This document reviews microneedles as a novel drug delivery system. It discusses how microneedles can overcome limitations of standard injections and transdermal patches by creating micro-scale openings in the skin's surface using arrays of dissolvable micron-sized needles to deliver drugs. The needles are small enough to not cause pain upon insertion and only penetrate the outer layers of skin. This allows delivery of macromolecular drugs not possible with standard patches. The document outlines different microneedle designs and mechanisms of drug delivery including coating needles with drugs or using biodegradable drug-filled microneedles.
Microneedles are made of solid or hollow cannula for the delivery of drugs. it helps to eliminate the pain caused by injections. They are painless drug delivery systems. In future they can be used for mass vaccination and immunization programs. .
Microneedle a smart approch for transdermal drug delivery systemHarshal Kathane
Microneedle is a smart approach in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Why we called it smart over other formulations what's its significance, advantages, and applications are given In this presentation. In this presentation, I also included one case study on the cost-effectiveness of microneedle over the hypodermic needle, in measles vaccination.
MICRONEEDLE: AN APPROACH FOR DRUG PERMEATION THROUGH TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM Navneet Yadav
Microneedles is the technique of drug delivery enhancement, which was primarily designed for facilitating percutaneous drug delivery. Started from the development of simple solid microneedles, providing microporation of stratum corneum and therefore enhancement of topical drug delivery, for two decades the technique has progressed in various modifications such as hollow, coated, dissolving and hydrogel forming microneedles.
Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemChandni Verma
This presentation includes the recent fivE year patentS as well as research articles mainly on dissolving needles and further description on typesof mns,mechanism of drug release,etc
Microneedles are made of solid or hollow cannula for the delivery of drugs. it helps to eliminate the pain caused by injections. They are painless drug delivery systems. In future they can be used for mass vaccination and immunization programs. .
Microneedle a smart approch for transdermal drug delivery systemHarshal Kathane
Microneedle is a smart approach in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Why we called it smart over other formulations what's its significance, advantages, and applications are given In this presentation. In this presentation, I also included one case study on the cost-effectiveness of microneedle over the hypodermic needle, in measles vaccination.
MICRONEEDLE: AN APPROACH FOR DRUG PERMEATION THROUGH TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM Navneet Yadav
Microneedles is the technique of drug delivery enhancement, which was primarily designed for facilitating percutaneous drug delivery. Started from the development of simple solid microneedles, providing microporation of stratum corneum and therefore enhancement of topical drug delivery, for two decades the technique has progressed in various modifications such as hollow, coated, dissolving and hydrogel forming microneedles.
Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemChandni Verma
This presentation includes the recent fivE year patentS as well as research articles mainly on dissolving needles and further description on typesof mns,mechanism of drug release,etc
Microneedles are a type of micromachined structure that promotes the transport of substance through an interface or media, via enhanced permeability or microchannels. In most cases, microneedles are similar in shape to hypodermic needle but are much smaller in size, enabling localized and painless delivery of drugs into cells or tissues. It have its own use,advantages and disadvantages.
Microparticles or microspheres are defined as small, insoluble, free flowing spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. and sized from about 50 nm to about 2 mm. The term nanospheres is often applied to the smaller spheres (sized 10 to 500 nm) to distinguish them from larger microspheres.
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
A Novel Approach Towards Transdermal Drug Delivery system: Microneedlesrxashutosh04
Demand for a painless method of delivering macromolecular compounds
is on the rise. However, large-molecule drugs typically cannot be administered
in the oral tablet form patients and doctors prefer. In addition to the
molecular weight being too high to enter the bloodstream from tablet ingestion,
the bodys digestion process would dilute the drug potency to a
level of inefficacy. Microneedles are long and robust enough to penetrate
across the barrier, but short enough to prevent nerve stimulation which
projections of solid silicon or hollow drug-filled metal needle which are
fabricated in several shapes and sizes
AdminMed is developing an
innovative line of novel
microneedle-based transdermal
drug delivery devices. The current pipeline
comprises an advanced microneedle array based
pen-injector device (the AdminPen TM)
that painlessly and conveniently injects
therapeutic levels of standard liquid
pharmaceutical drugs or cosmetic actives
through the skin. This breakthrough
technology revolutionizes the way in which
medicines can be administered, increasing
efficacy, safety, and compliance.
Microneedles are a type of micromachined structure that promotes the transport of substance through an interface or media, via enhanced permeability or microchannels. In most cases, microneedles are similar in shape to hypodermic needle but are much smaller in size, enabling localized and painless delivery of drugs into cells or tissues. It have its own use,advantages and disadvantages.
Microparticles or microspheres are defined as small, insoluble, free flowing spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. and sized from about 50 nm to about 2 mm. The term nanospheres is often applied to the smaller spheres (sized 10 to 500 nm) to distinguish them from larger microspheres.
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
A Novel Approach Towards Transdermal Drug Delivery system: Microneedlesrxashutosh04
Demand for a painless method of delivering macromolecular compounds
is on the rise. However, large-molecule drugs typically cannot be administered
in the oral tablet form patients and doctors prefer. In addition to the
molecular weight being too high to enter the bloodstream from tablet ingestion,
the bodys digestion process would dilute the drug potency to a
level of inefficacy. Microneedles are long and robust enough to penetrate
across the barrier, but short enough to prevent nerve stimulation which
projections of solid silicon or hollow drug-filled metal needle which are
fabricated in several shapes and sizes
AdminMed is developing an
innovative line of novel
microneedle-based transdermal
drug delivery devices. The current pipeline
comprises an advanced microneedle array based
pen-injector device (the AdminPen TM)
that painlessly and conveniently injects
therapeutic levels of standard liquid
pharmaceutical drugs or cosmetic actives
through the skin. This breakthrough
technology revolutionizes the way in which
medicines can be administered, increasing
efficacy, safety, and compliance.
Refers to approaches, formulations, technologies & systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired effect.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as "patches," are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin. The adhesive of the transdermal drug delivery system is critical to the safety, efficacy and quality of the product. In the Drug Quality Reporting System (DQRS), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received numerous reports of "adhesion lacking" for transdermal drug delivery systems. This article provides an overview of types of transdermals, their anatomy, the role of adhesion, the possible adhesion failure modes and how adhesion can be measured. Excerpts from FDA reports on the lack of adhesion of transdermal system products are presented. Pros and cons of in vitro techniques, such as peel adhesion, tack and shear strength, in vivo techniques used to evaluate adhesive properties are discussed. To see a decrease in "adhesion lacking" reports, adhesion needs to become an important design parameter and suitable methods need to be available to assess quality and in vivo performance. This article provides a framework for further discussion and scientific work to improve transdermal adhesive performance.
EVALUATION AND RECENT TECHNIQUES OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM”.pptxRahulBGole
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.Introduction
2.Evaluation Of Transdermal Drug Delivery System
2.1 Physicochemical Evaluation
2.2 In Vitro Release Studies
2.3 In Vivo Evaluation
2.4 Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
3. Recent Techniques For Enhancing TDDS
3.1 Structure Based Enhancemnet Techniques
3.2 Electrically Based Enhancement Techniques
3.3 Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques
3.4 Other Enhancement Techniques
4. Conclusion
5. References
1.Introduction :Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as ''patches,'' are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin.
2.Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System:
2.1Physicochemical Evaluation:
Physicochemical Evaluation
In Vitro Release Studies
In Vivo Evaluation
Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
2.2. In Vitro Release Studies
●The Paddle over Disc:
The transdermal system is attached to a disc or cell resting at the bottom of the vessel which contains medium at 32 ±5°C.
●The Cylinder modified USP Basket:
The system is attached to the surface of a hollow cylinder immersed in medium at 32 ±5°C.
●Franz diffusion cell:
The cell is composed of two compartments: donor and receptor. The receptor compartment has a volume of 5-12ml and effective surface area of 1-5 cm.The diffusion buffer is continuously stirred at 600rpm by a magnetic bar.
2.3. In Vivo Evaluation
●Animal models:
The most common animal species used for evaluating transdermal drug delivery system are mouse, hairless rat, hairless dog, hairless rhesus monkey, rabbit,guinea pig etc.
●Evaporative water loss management:
Content irritation also disrupts the stratum corenum barrier and causes and excessive water loss from the damaged surface that can be measured means of evaporimetry.
3. Recent Techniques for Enhancing TDDS
3.1. Structure-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Macroflux:
This technology offers a needle-free and painless transdermal drug delivery of large-molecular-weight compounds such as insulin,several peptidic hormones, and vaccines.
●Microfabricated Microneedles:
A transdermal patch or skin adhesive patch is that device which is loaded with drug candidate and usually applied on the skin to transport a specific dose of medication across the skin and into the blood circulation.
3.2.Electrically-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Ultrasound:
In this technique, there is a mixing of drug substance with a coupling agent (usually with gel, cream or ointment) that causes ultrasonic energy transfer from the system to the skin.
●Iontophoresis:
permeation of ionized drug through electrical impulses of 0.5 mA/cm by either galvanic or voltaic cell. It contains cathode and anode which attracts positively charged ion and negatively charged ions, respectively
3.3. Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques:
●Needle-Free Injections:
The liquid or solid particles are fired at supersonic speeds through the outer layers of the skin using a reliable energy source for delivering the drug.
Review on 'Needle-free injection technology'.
Importance and awareness on why this technology is necessary in the developing nation like India (This technology is being used in small extent in the developed nations such as USA, UK EU etc.)
Note: Due to technical glitch for the previously uploaded slide, new slide has been uploaded (Previous slide link: https://www.slideshare.net/OmkarMurtale/presentation-on-needlefree-injection-technology-by-omkar-murtale)
Emerging trends in transdermal drug delivery technology.pptx version 1-1.pdfPrajaktaPatil890246
The presentation overviews on Introduction to transdermal drug delivery system, Various TDDS technologies that includes active and passive methods . Active delivery methods containing iontophoresis, sonophoresis,electroporation,micro needles,Thermal ablation ,whereas passive delivery method consisting of vesicles and nanoparticles .It also explain various challenges and opportunities for transdermal drug delivery system.
Overview of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systemijtsrd
Transdermal drug delivery systems are topically administered medicaments. Transdermal drug transport structures TDDS are the dosage shape of adhesive patch this is positioned on the skin to deliver specific dose of medication through the skin and in to the blood stream. The main objective of transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drug into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatients variation. This article gives a brief overview over principles behind transdermal drug delivery, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of transdermal therapeutic system and the recent innovations in the field of transdermal drug delivery and also describe the methods of preparation of different types of transdermal patches, evaluation parameters and some available marketed products. Sayali Dhepe | Manisha Sukre | Vikram Veer "Overview of Transdermal Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50107/overview-of-transdermal-drug-delivery-system/sayali-dhepe
Announcement about my previous presentations - Thank youAreej Abu Hanieh
ANNOUNCEMENT Thank you for all of you, my followers who sent me messages with a lot of love and appreciations, I finally graduated after 6 years of studying in Birzeit University , In doctor of Pharmacy department I hope all of you benefited from all the presentations posted before Thank you a new PharmD GraduatedAreej ^^
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Microneedles - Pharmacy
1. Memon Shakeel et al IRJP 2 (2) 2011 72-77
IRJP 2 (2) Feb 2011 Page 72-77
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407
Available online http://www.irjponline.com
Review Article
MICRONEEDLE AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW
Memon Shakeel*, Pathan Dilnawaz N, Ziyaurrrahman A.R, Bagwan Akber, Sayed Bushra
M.C.E.Society’s Allana College of Pharmacy, Azam campus, Camp, Pune, India.411001
*Memon Shakeel, M.C.E.Society’s, Allana College of Pharmacy, Azam campus, Camp, Pune. India.
411001. Email: memon.shakeel@gmail.com
Article Received on: 04/01/11 Revised on: 07/02/11 Approved for publication: 17/02/11
ABSTRACT
Patch-based transdermal drug delivery offers a convenient way to administer drugs without the drawbacks
of standard hypodermic injections relating to issues such as patient acceptability and injection safety.
However, conventional transdermal drug delivery is limited to therapeutics where the drug can diffuse
across the skin barrier. By using miniaturized needles, a pathway into the human body can be established
which allow transport of macromolecular drugs such as insulin or vaccines. These microneedles only
penetrate the outermost skin layers, superficial enough not to reach the nerve receptors of the lower skin.
Thus, microneedle insertions are perceived as painless. These microneedle arrays could be easily inserted
into skin without breaking and were shown to increase permeability of human skin in vitro to a model
drug, calcein, by up to 4 orders of magnitude. Limited tests on human subjects indicated those
microneedles were reported as painless.
KEY WORDS: Microneedle, Transdermal, standard hypodermic injections.
INTRODUCTION
Microneedles are micron- scale needles assembled on a transdermal patch have been proposed as a hybrid
between hypodermic needles and transdermal patches to overcome the individual limitations of both
injections and patches.1
Every drug needs a drug delivery system. Drug delivery is defined as the
administration of the drug into the body through different routes. There are different types of drug
delivery systems developed to administer the drug to the body. Previously, the drug delivery systems
were developed for the traditional routes of administration like oral or parenteral route but in the last few
years many nonconventional routes have been developed such as Transdermal- through skin, nasal,
ocular- through eye, pulmonary- by lungs. In short, many novel drug delivery systems there have been
developed from last few years for the purpose of the administration of drug to the body to make drug
more effective and easy to administer. The mechanism for delivery, however, is not based on diffusion as
it is in other trandsermal drug delivery products. Instead, it is based on the temporary mechanical
disruption of the skin and the placement of the drug or vaccine within the epidermis, where it can more
readily reach its site of action. Microneedle are somewhat like traditional needles, but are fabricated on
the micro scale. They are generally one micron in diameter and range from 1-100 microns in length.
Microneedles have been fabricated with various materials such as: metals, silicon, silicon dioxide,
polymers, glass and other materials. It is smaller the hypodermic needle, the less it hurts when it pierces
skin and offer several advantages when compared to conventional needle technologies. Various types of
needles have been fabricated as well, for example: solid (straight, bent, filtered), and hollow. Solid
microneedle could eventually be used with drug patches to increase diffusion rates; solid-increase
permeability by poking holes in skin, rub drug over area, or coat needles with drug.2
Hollow needles
could eventually be used with drug patches and timed pumps to deliver drugs at specific times. Arrays of
hollow needles could be used to continuously carry drugs into the body using simple diffusion or a pump
system. Microneedles are a relatively new medical technology and are the subject of extensive research
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and study. The size of a microneedle is measured in microns. One micron is one thousandth of a
millimeter, and a microneedle is usually no more than 1 micron in diameter, and 1-100 microns long.
Patches coated with microneedles are described as feeling similar to sandpaper when touched. These
needles are so small that they have been used to deliver drugs into individual cells. Microneedles are
designed to be painless whilst overcoming the natural barrier function of the skin. Microneedle arrays can
be deployed using an applicator device that moves microneedle arrays into contact with a target location,
such as a location on a patient's skin.3
NEED FOR USING MICRONEEDLES
To increase skin permeability, a number of different approaches has been studied, ranging from
chemical/lipid enhancers to electric fields employing iontophoresis and electroporation to pressure waves
generated by ultrasound or photoacoustic effects. Although the mechanisms are all different, these
methods share the common goal to disrupt stratum corneum structure in order to create “holes” big
enough for molecules to pass through. The size of disruptions generated by each of these methods is
believed to be of nanometer dimensions, which is large enough to permit transport of small drugs and, in
some cases, macromolecules, but probably small enough to prevent causing damage of clinical
significance.4,5
An alternative approach involves creating larger transport pathways of microns
dimensions using arrays of microscopic needles. These pathways are orders of magnitude bigger than
molecular dimensions and, therefore, should readily permit transport of macromolecules, as well as
possibly supramolecular complexes and microparticles. Despite their very large size relative to drug
dimensions, on a clinical length scale they remain small. Although safety studies need to be performed, it
is proposed that micron-scale holes in the skin are likely to be safe, given that they are smaller than holes
made by hypodermic needles or minor skin abrasions encountered in daily life.6
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The mechanism for delivery is not based on diffusion as it is in other trandsermal drug delivery
products.Instead, it is based on the temporary mechanical disruption of the skin and the placement of the
drug or vaccine within the epidermis, where it can more readily reach its site of action. The drug, in the
form of biomolecules, is encapsulated within the microneedles, which are then inserted into the skin in
the same way a drug like nitroglycerine is released into the bloodstream from a patch. The needles
dissolve within minutes, releasing the trapped cargo at the intended delivery site. They do not need to be
removed and no dangerous or biohazardous substance is left behind on the skin, as the needles are made
of a biodegradable substance. In microneedle devices, a small area (the size of a traditional transdermal
patch) is covered by hundreds of microneedles that pierce only the stratum corneum (the uppermost 50
µm of the skin), thus allowing the drug to bypass this important barrier. The tiny needles are constructed
in arrays to deliver sufficient amount of drug to the patient for the desired therapeutic response.
METHODOLOGY OF DRUG DELIVERY
A number of delivery strategies have been employed to use the microneedles for transdermal drug
delivery. These include7
:
• Poke with patch approach
• Coat and poke approach
• Biodegradable microneedles
• Hollow microneedles
• Dip and scrape
Poke with patch approach
It involves piercing an array of solid microneedles into the skin followed by application of the drug patch
at the treated site. Transport of drug across skin can occur by diffusion or possibly by iontophoresis if an
electric field is applied.
Coat and poke approach
In this approach needles are first coated with the drug and then inserted into the skin for drug release by
dissolution. The entire drug to be delivered is coated on the needle itself.
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Biodegradable microneedles
It involves encapsulating the drug within the biodegradable, polymeric microneedles, followed by the
insertion into the skin for a controlled drug release.
Hollow microneedles
It involves injecting the drug through the needle with a hollow bore. This approach I more reminiscent
(suggestive of) of an injection than a patch.
Dip and scrape
Dip and scrape approach,where microneedles are first dipped into a drug solution and then scraped across
the skin surface to leave behind the drug within the microabrasions created by the needles. The arrays
were dipped into a solution of drug and scraped multiple times across the skin of mice in vivo to create
microabrasions.Unlike microneedles used previously, this study used blunt-tipped microneedles
measuring 50–200 µm in length over a 1 cm2
area.
ADVANTAGES OF MICRONEEDLES
ü The major advantage of microneedles over traditional needles is, when it is inserted into the skin it
does not pass the stratum corneum, which is the outer 10-15 μm of the skin.2
ü By fabricating these needles on a silicon substrate because of their small size, thousands of needles
can be fabricated on a single wafer. This leads to high accuracy, good reproducibility, and a moderate
fabrication cost.8
ü These are capable of very accurate dosing, complex release patterns, local delivery and biological
drug stability enhancement by storing in a micro volume that can be precisely controlled.9
ü Microneedles with a length of a few hundred micrometers, only penetrates the superficial layers of
the skin where the density of nerve receptors is low. As a consequence, insertion of microneedles into
skin is perceived as painless.10
ü Like an ordinary transdermal patch, an envisioned system can be applied by the patient himself
virtually without any training. However, to achieve this, special insertion tools and procedures are
highly unwanted.10
ü when its inserted into skin it doesn’t pass sc so no pain, where as conventional needles which do pass
this layer may effectively transmit the drug but may lead to infection and pain By fabricating these
needles on a silicone substrate because of their small size, thousands of needles can be fabricated on
a single wafer.- leads to high accuracy , reproducibility, and moderate fabrication cost Arrays
continuously carry drugs into skin.1
DISADVANTAGES OF MICRONEEDLES
This system carries some disadvantages too. The needle made of silicon and if the silicon left under the
skin after removing the patch, it may create problems. The needles are very small and much thinner than
the diameter of hair so the microneedle tips can be broken off and left under the skin therefore problems
may be developed. Skin irritation or allergy may create in case of sensitive skin. The designs of
microneedles are difficult to apply on the skin therefore proper application is needed and self
administration is not easy.
TYPES OF MICRONEEDLES
The different types of microneedles are etched by different materials: The first type of the microneedle is
single-tip microneedles that have a sharp tip. These types of microneedles are in straight shape, 200μm in
length. It contains sharp tip with different angles of 15 degree, 30 degree, 45 degree and 75 degree2,8
.
The second type of Quadruplet microneedles and the third type of microneedle is hollow microneedles.
The quadruplet and hollow microneedles are good in strength and not very expensive respectively.
A classification for microneedles usually used in literature is based on the fabrication process: in-plane or
out-of-plane microneedles.
In-plane microneedles are fabricated with the shaft being parallel to substrate surface. The advantage of
this arrangement is that the length of the needle can be very accurately controlled. A disadvantage is that
it is difficult to fabricate two-dimensional arrays.
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Out-of-plane microneedles on the other hand, protrude from the substrate and are straightforward to
fabricate in arrays. Instead, the length and high aspect-ratios become significant challenges in the
fabrication of these kinds of needles
1. Hollow microneedles
Skin permeability can be dramatically increased by the holes created from solid microneedles insertions.
However, it is still necessary to have more controlled and reproducible transport pathways to delivery
drugs into the tissue. The fabrication of hollow microneedles that allow transport through the hollow shaft
of the needle was based on this need. The inclusion of a hollow lumen in a microneedle structure expands
its capabilities dramatically and can offer the following advantages: the ability to deliver larger molecules
and particles; deliver material in a convective transport fashion (for example, pressure-driven flow)
instead of passive diffusion; and minimize the cross-contamination of the deliverables and its
surrounding. A variety of hollow microneedles has been fabricated and has demonstrated success in
transdermal drug delivery.
a. Metal hollow microneedles
b. Silicon hollow microneedles
c. Glass hollow microneedles
2. Other types of microneedles
Besides solid and hollow microneedles, various other types of microneedles were fabricated using
different materials such as biodegradable polymers, polysilicon and sugar with additional functionalities.
Because of their biocompatible nature with the tissue, biodegradable polymer microneedles were
developed19
. These needles were fabricated by initially making master structures using lithography-based
methods, creating inverse structures from the master molds, and finally producing replicate microneedles
by melting biodegradable polymer formulations (i.e. poly-lactic acid, PLA, or poly-lactic-co-glycolic
acid, PLGA) into the molds. The resulting microneedles can be loaded with molecules, drugs, DNA or
proteins. Unlike solid and hollow microneedles, polymer microneedles themselves serve as the drug
implants after insertion into the tissue. Park et al. (2006) inserted the microneedles loaded with calcein or
bovine serum albumin (BSA) into full thickness human cadaver skin.
Dimension of Microneedles
The solid tip microneedles and hollow microneedles have different dimension. Solid microneedles are
fabricated in 750-1000 μm in length, 15º-20º tapered tips angle and 190-300 μm bases area. The masks of
microneedles are designed to 400-600 μm triangles length, 70-100 μm conduits diameter, and 25-60EA/5
mm2 arrays density..
The hollow microneedles arrays are fabricated with lumen diameter of 30 μm and height of 250 μm. The
center-to-center the distance of the hollow microneedles array is 150 μm. The axis of lumen is fabricated
with the distance of 10 μm to the axis of outside column.
CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICRONEEDLES TECHNOLOGY
The first microneedle arrays reported in the literature were etched into a silicon wafer and developed for
intracellular delivery in vitro by Hashmi et al. These needles were inserted into cells and nematodes to
increase molecular uptake and gene transfection. Henry et al. conducted the first study to determine if
microneedles could be used to increase transdermal drug delivery. An array of solid Microneedles was
embedded in cadaver skin, which caused skin permeability to a small model compound. 2,11
Extending in vitro findings to the in vivo environment, Lin et al. used microneedles either alone or in
combination with iontophoresis to deliver 20-mer phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotides across the
skin of hairless guinea pigs. A related study further demonstrated microneedle- enhanced delivery of
desmopressin and human growth hormone using a similar approach.12,13
Using solid microneedles of a different design, Martanto et al, delivered insulin to diabetic hairless rats in
vivo. Microneedle arrays were inserted into the skin using a high-velocity injector and shown by
microscopy to embed fully within the skin. Matriano et al.11
examined the use of Microneedles to deliver
ovalbumin as a model protein antigen coated onto the needle surface. Microneedles were prepared with a
dry-film coating of antigen and then inserted into the skin of hairless guinea pigs in vivo using a high-
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velocity injector. Mikszta et al.12
studied delivery of naked plasmid DNA into skin using microneedles.
The arrays were dipped into a solution of DNA and scraped multiple times across the skin of mice in vivo
to create microabrasions.14
Kaushik et al, carried out a small trial to determine if microneedles are perceived as painless by human
subjects. Microneedle arrays were inserted into the skin of 12 subjects and compared to pressing a flat
surface against the skin (negative control) and inserting a 26-gauge hypodermic needle into the skin
surface (positive control). Subjects were unable to distinguish between the painless sensation of the flat
surface and that caused by microneedles. All subjects found the sensation caused by the hypodermic
needle to be much more painful. Other studies have also reported that microneedles were applied to
human subjects in a painless manner.15
Several new and interesting microneedle concepts have been recently proposed which may find great
utility in the future. For example, biodegradable polymer microneedles have recently been fabricated and
characterized. The advantage of polymer needles is that they may be produced much more inexpensively
(compared to silicon) and they should not pose a problem if they break in the skin since they are
biodegradable. This study addresses microneedles made of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
which are expected to improve safety and manufacturability. To make biodegradable polymer
microneedles with sharp tips, micro-electromechanical masking and etching were adapted to produce
beveled- and chisel-tip microneedles and a new fabrication method was developed to produce tapered-
cone microneedles using an in situ lens-based lithographic approach.16
Gill et al (2007) have been studied on coating of Microneedle. A novel micron-scale dip-coating process
and a GRAS coating formulation were designed to reliably produce uniform coatings on both individual
and arrays of microneedles. This process was used to coat compounds including calcein, vitamin B,
bovine serum albumin and plasmid DNA. Modified vaccinia virus and microparticles of 1 to 20 μm
diameter were also coated. In conclusion, this study presents a simple, versatile, and controllable method
to coat microneedles with proteins, DNA, viruses and microparticles for rapid delivery into the skin.17
Recently Lee et al (2008) has studied on dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. This
study presents a design that encapsulates molecules within microneedles that dissolve within the skin for
bolus or sustained delivery and leave behind no biohazardous sharp medical waste.18
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