The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and tubules that gives cells their shape and allows them to move. It has three main components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow tubes involved in intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments made of actin help with cell movement and shape. Intermediate filaments provide structural support. Together, the cytoskeleton transports vesicles, separates chromosomes, allows muscle contraction, and maintains cell shape.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Nucleus: Structure and function
nuclear membrane
nuclear lamins
Nuclear pore complexe
nuclear matrix, composition and its role
cajal bodies
SFCs
nuclear speckles
PML bodies
Nucleolus
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Nucleus: Structure and function
nuclear membrane
nuclear lamins
Nuclear pore complexe
nuclear matrix, composition and its role
cajal bodies
SFCs
nuclear speckles
PML bodies
Nucleolus
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. SUBJECT : CELL BIOLOGY
• SEEN BY : Mam Mehak
• Presented by : Ahmad Ahsan
Ali Zia
Sawaira Ahmad
Kainat Khalid
3. “TOPIC TO BE PRESENTED”
Cytoskeleton
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
4. Table of Contents
• Cytoskeleton Definition
• A. Microtubules
• B. Microfilaments
• C. Intermediate Filaments
• D. Microtrabecular Lattice
• Functions of Cytoskeleton
• References
5. What is Cytoskeleton
• A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the
cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence is
called cytoskeleton.
• The cytoskeleton gives cells structure and shape and
allows them to move around.
6. What is Cytoskeleton
• It’s also important for intracellular transport.
• At least three general classes of such fibers have been
identified in eukaryotic cells.
• Each of these filaments is a polymer.
• All three filament systems are highly dynamic, altering
their organization in response to the needs of the cell.
7.
8. A. Microtubules
• The thickest are the microtubules (20 nm in diameter)
which consist primarily of the tubulin protein.
• Each tubulin subunit is made up of one alpha and one
beta-tubulin that are attached to each other, so technically
tubulin is a heterodimer, not a monomer.
• Since it looks like a tube, it is named as microtubule.
9. A. Microtubules
• In a microtubule structure, tubulin monomers are linked
both at their ends and along their sides (laterally).
• This means that microtubules are quite stable along their
lengths.
• Since the tubulin subunits are always linked in the same
direction, microtubules have two distinct ends, called
the plus (+) and minus (-) ends.
10. A. Microtubules
• On the minus end, alpha-tubulin is exposed, and on the
plus end, beta-tubulin is exposed.
• Microtubules preferentially assemble and disassemble at
their plus ends.
12. Function of Microtubules
• Transportation of water, ions or small molecules.
• Cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis).
• Formation of fibers or asters of the mitotic or meiotic
spindle during cell division.
• Formation of the structural units of the centrioles, basal
granules, cilia, and flagella.
13. B. Microfilaments
• The thinnest are the microfilaments (7 nm in diameter)
which are solid and are principally made of two intertwined
strands of a globular protein called actin.
• For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin
filaments.
14. B. Microfilaments
• Actin is powered by ATP to assemble its filamentous form,
which serves as a track for the movement of a motor
protein called myosin.
• This enables actin to engage in cellular events requiring
motion such as cell division in animal cells and cytoplasmic
streaming, which is the circular movement of the cell
cytoplasm in plant cells.
16. Function of Microfilaments
• In association with myosin, microfilaments help to
generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic
cell movements.
• Eukaryotic cells heavily depend upon the integrity of their
actin filaments in order to be able to survive the many
stresses they are faced with within their environment.
17. Function of Microfilaments
• Microfilaments play a key role in the development of
various cell surface projections including filopodia,
lamellipodia, and stereocilia.
• The filaments are also hence involved in amoeboid
movements of certain types of cells.
18. Function of Microfilaments
• Another important function of microfilaments is to help
divide the cell during mitosis (cell division).
• Microfilaments aid the process of cytokinesis, which is
when the cell “pinches off” and physically separates into
two daughter cells.
19. C. Intermediate Filaments
• The fibers of the middle-order are called the intermediate
filaments (IFs) having a diameter of 10 nm.
• Microfilaments as a part of the cytoskeleton keep
organelles in place within the cell. They provide cell rigidity
and shape.
20. C. Intermediate Filaments
• They having been classified according to their
constituent protein such as desmin filaments,
keratin filaments, neurofilaments, vimentin, and
glial filaments.
22. Function of Intermediate Filaments
• Intermediate filaments contribute to cellular
structural elements and are often crucial in
holding together tissues like skin.
23. D. Microtrabecular Lattice
• Recently, cytoplasm has been found to be filled with a
three-dimensional network of interlinked filaments of
cytoskeletal fibers, called a micro-trabecular lattice.
• Various cellular organelles such as ribosomes, lysosomes,
etc., are found anchored to this lattice.
• The micro-trabecular lattice being flexible changes its
shape and results in the change of cell shape during cell
movement.
25. Function of Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is responsible for lots of important cellular
functions:
• It allows cells to move.
• Engulf particles.
• Brace themselves against pulling forces
26. Function of Cytoskeleton
• Transport vesicles through the cytosol.
• Separate chromosomes during cell division.
• It allows our muscles to contract.
27. References
1.Verma, P. S., & Agrawal, V. K. (2006). Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular
Biology, Evolution & Ecology (1 ed.). S .Chand and company Ltd.
2.Stephen R. Bolsover, Elizabeth A. Shephard, Hugh A. White, Jeremy S.
Hyams (2011). Cell Biology: A short Course (3 ed.).Hoboken,NJ: John
Wiley and Sons.
3.Alberts, B. (2004). Essential cell biology. New York, NY: Garland Science
Pub.
4.https://study.com/academy/lesson/microtubules-definition-functions-
structure.html
5.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/the-
cytoskeleton/
