This is about the 8085 Microprocessor Architecture for absolute beginners.It explains register organization , Temporary registers,General Purpose Registers ,Special Function Registers,Stack Pointer(SP),Program Counter(PC),Stack operation,PUSH, POP operation with examples.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
The fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics, communications, computers, security and military equipment. Digital electronics includes many applications in real life. Here are three different and most important application of Digital Electronics.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
The fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics, communications, computers, security and military equipment. Digital electronics includes many applications in real life. Here are three different and most important application of Digital Electronics.
ARM PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE with reference to ARM state and Thumb state. CPSR register and shift from one state to another ,applications of Thumb and limitations of Thumb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MW2M6hvAuis
ARM 7 TDMI Processor architecture ,with reference to Processing modes, CPSR Register organization, Privileged and Unprivileged modes are explained.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oAZEJCwZu8&t=11
8085 Microprocessor Architecture for beginners.It explains the Instruction Register(IR),Instruction Decoder, Address buffer register,Address data buffer,program execution,Serial I/O control etc.
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Register Organization
• The 8085 microprocessor has various types of registers as shown
below.
• It includes six , 8 – bit registers (B, C, D. E, H and L), one 8-bit
Accumulator ,One Flag register and two 16-bit registers (SP and PC).
• Also there are two 8-bit temporary registers
W and Z.
• These registers W and Z are not
accessible to the user, They are used by the
processor for internal, intermediate operations.
• These registers B, C, D. E, H and L are known
• as general purpose registers.
3. contd
• The registers Program Counter and Stack Pointer are known as the
speci purpose Registers.
• So, the total registers are classified into three groups .They are
(i).Temporary registers. (W and Z )
(ii).General purpose registers (B, C, D. E, H and L)
(iii).Special purpose registers. (SP and PC).
• The special purpose registers PC and SP are 16 bit registers.
• As you know 8085 is a 8-bit processor with 16 bit-address bus.So, the
address of the memory location is always16-bit .
• But a very interesting thing is there are no 16-bit general purpose
registers to hold the address of the memory location.
4. contd
• To overcome this limitation, Intel has provided the feature of Register
pairing.
• That is two 8-bitregisters are paired so that they can store a 16-bt
address.
• The admissible register pairs are B-C; D-E and H-L only. No other
pairs are allowed.
• These pair of register are mainly used only during the times of
address accessing .
• At all the other times they are only 8-bit data registers (B,C,D,E,H and
L).
• Let us see this with an example.
• LXI H 8509 ; It means, load immediately the register pair H-L with
the address 8509.
5. contd
• Here L-register is loaded with 09 and H-register is loaded with
address 85H. Here H indicates that the address is Hexadecimal.
• It is a three byte instruction.(Hex code = 21, 09, 85 (Three bytes)
21 = 0010 0001 8-bits = 1 byte
09 = 0000 1001 8-bits = 1 byte
85 = 1000 0110 8-bits = 1 byte
Total 3-bytes
6. Program Counter (PC)
• It is a 16-bit special purpose register, which stores the address of the
next instruction to be fetched or executed.
• The execution of a program is initiated by loading the PC by the address
of the first instruction of the program.
• Once the first instruction is executed, the PC is automatically
incremented to point to the next instruction unless a jump to some
specific address occurs.
• This process is repeated till the last instruction of the program is
executed.
•
8. contd
• In case of JUMP or CALL instructions, current address is stored in the
Program Counter.
• The processor then fetches
the next instruction from the
new address specified by the
JUMP or CALL instruction.
Address HEX –
CODE
LABEL MNEMONIC COMMENTS
OPCODE OPERAND
8000 21,00,85 LXI H, 8500 INITIALISE H-L PAIR
8003 7E MOV C,M Count in the C register
8004 23 INX H First number in H-L pair
8005 4E MOV A,M Move first number in to Accumulator
8006 0D DCR C Decrement the count
8007 91 LOOP1 INX H Get the next number
8008 BE CMP M Compare the next number with previous
number
8009 D2 JNC LOOP2 Is next number >previous maximum?No,go
to the loop2
800A 0D
800B 80
800C 7E MOV A,M If,yes move the large number in to
Accumulator
800D 0D LOOP2 DCR C Decrement the count
800E C2 JNZ LOOP1 If count not equal to zero,repeat
800F 07
8011 80
8012 78
8013 32 STA 85XX Store the largest number in the location
85XX
8014 XX
8015 85
8016 76 HLT Stop the execution
9. Stack Pointer (SP)
• It is a 16-bit special purpose register which always stores the address of
top of the Stack. i.e. it always points to top of the Stack.
• Stack is a part of the memory location used to store the data
temporarily.
• A stack works on Last in First out (LIFO) basis. As the Stack pointer
always points to the top of the Stack, only top of the Stack of the
memory can be accessed.
• When a Write operation (PUSH) takes place, the contents of the stack
pointer is decremented by two so that the SP points to the new location.
10. Stack Pointer (SP)
• Similarly when the Read operation (POP) occurs, the Stack pointer is
incremented by two to point to the next data on top of the Stack.
• The Stack Pointer is initialized by load register pair immediate
instruction.
• Ex: LXI SP, 8530 H
Here 8530 H is the 16 bit address of the top of Stack location.
11. Stack Details
• Stack is a set of memory locations in the Read/Write memory(RAM),
which is used for temporary storage of binary information during the
execution of a program.
• It is implemented in the Last-in-first-out (LIFO) manner. i.e., the data
written first can be accessed last.
• The stack may also be used for storing local variables of subroutine and
for the transfer of parameter addresses to a subroutine.
• This facilitates the implementation of re-entrant subroutines which is a
very important software property.
12. Stack operation
• Operations on stack are performed using the two instructions namely PUSH and
POP.
• The contents of the stack are moved to certain memory locations on stack after
PUSH instruction. Similarly, the contents of the stack are transferred back to
registers by POP instruction.
• For example, let us consider a Stack whose
stack top is 4506 H. This is stored in the
16-bit Stack pointer register as shown below.
• Let us consider two registers (register pair) B &
C whose contents are 25 & 62.
Reg. B Reg. C
14. contd
• Let us now consider POP operation: The Figs below explains before
and after the POP operation in detail.
• Ex: POP B
15. Temporary Registers
• The two temporary data registers are W register and Z register. These
are 8-bit registers.
• We have already seen in the earlier video that one temporary data
register is associated with the ALU operations.
• Similarly W and Z are also temporary registers used to hold 8-bit data
during execution of certain instructions.
• As these registers are internally used by the CPU, they are not
accessible to the user.
• For ex: the W and Z registers are used by the processor during CALL
instruction.
16. contd
• When a CALL instruction is encountered in any program, the current
Program counter (PC) contents are pushed on to the stack and the given
address is loaded on to PC.
• The given address is temporarily stored in W and Z registers and
placed on the bus for the fetch cycle.
• Thus the program control is transferred to the address given in the
instruction.
• Another example is, during the execution of XCHG instruction, the
contents of H-L pair are exchanged with D-E pair.
• At the time of exchange W and Z registers are used for temporary
storage of data.