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Ferdinand de Saussure was the father of linguistics. He divided language into two concepts: langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract rules and structure of language as a system, independent of its users. Parole describes how individual people use and apply language in speech. Saussure believed that languages are constantly changing over time through their usage, following the universal law that all things change with time.
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This document contains a summary of Chapter 1 of a book on the origins of language. It discusses several theories on how and when language developed, including that some form of spoken language emerged between 100,000-50,000 years ago before written language. It also summarizes Darwin's theory that humans first developed musical ability to attract mates before fully developing language. The document then analyzes experiments testing the theory that language is innate and discusses physical adaptations that enabled human speech.
Oral assignment
This document provides a summary of chapters from a book on the origins and development of language. It discusses early theories on the origins of language, including Darwin's idea that humans first developed musical ability to attract mates before developing language. It also summarizes theories that language developed through physical adaptations in the human body that allowed for speech production, or that early humans developed gestures before language. The document then discusses properties of human language like duality of sound and meaning. It also summarizes research on teaching language to animals and differences between animal and human language ability.
Oral presentation
This document provides a summary of chapters from a book on the origins and development of language. It discusses early theories on the origins of language, including Darwin's idea that humans first developed musical ability to attract mates before developing language. It also summarizes theories that language developed through physical adaptations in the human body that allowed for speech production, or that early humans developed gestures before language. The document then discusses properties of human language like duality of sound and meaning. It also summarizes research on teaching language to animals and differences between animal and human language abilities.
Language and Contact SOCIOLINGUISTICS
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Module 1
The document discusses the history and development of the field of historical linguistics. It explains that historical linguistics studies how languages change over time and are related to one another. Traditional historical linguistics focused on documenting past language changes, while modern historical linguistics examines the social and cultural factors that influence language change. The history of the English language reflects the cultural and political influences of groups like the Romans, Vikings, and Normans that have shaped its vocabulary and grammar over many centuries.
Lecture 1 ENGL1.pdf
This document introduces several key concepts and approaches in linguistics and sociolinguistics. It defines language and discusses how language is a social construct. It also discusses the difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language, how standard languages emerge, and the notions of speech community, monolingualism/multilingualism, and diglossia. Key terms introduced include signifier, signified, linguistic relativity, prescriptivism, descriptivism, standardization, and speech community.
Language
The document discusses several topics related to the geography of language:
- Standard languages are accepted community norms for syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation, decided by those in power. Dialects vary in these areas and denote social class or region.
- Pidgins are simplified languages used informally, with limited vocabulary and structure. Creoles evolve when a pidgin becomes a first language.
- Lingua francas are third languages used between groups who would not otherwise understand each other, like Swahili in East Africa.
- Official languages and multilingualism are discussed in relation to countries like Switzerland, Mexico, Nigeria.
- Language families, subfamilies and groups are classified based on common ancestry over thousands of years
Companion to english linguistics
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology, the two linguistic disciplines concerned with speech sounds. Phonetics describes the physical properties of sounds, including their articulation, acoustics, and perception. Phonology examines the functional role of sounds in a language's system. The text outlines the basic units of phonetics, phones, and describes how sounds are classified into consonants and vowels based on their manner and place of articulation. It provides examples of the different consonant types found in English, such as plosives, fricatives, nasals, and affricates.
Some French expressions as used in Urhobo: a case study of the terms ‘AVOIR …...
Expressions are expositions of the mind. They reveal thoughts which otherwise would have remained undisclosed. How these thoughts are expressed differ from language to language and from individual to individual. Even individual expressions can also be different one from the other even though they are expressed in the same language. In some instances, certain similarities and dissimilarities have been found in the phrasal constructions and usage of certain French and Urhobo expressions, even though they do not indicate any semantic divergences. In this study, the difference between some French ‘avoir’ expressions and their Urhobo equivalents will be examine. What happens to the verb ‘avoir’ when the expressions are translated into the Urhobo language? How is the structure of the expression affected by the transfer from one language to the other? This study is prompted by the hope of selling the Urhobo language to others as a means of saving it from extinction. The study will be based on some extracts of the French ‘Avoir …‘ expressions as compared to their Urhobo equivalents. For obvious reasons, the approach in this study will be somewhat eclectic. It will involve individual interviews, and since there will be some elements of translation the study will have recourse to Eugene Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence.
Prescriptive linguistics presentation
Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Chapter iv language contact
This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. It notes that multilingualism has likely been common throughout human history, with many people today speaking multiple languages. When languages come into contact, they typically influence each other through borrowing words and occasionally adopting each other's grammatical features. The most common outcomes of language contact are code-switching, language mixing, and the development of creole languages. The document also discusses how social and political factors can lead to one language replacing or dominating another through the process of language shift. It provides several examples of how languages have influenced each other's vocabularies and grammars through long-term interaction and borrowing.
Introduction to Linguistics
The document provides an introduction to linguistics. It discusses several key topics in linguistics including:
- The origin of language and theories of monogenesis vs polygenesis.
- Features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems, including arbitrariness, creativity/productivity, displacement, and the duality of sound and meaning.
- Important distinctions in linguistics such as descriptive vs prescriptive approaches, synchronic vs diachronic perspectives, and the differences between langue and parole.
- What linguistics studies including the nature of language, similarities and variations across languages, how children acquire language, and how social factors influence language.
Language and Regional Variations by Yule
There are three main points made in the document:
1. Variation in language reflects social identity, as ways of speaking are associated with social groups and attitudes. People's language use can indicate their socioeconomic class, ethnicity, gender, age, and other social factors.
2. Every person has their own idiolect made up of the languages and dialects they command, and they code-switch between styles depending on the social situation or context.
3. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language but natural linguistic variations, and studying dialects can provide insights into how languages diverge regionally without any variety being inherently better than others.
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Some French expressions as used in Urhobo: a case study of the terms ‘AVOIR …...
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презентация Microsoft power point
- 8. Time changes all things: there is no reason why language should escape this universal law.
- 9. Langue Parole Saussure divided what we call language in everyday life into two entities: langue and parole. These are both French words that are hard to translate and which therefore are often kept in there original French. However, the most basic translation is “language “ and “speech” respectively.
- 10. Langue is general and abstract notion of language with its rules and conventions. Language is independent of people. In other words langue doesnt belong to anyone and exists by itself.
- 11. Parole is the use of language by individual users. Therefore its language plus people who often make language "messy "or change it or break it rules.
- 12. Synchronic linguistics: is the study of language at the particular point in time. DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS: IS THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OR EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE.
- 13. I hope you enjoyed my presentation! Thanks for your attention!