This study evaluated methods for in vitro mass propagation of Asclepias curassavica through direct and indirect regeneration. Leaf explants produced the most callus on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. Organogenic callus developed shoots when transferred to MS medium with BAP and GA3. Nodal explants performed better than shoot tips. Among media, L2 medium with KN and auxins produced the most shoots. L2 medium was superior for shoot multiplication and elongation compared to MS medium. This work developed an efficient protocol for micropropagation of this medicinally important plant using nodal explants on L2 medium.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Ethnomedical herb from Cikondang indigenous village, district Bandung West Ja...Innspub Net
The research reported here is part of a comprehensive investigation of Cikondangs ethnobotany. The objective of
this study was to determine the community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent in Cikondang Indigenous Village, district Bandung. Emic and ethical approaches were used to describe the community knowledge along with the scientific explanations. The data of community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent was collected from respondents as many as 87 families and 4 key informants through interview techniques. The medicinal plants were identified in Herbarium Bogoriense-LIPI Biology Research Centre. The Cikondang community uses as many as 68 species belong to 39 families for medicinal plants, and Zingiberaceae is the most widely family used. Eight plant parts ,that are used for the treatment, were root, tuber, rhizome, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Leaves are the most widely used plant parts for treatment (29 species). People use several methods to prepare herbs, by boiling, brewing, grinding, squeezing out, shredding, burning, and without proccessing. The most widely used method was boiling the materials (37 species). Based on the disease type, Cikondang community classified four groups of disease, i.e. external, internal, digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urogenital diseases. The external diseases used the most numerous herbs (25 species).
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
On the systematics of genus Scylla De Haan,1833 of cochin backwaters, a South...Innspub Net
The present work is an attempt to describe the Scylla spp collected from Cochin backwaters, a South Indian estuary, for a period of two years from June 2010- to May 2012. Identification and description of Scylla spp. was carried out based on the conventional taxonomic tools viz., morphological characters including the description of the first and second male gonopods and the third maxillipeds; morphometry as well as the molecular methods viz., sequencing of CO1 gene and the amplification of ITS-1 region. The present study confirms the occurrence of two species of Scylla, from Cochin backwaters, namely Scylla serrata and Scylla olivacea. The study also rules out the existence of Scylla tranquebarica in Cochin backwaters. The smaller species being identified as S. Serrata is S. olivacea and the larger one being identified as S. tranquebarica is S. Serrata.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration in Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) M...IOSR Journals
An efficient protocol was devised for rapid callus induction and plantlet regeneration from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus. For callus induction, auxins such as 2, 4-D, IAA, NAA alone and in combination with cytokinin BAP were used. The most effective medium for callus induction and shoot regeneration was M S medium fortified with 8mg/l BAP and 2mg/l NAA, on which multiple shoots were obtained after 15 days of callus induction. All the in vitro raised shoots with length of 3-5 cm were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. The best rooting response was observed on half strength M S liquid medium supplemented with 3mg/l IBA. The established plantlets obtained were subjected to hardening and acclimatisation by transferring to polycups containing sterile soil for 3-4 weeks and then to the field, where
85% survived to maturity
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The variability of SSRs patterns were analysed for taxonomical delimitations including intra specific variations in 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from their natural populations. The total amplified produces of 10 SSRs primers were 172 between 50 and 330 bp (average of 17.2 bands per primer), of which 157 bands were polymorphic between Ribes accessions, corresponding to 91.2 % genetic diversity. The number of bands for each SSRs primer varied from 6 to 32. Segregations of Ribes accessions at specific and intraspecific levels were accomplished showing taxonomical and phylogeographical relations. Obtained results can be used as complementary data in characterizations of Ribes gene pool in Anatolia and selection of the germplasms suitable for crop improving.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Here, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing extract of Psidium guajava. In
this study leaf was with extricated alcohol, further this extract is utilized for the preparation of nanoparticles followed by treatment with silver nitrate solution. Color change from colorless to dark-yellow and
SPR band (UV-Vis) 420nm which indicates the synthesis of plant reduced silver nanoparticles. The presences of proteins as capping agent, which increase the stability of AgNPs in the colloids, are characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the presence at spherical AgNPs in the range of 15-30nm. The bactericidal activity of standard
antibiotics was essentially expanded in the presence of AgNPs against pathogenic bacteria, S Aureus,
Staphylococcus, E Coli, P Putida and fungus A Niger.
Somatic Embryogenesis for the Genetic Improvement of a Triploid Banana (Musa ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis was attempted with triploid banana Musa cv. (Berangan "AAA"). Cell suspension culture initiated from in vitro proliferating meristems. Embryogenic calli with globular structures developed from three different media. Induction media contained: 2,4 –Dichlorophenxy acetic acid (2,4-D); Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole -3-acetic acid (IAA) for the triploid ;zeatin and kinetin were necessary for embryo maturity; 6-benzylamino purine (6-BA) and Inidol 3-acetic acid (IAA) were used for germination. Generally, auxin is not required for initiation of the embryo, but it is needed for the growth of callus prior to this stage if embryogenesis cannot be induced directly from the tissue of explants. Somatic embryos (embryoids) from entirely different origins have a striking similar sequence of embryo formation. However, the origin of a somatic embryo may be a single cell or even a protoplast, but it can also develop from multiple cells derived from the same origin. A yellow-green compact callus was initiated, which consisted of an actively dividing meristematic zone surrounded by several layers of starchy cells. A white and friable callus, characterized by the presence of proem bryonic cells, bicellular proem bryos and proem bryonal masses in its periphery gradually appeared which gave rise to somatic embryos from which plants were recovered.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SRGM Analyzers Tool of SDLC for Software Improving QualityIJERA Editor
Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to estimate software reliability measures such as
software failure rate, number of remaining faults and software reliability. In this paper, the software analyzers tool proposed
for deriving several software reliability growth models based on Enhanced Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) in
the presence of imperfect debugging and error generation. The proposed models are initially formulated for the case when
there is no differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes and then this extended for the case
when there is a clear differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes. Many Software
Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to describe software failures as a random process and can be used
to measure the development status during testing. With SRGM software consultants can easily measure (or evaluate) the
software reliability (or quality) and plot software reliability growth charts.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Ethnomedical herb from Cikondang indigenous village, district Bandung West Ja...Innspub Net
The research reported here is part of a comprehensive investigation of Cikondangs ethnobotany. The objective of
this study was to determine the community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent in Cikondang Indigenous Village, district Bandung. Emic and ethical approaches were used to describe the community knowledge along with the scientific explanations. The data of community knowledge in using plants for medicine and healing agent was collected from respondents as many as 87 families and 4 key informants through interview techniques. The medicinal plants were identified in Herbarium Bogoriense-LIPI Biology Research Centre. The Cikondang community uses as many as 68 species belong to 39 families for medicinal plants, and Zingiberaceae is the most widely family used. Eight plant parts ,that are used for the treatment, were root, tuber, rhizome, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Leaves are the most widely used plant parts for treatment (29 species). People use several methods to prepare herbs, by boiling, brewing, grinding, squeezing out, shredding, burning, and without proccessing. The most widely used method was boiling the materials (37 species). Based on the disease type, Cikondang community classified four groups of disease, i.e. external, internal, digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urogenital diseases. The external diseases used the most numerous herbs (25 species).
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
On the systematics of genus Scylla De Haan,1833 of cochin backwaters, a South...Innspub Net
The present work is an attempt to describe the Scylla spp collected from Cochin backwaters, a South Indian estuary, for a period of two years from June 2010- to May 2012. Identification and description of Scylla spp. was carried out based on the conventional taxonomic tools viz., morphological characters including the description of the first and second male gonopods and the third maxillipeds; morphometry as well as the molecular methods viz., sequencing of CO1 gene and the amplification of ITS-1 region. The present study confirms the occurrence of two species of Scylla, from Cochin backwaters, namely Scylla serrata and Scylla olivacea. The study also rules out the existence of Scylla tranquebarica in Cochin backwaters. The smaller species being identified as S. Serrata is S. olivacea and the larger one being identified as S. tranquebarica is S. Serrata.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration in Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) M...IOSR Journals
An efficient protocol was devised for rapid callus induction and plantlet regeneration from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus. For callus induction, auxins such as 2, 4-D, IAA, NAA alone and in combination with cytokinin BAP were used. The most effective medium for callus induction and shoot regeneration was M S medium fortified with 8mg/l BAP and 2mg/l NAA, on which multiple shoots were obtained after 15 days of callus induction. All the in vitro raised shoots with length of 3-5 cm were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. The best rooting response was observed on half strength M S liquid medium supplemented with 3mg/l IBA. The established plantlets obtained were subjected to hardening and acclimatisation by transferring to polycups containing sterile soil for 3-4 weeks and then to the field, where
85% survived to maturity
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The variability of SSRs patterns were analysed for taxonomical delimitations including intra specific variations in 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from their natural populations. The total amplified produces of 10 SSRs primers were 172 between 50 and 330 bp (average of 17.2 bands per primer), of which 157 bands were polymorphic between Ribes accessions, corresponding to 91.2 % genetic diversity. The number of bands for each SSRs primer varied from 6 to 32. Segregations of Ribes accessions at specific and intraspecific levels were accomplished showing taxonomical and phylogeographical relations. Obtained results can be used as complementary data in characterizations of Ribes gene pool in Anatolia and selection of the germplasms suitable for crop improving.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Here, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing extract of Psidium guajava. In
this study leaf was with extricated alcohol, further this extract is utilized for the preparation of nanoparticles followed by treatment with silver nitrate solution. Color change from colorless to dark-yellow and
SPR band (UV-Vis) 420nm which indicates the synthesis of plant reduced silver nanoparticles. The presences of proteins as capping agent, which increase the stability of AgNPs in the colloids, are characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the presence at spherical AgNPs in the range of 15-30nm. The bactericidal activity of standard
antibiotics was essentially expanded in the presence of AgNPs against pathogenic bacteria, S Aureus,
Staphylococcus, E Coli, P Putida and fungus A Niger.
Somatic Embryogenesis for the Genetic Improvement of a Triploid Banana (Musa ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis was attempted with triploid banana Musa cv. (Berangan "AAA"). Cell suspension culture initiated from in vitro proliferating meristems. Embryogenic calli with globular structures developed from three different media. Induction media contained: 2,4 –Dichlorophenxy acetic acid (2,4-D); Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole -3-acetic acid (IAA) for the triploid ;zeatin and kinetin were necessary for embryo maturity; 6-benzylamino purine (6-BA) and Inidol 3-acetic acid (IAA) were used for germination. Generally, auxin is not required for initiation of the embryo, but it is needed for the growth of callus prior to this stage if embryogenesis cannot be induced directly from the tissue of explants. Somatic embryos (embryoids) from entirely different origins have a striking similar sequence of embryo formation. However, the origin of a somatic embryo may be a single cell or even a protoplast, but it can also develop from multiple cells derived from the same origin. A yellow-green compact callus was initiated, which consisted of an actively dividing meristematic zone surrounded by several layers of starchy cells. A white and friable callus, characterized by the presence of proem bryonic cells, bicellular proem bryos and proem bryonal masses in its periphery gradually appeared which gave rise to somatic embryos from which plants were recovered.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SRGM Analyzers Tool of SDLC for Software Improving QualityIJERA Editor
Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to estimate software reliability measures such as
software failure rate, number of remaining faults and software reliability. In this paper, the software analyzers tool proposed
for deriving several software reliability growth models based on Enhanced Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) in
the presence of imperfect debugging and error generation. The proposed models are initially formulated for the case when
there is no differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes and then this extended for the case
when there is a clear differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes. Many Software
Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to describe software failures as a random process and can be used
to measure the development status during testing. With SRGM software consultants can easily measure (or evaluate) the
software reliability (or quality) and plot software reliability growth charts.
Validation of the Newly Developed Fabric Feel Tester for Its Accuracy and Rep...IJERA Editor
The present paper deals with a comprehensive study of reproducibility of the newly developed instrument to
study fabric handle characteristics using extraction principle. As reported earlier that a new nozzle extraction
method for objective measurement of fabric handle characteristics has been developed. The force exerted by the
fabric being drawn out of the nozzle is known as extraction force and the force exerted by the fabric at the side
wall of the nozzle is known as radial force. A few fabric samples have been tested on this newly developed
instrument and the effect of numbers of tests has been studied. It has been observed that minimum five samples
of a fabric test in this instrument gives lower standard deviation of the test results. Also the overall deviations of
results justified the reproducibility of the instrument and hence the said instrument if validated for its testing
parameters.
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic and Environmental Impact – ...IJERA Editor
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic And Environmental Impact – A Case Study Of
Kanyakumari Coast”. Kanyakumari is the southernmost district of Tamil Nadu. The software Arc Gis are used
to demarcate the Natural Disaster ( Tsunami) and its socio Economic and Environment Impact. The district lies
between longitudes is 77˚15‟ E 77˚36‟ Eastern longitudes. The Latitudes is 8˚03‟ N to 8˚35‟ Northern
latitudes.The District is bound by Tirunelveli District on the North and the East. The South Eastern boundary is
the Gulf of Manner. On the South and the South West, the boundaries are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.
On the West and Northwest it is bounded by Kerala. The Kanyakumari District total areas area is 1430.3Km.
The Coastal Villages elevations are 5 meter to 50 meter above mean sea level.Tirunelveli linked with the
Kanyakumari city by both road and railways. It is located south of Trichy at distance of 335km .Kanyakumari
was formed 1835 AD. It has an area of 1671.3 Km2 with 16.76 Lakh populations as per 2011 Census. The study
made by the researcher confirmed the various relief measures carried out in the affected areas in general and in
Agashteeshwaram Taluk in Kanyakumari measures be programmed in such a way that they facilities of their
livelihood besides regaining their aspirations of life.
Analysis of a Compessor Rotor using Finite Element AnalysisIJERA Editor
The compressor compresses its working fluid by first accelerating the fluid and then diffusing it to obtain a
pressure increase. In an axial flow compressor, air passes from one stage to the next, each stage raising the
pressure slightly. The energy level of air or gas flowing through it is increased by the action of the rotor blades
which exert a torque on the fluid which is supplied by an electric motor or a steam or a gas turbine.
In this present work we are taken the existing model of transonic compressor test rotors which contains 18
blades. The model was modeled in Pro-E Creo 5.0 with existing dimensions and analyzed using Ansys14.5. For
the analysis we are taken two different materials and compared the values.
For the further extension we changed the existing mode by decreasing the number of blades and analyzed with
different materials. The developed stress values of the existing model are compares with the modified models.
Our objective is to increase the performance of the rotor blade by changing the materials and the model. From
the observation we will suggest which model is suitable for the compressor rotor.
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A surveyIJERA Editor
Congestion is a major problem in almost all kinds of wireless networks such as mobile ad-hoc networks; wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). There are variety of applications of WSN such as defense, temperature monitoring,
health monitoring. Congestion occurs in the sensor network because of limited resources such as low processing
power of the sensor node. As all the sensor nodes are battery powered. Hence, congestion in the sensor network
results in waste of energy of sensor nodes. All the layers of protocol suite of the network can be involved in the
congestion control process. This paper gives a brief idea about various congestion control methods. In some of
the schemes, cross-layer design is applied for better results.
Graphical Password by Watermarking for securityIJERA Editor
The most common authentication method is to use alphanumerical usernames and passwords. This method has
been shown to have considerable disadvantage. For example, users tend to pick passwords that can be easily
guessed. On the other hand, if a password is very difficult to guess, then it is often difficult to remember. To
address this problem, some researchers have developed authentication methods that use pictures as passwords.
Graphical Password based on the fact that humans tend to remember images better. In this paper, we will
propose a new algorithm that using watermarking technique as the solution to solving image gallery attacks and
using the random character set generation for each image for resistance to shoulder surfing attack to provide
better system security. All the information images in registration phase will be process by copy right protection
of watermarking where the login page will check this information for security purposes.
A Review: Significant Research on Time And Frequency Synchronization In MIMO ...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a fast and dependable procedure for timing and frequency synchronization of multiple-input
multiple- output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) could be a outstanding technique for high info rate remote transmission. The
execution of OFDM framework is exceptionally touchy to transporter repeat Offset (CFO) that presents between
bearer electric resistances (ICI). Multi data multi yield frame work used for increasing various qualities increase
and limit of the framework. During this space repeat synchronization in associate OFDM framework is
contemplated and gave past work OFDM framework.
A Microcontroller Based Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
A Microcontroller based Intrusion Detection System is designed and implemented. Rampant, Okintrusion to
restricted zones have highlighted the need for embedded systems that can effectively monitor, instantly alert
personnel of any breach in security and retrieve graphic evidence of any such activity in the secured area. At the
heart of the intrusion detection system is the PIC 168F77A Microcontroller that transmits pulses at 38 KHz. It is
suitably interfaced to a GSM modem that can send SMS on sight of infringement and a webcam that can take
snapshots. The report also presents the system software which has been developed in two parts: one in C++
Language using MPLAB KIT and the other written in AT COMMAND resident in the GSM modem. The
system is very cost-effective, uses easily available components and is adaptable to control systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Effect of growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus H...IJERA Editor
Bamboos are versatile multipurpose forest product, which are important economically and are often referred to
as ‘GREEN GOLD’. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the economically important species of Bamboo in
India. Government of India is running National Bamboo Mission to encourage the production of Bamboos in
India. The present work was undertaken to study the effect of Auxins and Cytokinins on the in vitro
multiplication of nodal cuttings with axillary buds Dendrocalamus hamiltonii a bamboo species growing in
North east region of India and north western Himalayas. The growth medium used was MS (1962) basal
medium supplemented with BAP, Kn and NAA at varying concentrations. The multiplication rate of shoots
increased with increasing the concentration of NAA and Kn. However the optimum results were obtained on
MS medium supplemented with a combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l Kn and 1 mg/l BAP. Effect of TDZ
concentration was also observed, and the results revealed that 0.25 mg/l TDZ, 0.25 mg/l PGH with 1 mg/l BAP
were found to be most suitable for in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii.
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— 15 accessions from 10 different grid square of Turkey were analysed based on IRAP and seed protein patterns in order to observe the genetic diversity in the gene pool of Capparis. High levels of polymorphisms were detected with IRAP primers (93%) and seed protein electrophoresis (55.5%). Specific delineation between C. spinosa and C. ovata, and segregations of the accessions related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distributions were presented in the dendrograms and PCA analysis. Significantly correlation between IRAP markers and seed protein profiles of the specimens was detected (p< 0.0001). Combination of genomic/proteomic marker systems may be useful approach for determining the broad genetic diversity in gene pool of Capparis, identification of the germplasms and ecologically tolerant genotypes in breeding programs.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Rooting performance of bahai (Ormosia calavensis Azaola ex Blanco) and Bakan ...Innspub Net
A macro-somatic propagation study was conducted to assess the effects of rooting hormone and the level of concentration to the rooting performance of Bahai (Ormosia calavensis Azaola ex Blanco) and Bakan (Litsea philippinensis Merr.). The study was carried out in the clonal nursery of Central Mindanao University, Msuan, Bukidnon, Philippines. The experimental design used was the 2 x 4 factorial experiment arranged in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) replicated five times. The two tree species served as Factor A: Bahai and Bakan; while levels of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) served as Factor B: control – no auxin , 100 ppm, 300 ppm, and 500 ppm. Findings show that Bahai cuttings exhibited statistically higher rooting performance compared to Bakan in terms of root length and number of roots treated with 300 ppm of IBA. Data show that Bahai had an average root length of 2.042 cm compared to Bakan with only 1.355 cm. For the number of roots, Bahai had an average of 1.855 compared to Bakan with 1.376. Between the two species used, Bahai showed higher survival rate of 84.42% compared to 57.63% for Bakan. Findings suggest that both species can be treated with 300 ppm of IBA to enhance higher rooting percentage where it produces greater number and longer length of roots. It is recommended that Bahai and Bakan tree species can be potential species for propagation using macro-somatic technologies.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Characterization of Arsenic contaminated Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) through RAPD ...IOSR Journals
Rice being cultivated under anaerobic condition is vulnerable to arsenite, a mobile arsenic speciation Both arsenate and arsenite are highly toxic to human body. Experiments were conducted in Nonaghata (Nadia) and De-ganga (North 24 parganas) with 40 genotypes of rice in Boro season. A few varieties have been identified with low arsenic. Simultaneously some of them were characterized at molecular level by RAPD technique. It is worth to be seen how the low grain and high grain arsenic varieties behave in RAPD fingerprinting. Fourteen out of the 18 decamer random primers showed amplification of genomic DNA in all individuals. A total of 59 fragments were scored, of these fragments, 10 (16.94%) were common to all accessions, 49 (83.06%) were polymorphic and shared by at least eight accessions. It is interesting to mention that the genotypes Azucena and Lemont have already been identified as low grain arsenic genotypes and occupied a distinct different cluster for all primers at the molecular level also. More research is needed in arsenic research in crop plants in different agro climatic situation to have a meaningful and stable conclusion so that the farmers and also the people of West Bengal do not suffer from arsenic hazards at least from the consumption of rice.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Heritable variations of Pteris biaurita L. discovered by ISSR markers in the ...
Aq31294301
1. S Hemadri Reddy, M Chakravarthi, K N Chandrashekara, CV Naidu / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
Effect of MS and L2 Medium on Callusing and Regeneration
From Nodal Explants of Asclepias curassavica- (L).
S Hemadri Reddy1, M Chakravarthi2, K N Chandrashekara3* And CV
Naidu
1
Department of Applied Science, Higher College of Technology, P.O. Box 74, Postal Code 133, Muscat,
Sultanate of Oman.
2
Division of Crop Improvement, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore - 641007, Tamilnadu, India.
3
*Department of Plant Physiology & Biotechnology, UPASI Tea Research Foundation Tea Research Institute,
Valparai – 642 127, Tamilnadu, India.
4
Department of Biotechnology, Dravidian University, Kuppam-517426, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abbreviations
BAP – Benzyl aminopurine callusing and can be employed for in vitro mass
KN – Kinetin propagation of A. curassavica.
IAA – Indole acetic acid
IBA – Indole butyric acid Keywords: - Asclepiadaceae, callus,
NAA – Naphthalene acetic acid micropropagation, organogenesis
2, 4-D – 2, 4- dichloro phenoxy acetic acid
GA3 – Gibberellic acid Introduction
Asclepias curassavica (L.) (Milk weed) is
Abstract an erect, evergreen sub shrub belonging to the
The present study demonstrates an family Asclepiadaceae. The family comprises more
efficient protocol for in vitro mass propagation of than 250 genera and 3,000 species, of which 43
A. curassavica through direct as well as indirect genera and 243 species are present in India. Resinoid
regeneration. The effect of MS and L2 media (galitoxin), the toxic principle in poisonous species
supplemented with various concentrations and is found in the milky latex of its stem. Root extracts
combinations of growth regulators has been of the plant are widely used in South America as an
studied. The growth regulators used include BAP emetic and laxative to induce vomiting. A
and kinetin (cytokinins) and IAA, IBA, NAA and decoction of the plant is used as an abortifacient.
2, 4-D (auxins). MS media proved better for Roots are known as ‘Pleurisy root” and used as an
callusing than L2 media and callus mediated expectorant for pneumonia, lung problems,
shoot organogenesis was obtained by sub employed to treat warts, fever, etc. Milk weeds are
culturing the organogenic callus obtained from known to contain cytotoxic glycosides. Though
leaf explants on MS + 2 mg/L NAA + 1mg/L many medicinally important plants of
BAP+0.5 mg/L KN on to a fresh medium Asclepiadaceae are known, little tissue culture
fortified with 1 mg/L BAP+ 0.1 mg/L GA3 studies have been accomplished so far making the
lacking NAA. Among the two different media family endemic, endangered and vulnerable taxa.
(MS and L2) tested, L2 medium proved superior Callus culture offers many advantages as a
to MS medium in terms of shoot multiplication model system for several biological investigations.
and shoot length. Nodal explants showed better The callus model of plant flowering was proposed
organogenic response than shoot tip explants. by Chailakhyan et al., (1975) and from then on have
Among nodal explants basal nodal explants been used widely in various physiological and
produced more number of shoots than terminal related studies by Weinstein et al., 1962 and Vesins
nodes for shoot morphogenesis. Among the two et al., 1972 in the genus Rosa and by Altman et al.,
different cytokinins tested in MS media BAP 1982. Venkateswara et al., (1987) isolated
proved better than KN for improving shoot cryptosin, a new steroidal glycoside, which is found
number and shoot length in combination with to be cardioactive, from cultured tissue of
different auxins. Among the two different Cryptolepis buchanani. In vitro multiple shoot
cytokinins tested in L2 media KN proved better formation from nodal explant was reported in
than BAP for improving shoot number and shoot Decalepis hamiltonii by Anitha and Pullaiah (2002).
length either individually or in combination with Komalavalli and Rao (1997) reported maximum
different auxins. Highest number of shoots was number of shoots from mature nodal explants of
obtained from nodal explants cultured on L2 Gymnema elegans. Lee et al., (1982) cultured apical
media containing 3 mg/L KN in combination shoot tips of Asclepias erosa to obtain greatest
with IAA. Hence L2 media proved to be effective number of shoots. Morphogenetic investigations of
for organogenesis while MS yielded better different explants of Asclepias rotundifolia were
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
carried out by Tideman and Hawker (1983). Various normal shoots, roots and embryoids that ultimately
researchers have carried out extensive form plantlets (Dodds and Roberts, 1982).
morphogenetic and suspension culture studies in Moreover, callus is a good source of genetic
Asclepias tuberosea. Researchers have shown variability and adventitious shoot formation and so
interest in latex producing plants with considerable is used in the production of cell suspension culture
amount of low molecular weight hydrocarbons that which are used extensively for in vitro secondary
could be used as substitutes for fossil fuels. Direct metabolite production, enzyme extraction, and
shoot organogenesis was also reported from an somatic embryogenesis.
economically significant genus Asclepias by Mante In the present study, among the different
et al., (1989). Snyder (1955) initiated tissue culture explants tested, percent of response and intensity of
studies in Asclepiadaceae. Majority of in vitro callus formed were more with leaf explants followed
morphogenic studies have been conducted in by inter nodal explants. Calli produced from leaf
Hemidesmus indicus, an Ascepiad. explants with 2, 4-D at 2 mg/L were compact,
brown colored and embryogenic in nature (Table 1).
Materials and methods The significance of 2, 4-D embryogenic callus
In the present investigation, A. curassavica initiation had been emphasized by Patnaik et al.,
plants and seeds were collected from Tirumala hills, (1997), Sagare et al., (1995) and Tiwari et al.,
Tirupathi, A.P., during March, 2005. The seeds were (1998). The calli from leaf explants cultured on MS
germinated in the garden, Department of medium fortified with NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) were
Biotechnology, S.V. University, Tirupathi, A.P. nodular and fragile. The highest intensity of calli
Actively growing 1-2 year old healthy plants were formed were observed in MS medium containing
collected from Tirumala hills and planted. Pods of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.5 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP
A. curassavica were collected and germinated in and are nodular and fragile in nature (Table 2). Calli
garden during the period of June – October, 2005. produced from leaf explants with IAA (2.5 mg/L)
After leaf excision, the cuttings were dissected into were dark brown coloured and compact. The other
shoot tip, terminal node and basal mature single auxin IBA did not induce any callusing response
noded bits. All the explants were initially washed in with the leaf explant tested. This may be attributed
running tap water for 30 minutes, then in 1% Teepol due to its thermolabile nature and similar response
for 5 minutes followed by continuous washing in was observed by Prakash (2001) in Pimpinella
double distilled water for 5 times. Surface tirupatiensis and Chakradhar (2004) in Wattakaka
decontamination was performed by passing through volubilis. Calli with varied morphology with
0.1% HgCl2 (w/v) for 5 minutes. The optimal respect to different auxins were reported by
concentration of the sterilant was determined after Kulkarni et al., (2001), Ramesh and Padhya (1990)
several initial trials; surface sterilization was and Morini (2000).
followed by 5-6 rinses in sterile distilled water. The The green patches of organogenic calli
cut ends of the explant were further trimmed. Then containing shoot buds further developed into shoots
the explants were blotted on sterile filter paper discs. when sub cultured onto a fresh medium with 1 mg/L
Initial experiments were designed for the selection BAP, lacking NAA. Elongation of shoots occurred
of most desirable explants and optimal on sub culturing to fresh medium with 1 mg/L BAP
concentrations of cytokinins and auxins. MS and 0.1 mg/L GA3. GA3 improved elongation of
medium and L2 medium individually supplemented shoot buds which was earlier reported by Arora and
with different concentrations of cytokinins (BAP Bhojwani (1989), Pattnaik and Chand (1996), Sahoo
and KN) (0.5 – 4.0 mg/l) alone and in combination et al., (1997) and Vasanth et al., (2002). The
with auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) (0.5mg/l) and nodular callus developed shoots from deeper zone of
explants from mature plants and young juvenile its tissue when transferred to the medium fortified
seedlings were inoculated. Explants showing better with 1 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L GA3. In general GA3
regenerative response were selected and the results was found to exert inhibitory action at bud induction
were statistically analyzed and used for further stage due to its suppression on meristemoid
experiments and analysis. In continuation, formation (Thorpe and Meier, 1973 and Rubulo et
experiments were carried out with MS medium and al., 1984), but is necessary for shoot bud
L2 medium supplemented with various cytokinins development (Jarret and Hasegawa, 1981).
alone (BAP and KN), and in combination with The decisive factor controlling
auxins (NAA, IAA, IBA). organogenesis in tissue culture is the balance of
cytokinins and auxins as envisaged by Chalupa
Results and discussion (1987), Lakshmisita and Sankara Rao (1984) and
The characteristic trait of a callus is that the Sinha and Mallick (1991). In this study, the leaf
unorganized mass has localized regions of explants were cultured with different auxins at their
meristematic activity (Meristemoids) and optimum concentration in combination with BAP.
rudimentary cambial regions with zones of vascular The organogenic calli with differentiated shoot buds
differentiation which have the potential to produce were formed from leaf explants at 1 mg/L NAA +
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L KN. The organogenic metabolic processes after absorption, in which the
callus formed on this medium was brown coloured cytokinin may be degraded or conjugated with
and compact in nature. In the present investigation, sugars or amino acids present in the plant, to form
different seedling and mature explants like axillary biologically inert compounds as reported by Tran
buds, shoot tips were inoculated on MS and L2 Tranh Van and Trinh (1990) and Kaminek (1992).
media containing 3% sucrose and 1 mg/L The superiority of KN over BAP in
cytokinins. The efficiency of the media was multiple shoot production has been illustrated
determined by percentage and nature of response among other Asclepiadaceans, H. indicus (Patnaik
i.e., number of shoots and their length. Among the and Debata, 1996), Tylophora indica (Faisal and
two media screened, L2 medium proved better than Anis, 2003) and in Coleus forskohlii (Sharma et al.,,
MS medium (Table 3). Axillary buds on L2 medium 1991). The enhanced response with KN containing
developed better than MS medium yielding an media can be attributed to its specificity of
average of 5 shoots per explant with 80 per cent of mechanism of action in preventing auxin synthesis.
shoot regeneration. All explants inoculated on L2 Kinetin is said to block the auxin stimulated
medium responded well with healthy shoots. Shoots synthesis of a polypeptide i.e., -1, 3- glucanase
developed on this medium were thin, light green in enzyme (Lee, 1974). The regenerated plantlets
colour with less number of leaves. The response of obtained with BAP were stunted and had short
any tissue in vitro is attributed to the composition of internodes with relatively small leaves. Unlike BAP
the medium besides other factors and balance treated shoots, the shoots which developed on KN
between growth hormones (Mc Car dell and Frett, supplemented medium had normal dark green and
1990). The effect of type of media was studied broad leaves with long internodal space and showed
previously by Hogue and Arima (2003), Narula et improved elongation and growth. The best shoot
al., (2001), Suri et al., (1998) and Heble et al., quality in KN containing medium had been reported
(1974). For successful micropropagation the buds of by Pierik et al., in Gerbera jamesonii (1982).
apical (shoot tip) and axillary (nodal) explants were Among the two different media tested, L2 medium
preferred as these buds have entire rudimentary fortified with BAP 2 mg/L was found to be the best
vegetative shoot and offer no risk of obtaining medium for shoot sprouting, number and length
cuttings different from mother plant than does the followed by MS medium in A. curassavica (Table 4
classical propagation in the green house (Anuradha and 5). The shoot buds sprouted on MS medium
and Pullaiah, 1992). The present study showed that showed only limited number and growth even if
cytokinins are indispensable for sprouting of they were maintained for longer period. Thus the
axillary buds as stated by Hussey (1986) and Purohit degree of growth and differentiation varied
and Dave (1996). considerably with the media composition. This may
Shoot tip explants produced single long be because L2 medium has higher levels of Ca 2+,
unbranched shoots at all concentrations of Mg2+ and SO42- than MS media and since nitrogen is
cytokinins alone and in combination with various a significant constituent; its deficiency would inhibit
auxins, which indicate the strong apical dominant plant growth.
nature of the plant. Production of axillary shoot by
BAP and inhibition of its elongation simultaneously Conclusions
were observed as reported by Baraldi et al., (1988). Major success of micropropagation
He suggested that shoot proliferation by this depends on successful acclimatization of in vitro
cytokinin was promoted by a low energy rooted plantlets. Among the two different media
phytochrome response. In conditions which does (MS and L2) tested, L2 medium proved better than
not induce shoot proliferation i.e., dark, low fluency MS medium in terms of shoot multiplication and
far red light, BAP inhibits shoot elongation. shoot length. Nodal explants showed better
However, shoot tip explants were found to produce organogenic response than shoot tip explants.
single long shoot in all responsive concentrations of Among nodal explants, basal nodal explants
BAP. produced more number of shoots than terminal
The highest number of shoots with nodes for shoot morphogenesis. Among the two
maximum shoot length and frequency of shoot different cytokinins tested in MS media, BAP
regeneration were obtained from KN than BAP proved better than KN for improving shoot number
when employed individually. Hence BAP was and shoot length in combination with different
considered as second best cytokinin for axillary auxins. Among the two different cytokinins tested in
shoot proliferation in A. curassavica both L2 media, KN proved better than BAP for improving
qualitatively and quantitatively. Variation in the shoot number and shoot length either individually or
activity of different cytokinins in inducing multiple in combination with different auxins. Highest
shoots can be explained by two ways – a) Their number of shoots obtained from nodal explants
varied uptake rate reported in different genomes cultured on L2 media containing 3 mg/L KN in
(Blakesley and Lenton, 1987a and b) Differential combination with IAA. Thus an efficient protocol
translocation rates to meristematic regions and
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
for the micro propagation of A. curassavica has 12. Heble, M.R., Narayanaswamy, S. and
been established which would offer a great promise Chadha, M.S. (1974). Tissue regeneration
for future studies in the endemic medicinal plant. and plumbagin synthesis in variant cell
strains of Plumbago zeylanica L. Plant Sci.
Acknowledgments Letters. 2: 405-409.
The authors are grateful to the Department 13. Hogue, A. and Arima, S. (2003). Effect of
of Biotechnology, S. V. University, Tirupati, Andra nutrient media on in vitro shoot
Pradesh for providing financial assistance in the proliferation in cotyledonary node explants
form of fellowship to S. Hemadri Reddy. of Trapa japonica. Phytomorphology. 53:
105-111.
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
Table 1. Influence of MS and L2 media supplemented with different auxins on callus induction from leaf
explants of A. curassavica with 2 mg/L auxins. Observations: After 4 weeks.
Plant growth regulators Intensity of Fresh weight (mg) Dry weight (mg)
Medium
mg/L callus formed Mean ± SE Mean ± SE
2.0 MS +++ 860.00±1.03 30.00±0.98
2, 4 - D
2.0 L2 ++ 760.00±1.02 28.40±0.86
2.0 MS ++ 730.00±2.19 26.40±0.80
NAA
2.0 L2 ++ 700.00±0.00 24.40±0.80
2.0 MS ++ 550.00±0.03 20.00±0.00
IAA
2.0 L2 + 450.00±0.00 18.00±0.00
+ - Moderate, ++ - High, +++ - Intense callus formation.
Table 2. Effect of different concentrations of auxins alone and in combination with BAP in MS media on
callus induction from leaf explants of A. curassavica. Observations made after 4 weeks.
Cytoki-
Concentrations of
nins Frequency of Intensity of
auxins (mg/l) Nature of response
(mg/l) response (%) callus formed
2,4 – D NAA BAP
0.5 0.5 0.1 30 + Yellow
0.5 1.1 0.25 40 ++ Pale yellow, Nodular
0.5 1.5 0.5 65 +++ Nodular, Fragile
0.5 2.0 0.1 40 + Brown, Compact
1.0 - 0.25 30 + Brown, Compact
1.5 - 0.5 40 + Brown, Compact
2.0 - - 30 ++ Brown coloured, Compact
0.5 2.5 - 40 + Yellowish, Fragile
1.0 2.5 - 45 ++ Nodular, Fragile
1.5 2.5 - 40 + Nodular, Fragile
+ - Moderate, ++ - High, +++ - Intense callus formation.
Table 3. Effect of different auxins in combination with cytokinins in L2 media for the induction of
organogenic callus from leaf derived callus of A. curassavica. Observations: After 4 weeks.
Intensity of
Auxins BAP KN
morphogenic Nature of response
1mg/l mg/L mg/L
callus formed
0.1 0.1 + Brown Coloured, Embryogenic
2,4 – D 0.5 0.5 ++ Greenish Yellow, Organogenic
1.0 0.1 ++ Pale Yellow.
0.1 0.1 + Pale Yellow, Nodular.
NAA 0.5 0.5 +++ Brown Coloured, Compact & Organogenic
1.0 1.0 +++ Brown Coloured
0.1 0.1 ++ Whitish Green
IAA 0.5 0.5 +++ Whitish Green, Crystalline
1.0 1.0 ++ Light Green, Crystalline.
+ - Moderate, ++ - High, +++ - Intense callus formation.
Table 4. Effect of KN and BA individually on direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of A.
curassavica in MS media. Observations: After 4 weeks. (The results are mean (SE) of 20 independent
determinations).
Cytokinins
Frequency of shoot No. of shoots/explant Length of shoots
mg/L
regeneration (%) Mean ± SE (cm) Mean ± SE
KN BA
0.5 - 60 1.49 ± 0.30 4.5 ± 0.6
1.0 - 60 1.30 ± 1.10 4.18 ± 1.08
2.0 - 75 1.52 ± 0.32 4.8 ± 0.7
3.0 - 85 1.62 ± 0.3 3.50 ± 0.08
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7. S Hemadri Reddy, M Chakravarthi, K N Chandrashekara, CV Naidu / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
4.0 - 80 1.16 ± 0.16 3.51 ± 0.13
- 0.5 55 1.33 ± 0.21 3.05±0.39
- 1.0 60 1.4 ± 0.24 4.78±0.82
- 2.0 65 1.4 ± 0.24 4.14±0.37
- 3.0 60 1.33±0.21 4.1±0.36
- 4.0 60 1.33±0.21 2.7±0.38
Figure 1. Callus induction from leaf explants of A .curassavica on MS and L2 medium with different
concentrations and combination of plant growth regulators A. brown and compact callus formed from leaf
explant B. nodular and fragile callus formed from leaf explants C. greenish and organogenic callus formed from
initial callus upon subculture D. Greenish yellow and organogenic callus formed from leaf explants of A
.curassavica on L2 medium E. Light green and crystalline callus formed from leaf explants of A .curassavica on
L2 medium D. whitish green and crystalline with nodular branches formed from initial callus upon subculture on
L2 medium
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013, pp.294-301
Figure 2: Direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of Asclepias curassavica on MS and L2 media
supplemented with different combinations and concentration of growth regulators A. direct shoot initiation from
nodal explants on MS media with KN (1.0 mg/l) B. shoot multiplication on MS media supplemented with KN
(3.0 mg/l) C. elongated shoots multiplied in MS media after frequent subculture D. multiple shoot formation
from nodal explants on L2 media supplemented with BA (3.0 mg/l) E. initiation of rhizogenesis from well
developed shoots on MS media F. well rooted plantlets ready for hardening
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