The document discusses the construction and evolution of various types of microscopes, including simple, compound, electron, and scanning tunneling microscopes. It highlights significant contributors, such as Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Ernst Ruska, who advanced microscopy technology, and explains the differences in resolution and magnification capabilities of these microscopes. Additionally, the document touches on the historical context of these inventions and their implications on scientific discovery.

3. Construction of Simple microscope(Diagram)
Condenser lens system
Objective lens system
Ocular lens system
Compound microscope
X-ray microscope
Ultraviolet microscope
Florescence microscope
Electron microscope
Scanning tunneling microscope
Transmission electron microscope

6. Unknown inventor.
Stone glass
Two Dutch eye glass
makers, Zaccharias Janssen and
son Hans Janssen. microscope
and the telescope
– English physicist, Robert
Hooke looked at cork through a
microscope lens and noticed
some "pores" or "cells" in it.
– Anton van Leeuwenhoek
built a simple microscope with only
one lens to examine
– Ernst Abbe, then research director of the
Zeiss Optical Works, mathematical formula called
the "Abbe Sine Condition".=maximum resolution in
microscopes possible.

7. Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultra
microscope that could study objects below the
wavelength of light. He won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1925.
Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron
microscope for which he won the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1986.
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
invented the scanning tunneling microscope that
gives three-dimensional images of objects down to
the atomic level. Binnig and Rohrer won the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1986.
don’t get disappointed being
Indian we were the sponsor for all this invention
the wealth used during industrial revolution in
European nation was looted from India and all
other common wealth nation even though we don’t
have noble laureates but we were the investor

8. Theoretically a microscope is an array of two lenses.
Objective
lens
Tube lens Eyepiece
lens
Focal plane Image plane
Classic compound microscope
Image plane
dmin = 1.22 x wavelength / N.A. objective +
N.A. condenser
Where Dmin=smallest
separating two small object (resolution power)
N.A =numerical aperture
Which in simple word means light gathering capacity of lens

9. Condenser
lens system
Objective
lens system
Ocular
lens system

11. • Ultra violet light employed instead of short
wave length
• Fused Quartz lens used instead of glass lens
• Image cannot be observed but can be
photographed
• Used for Qualitative as well as
determination of cellular components

12. X-rays are used instead of visible light
They are more accurate and shorter than
ultraviolet rays
High penetration power
Analysis of 3d structure
Molecules can be brought to crystalline state
The had revealed the structure lysozymes
,Haemoglobin,DNA

13. • Fluorescence dyes are used to detect the object and
their chemical nature
• Different fluorescent dyes emit different wavelength
when exposed to ultraviolet rays
• Different dyes used to stain different object

14. A beam of electrons, instead of light, is
used with an electron microscope.
Electron microscopes can magnify
greater because the wavelengths of
electrons are much smaller than those of
visible light = 0.005nm as opposed to
500nm (one hundred thousand times
smaller)
The best compound light microscopes
can magnify 2000x, electron
microscopes can magnify up to
100,000x
They are of2 types: TEM & SEM

15. Scanning Electron Microscopes (or SEM),
are electron illuminated. The image is seen in
3D. They have high magnification and high
resolution. The specimen is coated in gold
and the electrons bounce off to give you an
exterior view of the specimen. The pictures
are in black and white.
Magnification: 1000-10,000x and Depth
of Field very high.
Pigeon blood cellCockroach antenna

16. Transmission Electron Microscopes (or
TEM) are also electron illuminated. This
gives a 2D view. Thin slices of specimen
are obtained. The electron beams pass
through this. It has a high magnification
and a high resolution
Electrons pass directly through the
specimen. Magnification: 10,000-
100,000x Resolving power: 2.5 nm.
mitochondrion
bacillus bacteria
dividing

17. Difference between SEM & TEM