Chapter 18
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This document discusses regional variations in language. It defines key terms related to language variations including dialects, accents, isoglosses, bidialectalism, bilingualism, diglossia, pidgins, and creoles. The standard language is described as an idealized variety associated with education and administration rather than a specific region. Dialects vary based on grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation between different language regions.
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Chapter 18.
This document discusses regional variations in language. It defines key terms related to language geography and variations, including standard language, dialects, accents, isoglosses, bidialectalism, bilingualism, diglossia, pidgins, and creoles. The standard language refers to the variety associated with education and administration regardless of region, while dialects are variations in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation across regions. Accents also vary regionally but all speakers have accents. Isoglosses mark boundaries where linguistic features change between dialects.
Introduction of Sociolinguistics and describes Language variation, Linguistic...
Introduction of Sociolinguistics and describes Language variation, Linguistic relativity, and Languages in contact
Sociolinguistics language variations
UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
Inglés
Introduction applied linguistics
Tema: Sociolinguistics language variations
Ponente: Mgs. Nina Nesterenko
nnesterenko@utpl.edu.ec
Sociolinguistics - Multilingualism
This document defines key terms related to multilingualism such as vitality, diglossia, code switching, and code mixing. Vitality refers to the status and use of a language within a speech community. Diglossia describes a situation where two varieties of the same language are used for different purposes. Code switching involves alternating between two or more languages or language varieties based on the social context or situation, while code mixing blends elements of different languages together.
sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It defines language and discusses how it is used to communicate information and establish social relationships. It also examines how language reveals aspects of a speaker's identity. The document then discusses sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. It explores the relationship between language and society, including how language reflects social and physical environments. The document also defines and compares standard languages, dialects, registers, pidgins and creoles. It examines how gender and age can influence language use.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nations
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
Languages in contact Sociolinguistics
This document discusses multilingualism at both the individual and societal level. It defines multilingualism as the use of multiple languages by an individual or community. It describes types of multilingualism like individual multilingualism involving a person using more than two languages, and societal multilingualism involving linguistic diversity within a region. Key concepts discussed include language shift, where a dominant language is adopted, and language maintenance, where multiple languages continue to be used. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of multilingualism, competence in various languages, language convergence, language ideologies, and linguistic landscapes.
Diglossia
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss Diglossia.
Recommended
Chapter 18.
This document discusses regional variations in language. It defines key terms related to language geography and variations, including standard language, dialects, accents, isoglosses, bidialectalism, bilingualism, diglossia, pidgins, and creoles. The standard language refers to the variety associated with education and administration regardless of region, while dialects are variations in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation across regions. Accents also vary regionally but all speakers have accents. Isoglosses mark boundaries where linguistic features change between dialects.
Introduction of Sociolinguistics and describes Language variation, Linguistic...
Introduction of Sociolinguistics and describes Language variation, Linguistic relativity, and Languages in contact
Sociolinguistics language variations
UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
Inglés
Introduction applied linguistics
Tema: Sociolinguistics language variations
Ponente: Mgs. Nina Nesterenko
nnesterenko@utpl.edu.ec
Sociolinguistics - Multilingualism
This document defines key terms related to multilingualism such as vitality, diglossia, code switching, and code mixing. Vitality refers to the status and use of a language within a speech community. Diglossia describes a situation where two varieties of the same language are used for different purposes. Code switching involves alternating between two or more languages or language varieties based on the social context or situation, while code mixing blends elements of different languages together.
sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It defines language and discusses how it is used to communicate information and establish social relationships. It also examines how language reveals aspects of a speaker's identity. The document then discusses sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. It explores the relationship between language and society, including how language reflects social and physical environments. The document also defines and compares standard languages, dialects, registers, pidgins and creoles. It examines how gender and age can influence language use.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nations
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
Languages in contact Sociolinguistics
This document discusses multilingualism at both the individual and societal level. It defines multilingualism as the use of multiple languages by an individual or community. It describes types of multilingualism like individual multilingualism involving a person using more than two languages, and societal multilingualism involving linguistic diversity within a region. Key concepts discussed include language shift, where a dominant language is adopted, and language maintenance, where multiple languages continue to be used. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of multilingualism, competence in various languages, language convergence, language ideologies, and linguistic landscapes.
Diglossia
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss Diglossia.
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in society and how social factors like age, gender, identity and social networks influence linguistic variation and change. It examines language variation at the phonological, grammatical, lexical and discourse levels between different dialects, idiolects and sociolects. Standard languages are often codified through grammar books and dictionaries, while non-standard dialects are also studied. Sociolinguistic data is collected through naturalistic recordings to minimize the observer's paradox. Models analyze how social mobility and geographical factors drive language loyalty and change over time.
REGISTER AND STYLE
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
Basic notions; language variation and levels
These slides are very clear to learn about why there are different varieties of English language, and features that make English plural 'Englishes'
Language domain final
1. Linguists use the term "vernacular" to refer to the everyday language a person grows up with and uses in ordinary social interactions.
2. There is ambiguity around the terms "language" and "dialect" - language typically refers to a single linguistic norm or related norms, while dialect refers to one variation. Different dialects of the same language are not considered different languages.
3. Bell identified 7 criteria for distinguishing a language from others: standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. These criteria look at factors like codification, community of speakers, sense of identity, differences from other languages, and perceptions of proper usage.
Sociolinguistic relativity
Sociolinguistic relativity refers to the set of conventions and rules unique to language use within a community. It examines the relationship between language and society. The theory suggests that language shapes our cognition and influences how we see the world. Different social and cultural backgrounds can lead to different value systems for speech and social behavior. Understanding sociolinguistic diversity and cultural relativity helps explain why differences in language use across cultures does not mean one culture is superior. Violations of sociolinguistic rules within a culture, such as not acknowledging compliments, can be seen as offensive.
language, dialect, varietes
The document defines key concepts in the study of language variation:
Varieties are sets of linguistic features associated with a group. Dialects differ grammatically and lexically from other varieties and are associated with a social group. Accents only differ in pronunciation. Styles vary based on social situations. Dialect contact from communication between groups can lead to dialect mixture and the formation of new dialects or koines. Registers are varieties associated with topics or activities.
Language sociolinguistics presentation
This document discusses language shift and language revival. It defines language shift as occurring when a community abandons its native language and collectively shifts to speaking another language. Language shift is influenced by various demographic, attitude/value, economic, social and political factors. It is usually a gradual process that takes place over three generations. The document also discusses language revival, which refers to efforts to reverse language decline and shift by recovering and promoting daily use of endangered languages. It outlines eight steps proposed by Fishman for reversing language shift and making languages more sustainable.
Language varieties
This document discusses language varieties and standards. It notes that every language user has an accent or dialect influenced by their region and social group. It also discusses bilingualism, pidgins, and creoles. Pidgins develop for trade but may become creoles if passed to children. When a country is bilingual, language planning includes standardization through elaboration, selection, codification, and acceptance to establish a standard variety used in public life.
Speech communities
The document discusses sociolinguistic concepts such as speech communities, dialects, and linguistic repertoires. It notes that language is both an individual and social possession, and that communities are defined by their relationships with other communities. Speech communities refer to groups that share linguistic forms and can differentiate themselves from other speakers based on social, cultural, or ethnic attributes. Individual language use depends on one's place of origin or speech community.
Mutual intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
Language variation
This document discusses language variations and varieties of language. It defines language variation as differences in pronunciation, word choice, or grammar patterns among speakers. Variations can occur at geographical, social, stylistic, or functional levels. There are also three main levels of variation: pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The document then defines and provides examples of several varieties of language, including standard languages, national/official languages, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, lingua francas, and diglossia.
"The study of language" - Chapter 20
This document discusses language and culture from a linguistic perspective. It explains that culture refers to the ideas and assumptions we learn as members of social groups, including our particular language. Our language provides a system for categorizing the world that is acquired without conscious awareness. Some key linguistic categories discussed are kinship terms, time concepts, and grammatical markers. Social categories refer to how we are connected to others, demonstrated through pronouns. Gender is discussed as the distinction between male and female that is reflected linguistically in areas like grammatical gender, gendered words, interaction, and speech.
Language contact
The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
Speech Communities
The document discusses key concepts relating to speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who interact through shared use of language and participation in common norms. While some definitions require all members to use the same language or dialect, most acknowledge that communities can be multilingual. Characteristics like shared social networks, values and beliefs help define communities more than sole reliance on linguistic criteria. Urban areas in particular may contain overlapping and intersecting speech communities with blurred boundaries.
Sociolinguistics Speech Communities
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
Diglossia
Diglossia is a stable language situation where in addition to primary dialects of a language, there is a highly codified superposed variety that is learned formally and used for written/formal communication. This high (H) variety is distinct from the vernacular low (L) variety used in everyday conversation. The H variety has more prestige and is used for literature/education while the L variety is used between family/friends and is acquired naturally rather than taught. Diglossia can last over 1000 years as the varieties are protected by their association with education/writing and stable norms around pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
Bilingualism, Multilingualism & Diglossia
This document defines bilingualism and multilingualism as speaking and understanding two or more languages. It discusses bilingualism at the individual and societal levels, and provides examples of officially bilingual countries like Canada and Belgium. It also describes different types of bilingual speakers and domains of language use. The document defines diglossia as the use of two varieties of the same language in different social contexts. It provides examples of diglossia in Arabic countries and medieval Europe. Diglossia is characterized by a "high" variety used in formal settings and a "low" variety used informally.
The study of language
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 18-20 of a textbook on the study of language. Chapter 18 discusses standard languages, accents, dialects, dialect boundaries, dialect continua, bilingualism, diglossia, and language planning. Chapter 19 covers sociolinguistics, social dialects, speech styles, style shifting, speech accommodation, registers, jargon, and slang. Chapter 20 defines culture and examines linguistic categories including kinship terms, linguistic relativity, cognitive categories, classifiers, social categories, address terms, gender, gendered words, and gendered interaction patterns.
The study of language. Chapter 19pptx
This document discusses sociolinguistics and the relationship between language and society. It covers several topics:
- Sociolinguistics studies how social factors like class, education, occupation, age and gender influence language use.
- Social dialects vary based on social class - working class speakers tend to use different features than middle class speakers.
- Education level impacts language through exposure to formal written language influencing spoken language.
- Social markers like pronunciation features can identify what social group a speaker belongs to consciously or not.
- Style shifting refers to changing between formal and informal speech styles depending on the social context and audience.
Standard form of language and dialects
This document discusses the differences between dialects and standard languages. It defines dialects as varieties of language spoken in particular regions that have unique vocabularies, grammars and pronunciations. Dialects are influenced by rural or urban socio-cultural factors and can vary between geographical areas. In contrast, a standard language is an official form that is codified and accessible to all speakers of that language for use in education, media and science. While dialects have small language areas and variations between regions, standard languages have larger speaker populations and areas of use across dialects.
linguistics
This document defines key terms related to regional dialects and linguistic boundaries. It discusses how regional dialects are forms of language specific to an area. Isoglosses are lines on maps that show where linguistic features change from one variety to another, helping define dialect boundaries. Dialect continua exist across boundaries, and speakers may use multiple dialects. Understanding dialects and isoglosses provides insight into regional linguistic variation and identity.
Language and Regional Variations by Yule
There are three main points made in the document:
1. Variation in language reflects social identity, as ways of speaking are associated with social groups and attitudes. People's language use can indicate their socioeconomic class, ethnicity, gender, age, and other social factors.
2. Every person has their own idiolect made up of the languages and dialects they command, and they code-switch between styles depending on the social situation or context.
3. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language but natural linguistic variations, and studying dialects can provide insights into how languages diverge regionally without any variety being inherently better than others.
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Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in society and how social factors like age, gender, identity and social networks influence linguistic variation and change. It examines language variation at the phonological, grammatical, lexical and discourse levels between different dialects, idiolects and sociolects. Standard languages are often codified through grammar books and dictionaries, while non-standard dialects are also studied. Sociolinguistic data is collected through naturalistic recordings to minimize the observer's paradox. Models analyze how social mobility and geographical factors drive language loyalty and change over time.
REGISTER AND STYLE
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
Basic notions; language variation and levels
These slides are very clear to learn about why there are different varieties of English language, and features that make English plural 'Englishes'
Language domain final
1. Linguists use the term "vernacular" to refer to the everyday language a person grows up with and uses in ordinary social interactions.
2. There is ambiguity around the terms "language" and "dialect" - language typically refers to a single linguistic norm or related norms, while dialect refers to one variation. Different dialects of the same language are not considered different languages.
3. Bell identified 7 criteria for distinguishing a language from others: standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. These criteria look at factors like codification, community of speakers, sense of identity, differences from other languages, and perceptions of proper usage.
Sociolinguistic relativity
Sociolinguistic relativity refers to the set of conventions and rules unique to language use within a community. It examines the relationship between language and society. The theory suggests that language shapes our cognition and influences how we see the world. Different social and cultural backgrounds can lead to different value systems for speech and social behavior. Understanding sociolinguistic diversity and cultural relativity helps explain why differences in language use across cultures does not mean one culture is superior. Violations of sociolinguistic rules within a culture, such as not acknowledging compliments, can be seen as offensive.
language, dialect, varietes
The document defines key concepts in the study of language variation:
Varieties are sets of linguistic features associated with a group. Dialects differ grammatically and lexically from other varieties and are associated with a social group. Accents only differ in pronunciation. Styles vary based on social situations. Dialect contact from communication between groups can lead to dialect mixture and the formation of new dialects or koines. Registers are varieties associated with topics or activities.
Language sociolinguistics presentation
This document discusses language shift and language revival. It defines language shift as occurring when a community abandons its native language and collectively shifts to speaking another language. Language shift is influenced by various demographic, attitude/value, economic, social and political factors. It is usually a gradual process that takes place over three generations. The document also discusses language revival, which refers to efforts to reverse language decline and shift by recovering and promoting daily use of endangered languages. It outlines eight steps proposed by Fishman for reversing language shift and making languages more sustainable.
Language varieties
This document discusses language varieties and standards. It notes that every language user has an accent or dialect influenced by their region and social group. It also discusses bilingualism, pidgins, and creoles. Pidgins develop for trade but may become creoles if passed to children. When a country is bilingual, language planning includes standardization through elaboration, selection, codification, and acceptance to establish a standard variety used in public life.
Speech communities
The document discusses sociolinguistic concepts such as speech communities, dialects, and linguistic repertoires. It notes that language is both an individual and social possession, and that communities are defined by their relationships with other communities. Speech communities refer to groups that share linguistic forms and can differentiate themselves from other speakers based on social, cultural, or ethnic attributes. Individual language use depends on one's place of origin or speech community.
Mutual intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
Language variation
This document discusses language variations and varieties of language. It defines language variation as differences in pronunciation, word choice, or grammar patterns among speakers. Variations can occur at geographical, social, stylistic, or functional levels. There are also three main levels of variation: pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The document then defines and provides examples of several varieties of language, including standard languages, national/official languages, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, lingua francas, and diglossia.
"The study of language" - Chapter 20
This document discusses language and culture from a linguistic perspective. It explains that culture refers to the ideas and assumptions we learn as members of social groups, including our particular language. Our language provides a system for categorizing the world that is acquired without conscious awareness. Some key linguistic categories discussed are kinship terms, time concepts, and grammatical markers. Social categories refer to how we are connected to others, demonstrated through pronouns. Gender is discussed as the distinction between male and female that is reflected linguistically in areas like grammatical gender, gendered words, interaction, and speech.
Language contact
The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
Speech Communities
The document discusses key concepts relating to speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who interact through shared use of language and participation in common norms. While some definitions require all members to use the same language or dialect, most acknowledge that communities can be multilingual. Characteristics like shared social networks, values and beliefs help define communities more than sole reliance on linguistic criteria. Urban areas in particular may contain overlapping and intersecting speech communities with blurred boundaries.
Sociolinguistics Speech Communities
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
Diglossia
Diglossia is a stable language situation where in addition to primary dialects of a language, there is a highly codified superposed variety that is learned formally and used for written/formal communication. This high (H) variety is distinct from the vernacular low (L) variety used in everyday conversation. The H variety has more prestige and is used for literature/education while the L variety is used between family/friends and is acquired naturally rather than taught. Diglossia can last over 1000 years as the varieties are protected by their association with education/writing and stable norms around pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
Bilingualism, Multilingualism & Diglossia
This document defines bilingualism and multilingualism as speaking and understanding two or more languages. It discusses bilingualism at the individual and societal levels, and provides examples of officially bilingual countries like Canada and Belgium. It also describes different types of bilingual speakers and domains of language use. The document defines diglossia as the use of two varieties of the same language in different social contexts. It provides examples of diglossia in Arabic countries and medieval Europe. Diglossia is characterized by a "high" variety used in formal settings and a "low" variety used informally.
The study of language
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 18-20 of a textbook on the study of language. Chapter 18 discusses standard languages, accents, dialects, dialect boundaries, dialect continua, bilingualism, diglossia, and language planning. Chapter 19 covers sociolinguistics, social dialects, speech styles, style shifting, speech accommodation, registers, jargon, and slang. Chapter 20 defines culture and examines linguistic categories including kinship terms, linguistic relativity, cognitive categories, classifiers, social categories, address terms, gender, gendered words, and gendered interaction patterns.
The study of language. Chapter 19pptx
This document discusses sociolinguistics and the relationship between language and society. It covers several topics:
- Sociolinguistics studies how social factors like class, education, occupation, age and gender influence language use.
- Social dialects vary based on social class - working class speakers tend to use different features than middle class speakers.
- Education level impacts language through exposure to formal written language influencing spoken language.
- Social markers like pronunciation features can identify what social group a speaker belongs to consciously or not.
- Style shifting refers to changing between formal and informal speech styles depending on the social context and audience.
Standard form of language and dialects
This document discusses the differences between dialects and standard languages. It defines dialects as varieties of language spoken in particular regions that have unique vocabularies, grammars and pronunciations. Dialects are influenced by rural or urban socio-cultural factors and can vary between geographical areas. In contrast, a standard language is an official form that is codified and accessible to all speakers of that language for use in education, media and science. While dialects have small language areas and variations between regions, standard languages have larger speaker populations and areas of use across dialects.
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This document defines key terms related to regional dialects and linguistic boundaries. It discusses how regional dialects are forms of language specific to an area. Isoglosses are lines on maps that show where linguistic features change from one variety to another, helping define dialect boundaries. Dialect continua exist across boundaries, and speakers may use multiple dialects. Understanding dialects and isoglosses provides insight into regional linguistic variation and identity.
Language and Regional Variations by Yule
There are three main points made in the document:
1. Variation in language reflects social identity, as ways of speaking are associated with social groups and attitudes. People's language use can indicate their socioeconomic class, ethnicity, gender, age, and other social factors.
2. Every person has their own idiolect made up of the languages and dialects they command, and they code-switch between styles depending on the social situation or context.
3. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language but natural linguistic variations, and studying dialects can provide insights into how languages diverge regionally without any variety being inherently better than others.
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This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
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This document discusses the complex relationship between language and dialect. It begins by defining key terms like language, dialect, accent, and register. It then examines different ways languages and dialects have been categorized, such as by mutual intelligibility, prestige, size, and through the family tree model of tracing linguistic descent. However, the document notes there is no clear distinction between language and dialect, as variations exist on a continuum. Factors like politics, history and social perceptions further complicate defining and delimiting languages versus dialects.
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A multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language actively or passively. Multilingualism involves using or promoting multiple languages by individuals or communities. While some see it as high proficiency in multiple languages, others define it more minimally as the ability to communicate basic phrases. Multilingualism is more common globally due to the needs of globalization and cultural openness.
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2. Difanti Alfina D. (21202244045)
3. Azzahra Zaizafun Q. (21202244051)
Language, dialect, and varieties
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
Diglossia, Bilingualism, & Multilingualism.pptx
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) is used for formal situations and learning, while the low variety (L) is used for daily communication. Examples include Classical Arabic vs. colloquial Arabic, and Standard German vs. Swiss German.
Bilingualism is the ability to use two languages. Broad definitions include anyone who uses two languages in their life, while narrow definitions require native-like ability. Types of bilingualism include coordinate (fluent in both), subordinate (fluent in one), and incipient (partial understanding of second language).
Multilingualism is the ability to use more than two
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This document discusses language variation and regional dialects. It begins by defining standard languages and noting examples like Standard American English. It describes how accents and dialects are used to analyze differences in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation between regions. Key concepts discussed include dialectology, using linguistic features to define dialect boundaries and continua. The document also covers related topics like bilingualism, diglossia, language planning, and the development of pidgins and creoles.
Language variation assgnmnt
The document is a 9-page assignment on the topic of language variation submitted for a sociolinguistics course. It defines key concepts in sociolinguistics such as standard language, dialects, registers, and style. It discusses how factors like region, social class, gender, and formality influence language variation. Specific language varieties covered include regional dialects, social dialects, individual dialects, accent, jargon, slang, and styles. Speech accommodation processes like convergence and divergence are also summarized.
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This document discusses language varieties and the differences between dialects and languages. It notes that there is no clear distinction, and mutual intelligibility is often used as a criterion but creates problems. Dialects can be regional, based on geography, or social, based on factors like occupation, education, ethnicity. Prestige dialects become standardized but this designation is imposed externally and shifts over time. All speakers use multiple dialects depending on social context.
Language variation2003
This document discusses several key linguistic concepts:
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Chapter 18
- 1. The Study of Language Chapter 18 Regional variation in language
- 2. Regional Variation in Language 2
- 3. Linguistic Geography Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. 3
- 4. The Standard Language This is actually an idealized variety, because it has no specific region. It is the variety associated with administrative, commercial and educational centers, regardless of region.
- 5. “ It is clearly associated with education and broadcasting in public contexts and is more easily described in terms of the written language than the spoken language” 5
- 6. Dialect This term is used to describe features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronunciation. 6
- 7. Accent It is a myth that some speakers have accents while others do not. We might feel that some speakers have very distinct or easily recognized types of accents, but every language-user speaks with an accent 7
- 8. Dialectology To distinguish between two different dialects of the same language (whose speakers can usually understand each other. 8
- 9. 9 Isoglosses An isogloss is a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. This linguistic feature may be phonological (e.g., the pronunciation of a vowel), lexical (the use of a word), or some other aspect of language. Major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses.
- 10. Speakers who move back and forth across this border area, using different varieties with some ease, may be described as BIDIALECTAL, for example: speaking two dialects. Most of us grow up with some form of bidialectalism, speaking one dialect in the street among family and friends, and having to learn another dialect in school Dialect Continuum 10
- 11. Bilingualism Ability to speak and understand two or more different languages 11 Diglossia "low variety" "high variety"
- 13. Pidgins 13 Variety of language developed among groups of people that do not have a language in common
- 14. Creoles 14 Pidgin that has become the first language of a social community Post -creole continuum -A speech continuum -The spectrum of linguistic varieties between a creole and a standard form of the lexifier.