of roof has aesthetic look. On the more
practical side, pitched roofs are more efficient in water evacuation compares to flat
roofs which have the tendency to retain water on the top of building and stagnant
water can damage the exterior of structure and also the furniture or carpet inside
once it finds a way to go down.
Morover, pitched roof can last significantly longer than flat roof, with more durable
and weather-resistant materials. The inside of the building will also be more
effectively insulated, therefore not suffering from extreme temperatures.
15. 15
Windows
A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of
light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. It provides a means for admission of
natural daylight to the interior of a building and
serve as a means of providing the necessary ventilation of dwellings. Windows can
be made from a variety of materials or a combination of these materials such as
timber, metal and plastic and can be designed to operate in various ways by
arranging the sashes to slide, pivot or swing, or hang as a casement to one of the
frame members.
16. 16
Type of windows in Paradigm Mall- Fixed Windows
Location: 1) exterior wall
2) wall of the highest floor
FIXED WINDOWS IN ALUMINIUM FRAME
Picture windows can be found in Paradigm Mall, which are one type of fixed
windows. This means they can’t be opened or closed. These large expanses of glass
have one use — to frame a beautiful view. Picture windows are often found in homes
with high or vaulted ceilings and they’re often installed as an arched window over
vaulted areas, doors, and other windows
ADVANTAGES OF FIXED WINDOWS
Fixed windows no mechanical parts to break. This eliminates the costs associated
with purchasing replacement parts. The lack of mechanical activity also means the
windows cost less than other similarly sized windows with moving parts. Picture
windows come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but even small picture windows
allow lots of natural light in.
17. 17
DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED WINDOWS
The fixed windows cannot be used as an emergency exit.
The only way to clean the outside of the window is to go outside – there are no “tilt-
outs” to make cleaning a breeze. If they don’t contain coatings to reduce solar heat
gain, the room may feel hot and stuffy. An air conditioner can solve the problem, but
more energy will be needed to cool the room, especially in hot climates.
There are 4 types of fixed windows:
Bay windows
Bow windows
Glass block
Picture windows
a)Bay Windows
-used with a non-operational picture window as the center window and two side
windows that do open, bay windows provide an open feeling as well as ventilation.
b)Bow Windows
-similar to bay windows, bow windows provide a feeling of more space in your home.
Bow windows are made from multiple windows, at least four, to provide a curve to the
window design. You can use picture windows or operational windows in the design.
18. 18
c)Glass Block
-these fixed window blocks allow light into your home, but no ventilation. They are
often times used in the home's interior such as in bathrooms but can also be used in
the home's exterior. From translucent to clear, glass block can provide varying degrees
of privacy as well.
d)Picture/Fixed Windows
- picture windows cannot be opened but provide unobstructed views in areas where
you don't need or want any ventilation. Picture windows can be used with other
windows that open to have the best of both types in your home.
19. 19
Comparisonbetween fixed window and glass block window
Types of windows Features Advantages Disadvantages
Fixed windows
-cannot be
opened or shut
-transparent and
has wide range
of view
-Various of shapes
and sizes
- Low maintenance
-cannot be
opened
-hard to clean
from inside
Glass block
- ideal for
brightening
exterior
applications and
conserving
energy
-high security
-Low cost
-energy efficiency
-limiting size of
the wall elements
of fragility
-uneven welds
can spoil the
whole effect
20. 20
Recommendation
Other than fixed windows, we also recommend glass block to be used on the building.
The reasons why glass block is recommended to replace fixed windows are glass
block is cheaper than fixed windows. This type of window also have the ability to allow
in light while still offering privacy, and as an additional layer of security for basement
and ground floor windows.
21. 21
Door
A door is a screen used to seal an opening into a building or between rooms within a
building. Typically doors have an interior side that faces inside of a space and
exterior side that faces the outside of that space. It can be designed to swing from
one edge, slide, slide and fold or roll to close an opening. Doors normally consist of a
panel that that swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside of a space. There are
different type of doors which provide different usage depends on the designs of the
building.
Different types of door
Double FrenchDoor SlidingDoor FlushDoor
SwingDoor Batten(matchboarddoors) Dutch Door
Panel Door
23. 23
1.Glass Swing Door
Location: (1) Side entrance of Paradigm Mall (Single swing door)
(2) Entrance of Surau in Paradigm Mall (Double swing door)
We found two types of swing door in Paradigm Mall which are single swing door and
double swing door. Swing door is a door pivoted or hung on double-sided hinges so
that it can open either way. It is also door that swings open on being pushed or
pulled from either side, then swings closed by itself.
Advantages of swing door
There are many advantages of swing door. One of it is doesn’t need to install a knob
or other devices help to open and close it. Swing door also give an advantage of a
person to pass through the door quickly and easily. This type of door is often a better
option than other types for a shopping mall. This is because it more convenience if
compare with others.
Disadvantages of swing door
The main disadvantage of a swing door is that it requires a certain space to swing
into and this clear space is not available in some places.
24. 24
Comparisonbetween SwingingGlass Door and Folding Glass Door
Door types Features Advantages Disadvantages
Swinging Glass Door - It is
transparent
- Door that push
and pull to open
and swing
closed by itself.
- Easily to open and
close
- Low maintenance
- Allow natural light
pass through
(Glass)
- Easily broken since
it is made by glass.
Folding Glass Door - Door that can
fold to open
- Install with few
panel so that it
can fold up and
stack neatly
- Have better
appearance
(better design)
- Increase
impression of space
- Easily to open and
close
- It can be very
expensive
- Difficult to install
25. 25
Recommendation
Other than swinging glass door, we recommended folding glass door to be used on
the side entrance of Paradigm Mall.
The reason why we recommend folding glass door is because its designs and
appearance which looks more attractive and aesthetic than a swinging door although
it is more expensive and hard to install when compared to swing door. Moreover, it
has almost the same function as the swinging door
26. 26
2.Flush Door
Location: Service room of Paradigm Mall
Flush door have simple and flat surface on both sides. This type of door is more
closely associated with function rather than style. This type of door may have a solid
or hollow core.
There are 2 type of flush door:
(i) Solid-core door
(ii) Hollow-core door
27. 27
(i) Solid-core door
This type of door have a solid particle board or woodblock core which is covered with
layers of veneer. These doors are much heavier than a hollow-core door. Solid-core
door provide better sound insulation and have less tendency to warp.
(ii) Hollow-core door
This door have a lightweight core made of various materials that are covered with
layers of veneer too. This type of door is significantly less expensive than solid-core
doors. It is usually used as an interior doors.
Advantages of Flush door
Flush door offer simplicity in design and less cost. It has good stability against twisting
and the door surface offers a degree of resistance to stains, scratches and crash that
would easily damage wood. Flush door also consume less time when it comes to
installation.
Disadvantages of Flush door
This type of doors are factory made and therefore correct size of door must be given,
as subsequent alterations are very difficult.
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Comparison between Flush Door and Panel Door
Door types Features Advantages Disadvantages
Flush Door - Plain and
smooth-surface
- For internal use
- Little or no design
- Cheaper
- Low
maintenance
- Have better fire
resistance, sound
attenuation.
- Look simple if
compare to panel
door
- Subsequent
alterations are very
difficult
Panel Door - Consist of vertical
members called
stiles horizontal
members called
rails
- Panels can be
solid wood,
plywood, and
particleboard or
have glass inserts.
- Have better
appearance
- Provide
aesthetic look
- Easily to install
- It is expensive if
compare to flush door
- Need daily cleaning
as dust retain more
on door if compare to
flush door.
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Recommendation
Besides than flush door, we also recommended panel door as substitution.
The reason why we recommended panel door is because it have better appearance
and design than a flush door. The function of panel door are almost the same with
flush door. By the way, we still think that the flush door is more suitable for the door
of service room because flush door have better resistance to scratches and crash.
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3.Sliding Doors
Sliding door is a type of door which open horizontally by sliding. A sliding door
consists of one fixed panel attached to two hangers on rollers which slides along a
track. A sliding door also feature with a stopper either end to prevent the door from
sliding right off the track.
There are two types of sliding doors can be seen in Paradigm Mall which are
automatic sliding doors and manually slide door.
a)Automatic Sliding Doors
Location: Main entrance door of Paradigm Mall
Automatic slide door consists of a sliding door operator which is a device that
operates a sliding door for pedestrain use. The door will be opened automatically
when the device sensored that there is people pass by and it will close back
automatically as well.
Advantages of Automatic Sliding Door
The advantages of automatic slide door is it can conserve energy. They save energy
from heating and air-conditioning that would have been required otherwise. It only
open when there is passing-by traffic is near and will close spontaneously. So,
automatic door will help to saving up on the electricity costs. Next, its accessibility
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provided for disable people easy to access, since they are not obliged to open and
close the door by themselves.
Disadvantages of Automatic Sliding Door
The disadvantages of automatic sliding door is when there is a cut down of electricity
and will cause the automatic sliding door to jam shut. In this situation, the door must
be force to open.
There are 3 types of sliding door:
a.) Standard sliding doors
b.) Curved sliding doors
c.) Angular sliding doors
a)Automatic Standard sliding doors
Standard sliding door range offers a reliable solution for straight-line opening doors
suitable for straight opening doors at any location. This door is commonly use at any
shopping malls or shops.
b) Automatic Curved sliding doors
This type of door provide entrance area with an enticing and individual atmosphere.
The door can be designed as inwardly or outwardly half-circles and segments, as full
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circle configurations, and even as oval or double segments units. Automatic curved
sliding door provide top quality of drive systems.
c) Automatic Angular sliding doors
It is an exceptionally modern, highly attractive entrance and assembled to
customers’ requirements. This type of door can use for the door which is located at
the edges of a place. With no restrictions, the door system opens and closes,
providing the highest level of safety and convenience.
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Comparisonbetween automatic sliding door and revolvingdoor
Type of door Features Advantages Disadvantages
Automatic sliding door -Normally are
found in shopping
mall or shops
-transparent.
-It is useful in the
crowded mall or
shops to allow
large amount of
people in and
out at the same
time.
-There will be a
collision or
interference for
people who going
in and out by the
door.
-If power was cut
off, the automatic
door will jam shut
and cause
interference.
Revolving door
-a transparent
door to allow the
user of door to
estimate the
timing to enter to
the door.
-Some of the
revolving door is
cover by the
automatic curved
sliding door at the
outward.
-Keeps out cold
air and helps to
drive down
heating costs.
- keeping out
internal
environment
from outside
noise
-Reduce the
possibility of
collision of
people who are
going and
coming.
-It only allow
certain amount of
people to enter
with the small area
in the revolving
door.
-If there is a large
amount of people,
they are required
to queue for
sometimes.
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Recommendation
Besides automatic sliding door, we recommend revolving door for the replacement.
This is because revolving door can prevent the cold air inside the shopping mall from
going outside. Normally there will be two revolving doors which each for enter and
another for exits. This is to prevent the collision between people especially in a
crowded buildings. Revolving doors also a designed which will provide more
attractive attention like elegance feeling to peoples.
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b) Normal sliding door
Location: disable’s toilet.
Advantages of Normal Sliding Door
The advantages of normal sliding door is it can be efficient insulators that ensuring
the environment keep cold in summer and keep warm during the winter. It is easy to
access, which little forces is needed to open the door. Next is space saving. Sliding
door operate without a hinge. It can simply slide along the tracks to open instead of
swinging which occupied spaces. Lastly, it is environmentally friendly as it is made of
wood which is renewable and durable material.
Disadvantages of Normal Sliding Door
The disadvantages of normal sliding door is complication of installing. The
installation process involves more than just nailing the door into a set of hinges.
Installation of sliding door included tracks on top and bottom of the door frame and
position them perfectly so the sliding door will not be crooked during sliding. Next,
the tracks of the sliding doors is a magnet of dirt. There will be dirt attach to the
tracks. In this case it is difficult to keep the tracks clean anytime especially on
exterior sliding door. Lastly, the sliding door will face door jams problem over a long
time due to dirt and the rust of metal tracks.
Sliding door is the most suitable to build in disable’s toilet because it only
required a little force to open and close.
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4.FIRE DOOR
Fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating used at part of a passive fire
protection system to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between compartments and
to enable safe egress from a building or structure. A fire door must be easily and
light to open without key. There are many types of fire door with different withstands
of fire resistance. A fire door with a coding of (S) mean the fire door has the ability to
resist the passage of smoke with a cold smoke seal installed between the frame of
door and door. All the fire door must have self-closing devices and a glazing window.
Types of fire door in Paradigm mall
Fire door with a push bar to open Fire door with hand bar to open
Both type of the fire doors used in Paradigm mall are made of wood.
Advantages
Wooden fire door are cheaper compare to other materials like steel and aluminium. It
does not rust when its surfaces are exposed to the environment. Timber is also a
materials which can be found easily. It is also light in weight and easy to install. The
most important part is it is easy to open during emergency due to the light weight.
Disadvantages
The lifespan of timber door is short as it will spoil when exposed to the moisture and
the material itself is considered weak as well. It is difficult to repair and normally the
spoiled timber door will replace by a new timber door. So this will cost for some
labour work. Lastly, the handle of the timber door is a good heat conductor and this
will cause the handle become hot easily during fire.
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Comparisonbetween timber fire door and metal fire door
Type of door Feature Advantages Disadvantages
Timber Fire Door -It is commonly
used in
commercial
block
-Easily to open
due to its light
weight and allows
people to escape
with fastest
speed during fire
emergency.
-It will
automatically
close back due to
its self-closing
devices.
-Not a very good
heat resistant.
-Cannot withstand
fire which has
high temperature
for a long period.
Metal Fire Door
-It is commonly
used in factories
-It is a very good
resistant which
can withstand a
high temperature
of fire in a longer
period compare
to timber fire
door.
-It is durable
compare to
timber fire door
and require a low
maintenance.
-It is slightly
heavier than
timber fire door.
-Expensive
compare to timber
fire door.
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Recommendation
Besides timber fire door, we recommend metal fire door for replacement.
We recommend this because metal door has good heat resistance. This is important
because during fire emergency, metal fire door can withstand the fire for longer
period which allow sufficient time for the fire-fighters to save the victims who was
trapped inside the building.
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Stairs
Stairs is a complete flight of steps between two floors. A staircase is one or more
flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, includes landings, handrails, newel
posts and additional part. Stairs may be a required component from structures and
buildings. It provided convenient access floors, roofs, levels and other walking
surfaces that not accessible by other means. There are different types of stairs which
provide different usage used in construction depends on designation of staircases or
the form of place allocated.
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1.Half- turn stair
Location: Emergency exit
Concrete half-turn stair/U-shaped stair/switchback staircase
Half-turn stairs are basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that
requires 180 degree turn in the walk line.
Advantages of half-turn stairs:
Half-turn stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan. This type of stairs offer
some architectural interest. The landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the
stairs, especially for old person.
Disadvantages of half-turn stairs:
Half-turn stairs are a bit more difficult to build.
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These may be of three types:
i) Dog-legged or newel half turn stairs.
ii) Open newel half turn stairs.
iii) Geometrical half turn stairs.
i) Dog-legged stairs
This name is given because of its appearance in sectional elevation. It comes
under the category of newel (or solid newel) stairs in which newel posts are
provided at the beginning and end of each flight. These may be of two forms: (i)
with half space landing, and (ii) with quarter space landing and winders.
Generally the half space landing type, (i.e. without winders) is more common.
There is no space between the outer strings of the two flights.
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ii) Open newel half turn stairs
Open well or open newel half turn stair has a space or well between outer strings.
This is the only aspect in which it differs from the dog-legged stair. The additional
width is required between the two strings may vary from 15 cm (min) to 100 cm.
When the space left is more, a small flight containing two to four steps may be
introduced at the turn, between the two quarter space landings.
iii) Geometrical half turn stairs
The essential features of this type of stairs are that the stringers and the hand
rails are continuous, without any intervening newel post. These may be either
with half –space landing or without landing.
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Comparisonbetween Half-turn Stairs & Winder Stairs
Stair Types Features Advantages Disadvantages
Half-turn Stairs - Two flights
of steps
parallel to
each other
- 180° turn at
one large
landing
- Useful when
there need
many raisers
but small floor
space
- Provision of a
place to rest
and the
reduced
distance of fall
- Probable to need
more floor space
than a straight
stair
- More difficult to
construct than
straight stairs
Winder Stairs - Pie-shaped
stairs which
are
substituted for
a landing
- Less space
required than
L-shaped
stairs and
double landing
stairs
- Less safe than L-
shaped stairs and
double landing
stairs due to the
lack of step
uniformity of
winders
Requirement to build a half-turn stairs is that the length and width of landing of the
stairs should not be less than the width of stairway. Its landings should have a
minimum vertical clearance of not less than 2000mm. Landings must be less than
750mm and have a gradient which not steeper than 1:50.
On the other hand, the width of winders should be sufficient at midpoint. The going of
winders should be constant.
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Recommendation
Besides half-turn staircase, we recommend double winder staircase for
replacement.
This is because double winder stairs require less spaces to build compared to half-
turn stairs. The requirement of building up double winder stairs is also simpler than
half-turn stairs. They are similar to each other and both 180°turn in the walk line.
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2. Straight stairs with pebble wash
A straight staircase can be defined as one having a single, straight flight of stairs that
connects two levels or floors in a building. It is commonly used in construction
especially home buildings.
Advantages of straight stairs:
Straight stairs is cheaper than other types of stairs because of its construction process
is much simpler and less time consuming. A person traveling up or down the stairs
has a clear view of the entire flight and this enhanced safety. It is easy to accommodate
additions or modifications on straight stairs.
Disadvantages of straight stairs:
Because there is no visual barrier between two floors connected by straight stairs,
there is often lack of privacy. Since straight stairs consist of more stairs and is taller
than staircase with platform/landing in between, resulting a fall from top of stairs can
be quite severe and caused serious injuries. It is also problematic for old people to
climb all the stairs at once. Straight staircase require more space compared to curved
stairs or platform stairs.
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Comparisonbetween StraightStairs & SpiralStairs
Stair Types Features Advantages Disadvantages
Straight Stairs - Simple design
- No turns
- Used most in
home
construction
- Easy to
construct
- Less expensive
- Long open
space or high
ceiling required
- Difficult to
accommodate in
the floor plan
Spiral Stairs - Spiral stairs:
twists around a
centre pole, from
which steps
radiate out
- Can be used
where little space
is available
- Ideal for access
to attic,
basement rooms,
and lighthouse
- Better
aesthetics
- Hard to climb
- Not safe as
they have winder
steps
- Not suitable for
primary stair
Requirement to build up straight stairs is that it should comply with general design
requirements on risers, goings and slope.
In contrast, the radius to the centre-line of spiral stairway cannot be less than
600mm. The maximum width of curved stairway should be 750mm.
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Recommendation
Besides straight stairs, an alternative type of stairs that can be used for replacement
is winder stairs.
This is because winder stairs require less spaces than many other types of stairs. It
have more visual interest which suits to be the stairs in the entry of a shopping mall.
Winder stairs seem to create a more seamless transition, visually, as they meander
around corner. Its compactness made them attractive in sustainable design. Winder
stairs and straight stairs are similar to each other but winder stairs are more
preferable for modern buildings like Paradigm Mall.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment cannot be done without every single one of us.
Teamwork is the key point of a group assignment and this is what we have learned
for. Other than that, we also learned being organized. We have learned how to finish
the tasks given by the lecturer in time. From deciding which mall we were going to do
until finishing the report, we have planned the work organically and done according
to the plan.
Besides that, this assignment also helps us on improving our understanding of
the structure of a building. We have learned how to apply the principle of
construction technology into practice. By doing the assignment, we have improved
our skills on thinking and problem solving. We are able to find out the solutions for
every problems that we found.
Lastly, Paradigm Mall is an iconic lifestyle mall and the interior and exterior
design is so beautiful that it can even take your breath away! You’ll definitely get a
sense of liveliness, fun and vibrancy that will totally change the way you shop at
Paradigm Mall. Enjoy if you are at Paradigm Mall!
50. 50
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