The document discusses microencapsulation technology. Microencapsulation is the process of coating solid or liquid particles with a polymeric film, producing microcapsules in the micrometer to millimeter range. It can protect active materials, stabilize them, and control their release. Many biodegradable polymers have been used for microencapsulation in drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and ability to achieve targeted and on-demand release. Continuous research is needed to design optimal drug delivery systems using microencapsulation and address issues with techniques and material selection.
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous core materials in diameters between 1-1000 μm within an inert shell. This process isolates and protects core materials while controlling drug release. Methods like single emulsion, solvent evaporation, phase separation, and spray drying are used to prepare microspheres and microcapsules for applications like oral drug delivery, vaccines, gene delivery, and targeted therapies. Microencapsulation masks tastes, separates incompatible materials, and provides environmental protection or controlled release of core substances.
This document provides an overview of microencapsulation including its advantages, applications, materials used, techniques, kinetics, and evaluation. Microencapsulation coats small particles or droplets of active ingredients with polymeric films. It has benefits like sustained drug release, masking tastes/odors, and stabilizing compounds. Common coating materials are water soluble/insoluble resins, waxes, and lipids. Major techniques include coacervation, spray drying, pan coating, and solvent evaporation. Drug release occurs via diffusion, dissolution, osmosis, or erosion. Microcapsules are evaluated based on characterization, morphology, kinetics and in vitro drug release.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases in microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It is used for controlled drug delivery, masking tastes/odors, and isolating reactive materials. Common methods include coacervation, spray drying, fluidized bed coating, and polymerization. Micro-encapsulation can provide benefits like controlled release, reduced toxicity, and improved handling of materials.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and protection of materials. Microcapsules find applications in pharmaceuticals for controlled drug delivery and replacement of non-orally administered drugs. Some marketed formulations that use microencapsulation technology include Lupin Cefadroxil, ZORprin CR, and Glipizide SR.
microencapsulation is the part of an pharmaceutics, in that the method of preperation is giving. and all related thing about microencapsulation is given.
thanks you.
This document provides an overview of microencapsulation. It defines microencapsulation as coating solid, liquid, or gas core materials that are 5-5000 μm in size. Reasons for microencapsulation include sustained release, taste/odor masking, separating incompatible materials, and protecting materials from environmental conditions. Key considerations are the core and coating materials and the release characteristics. Common techniques include solvent evaporation, spray drying, pan coating, and interfacial polymerization. Microencapsulation has various applications and advantages such as converting liquids to powders and preventing gastric irritation, but also has disadvantages like potential toxicity.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous core materials in diameters between 1-1000 μm within an inert shell. This process isolates and protects core materials while controlling drug release. Methods like single emulsion, solvent evaporation, phase separation, and spray drying are used to prepare microspheres and microcapsules for applications like oral drug delivery, vaccines, gene delivery, and targeted therapies. Microencapsulation masks tastes, separates incompatible materials, and provides environmental protection or controlled release of core substances.
This document provides an overview of microencapsulation including its advantages, applications, materials used, techniques, kinetics, and evaluation. Microencapsulation coats small particles or droplets of active ingredients with polymeric films. It has benefits like sustained drug release, masking tastes/odors, and stabilizing compounds. Common coating materials are water soluble/insoluble resins, waxes, and lipids. Major techniques include coacervation, spray drying, pan coating, and solvent evaporation. Drug release occurs via diffusion, dissolution, osmosis, or erosion. Microcapsules are evaluated based on characterization, morphology, kinetics and in vitro drug release.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases in microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It is used for controlled drug delivery, masking tastes/odors, and isolating reactive materials. Common methods include coacervation, spray drying, fluidized bed coating, and polymerization. Micro-encapsulation can provide benefits like controlled release, reduced toxicity, and improved handling of materials.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and protection of materials. Microcapsules find applications in pharmaceuticals for controlled drug delivery and replacement of non-orally administered drugs. Some marketed formulations that use microencapsulation technology include Lupin Cefadroxil, ZORprin CR, and Glipizide SR.
microencapsulation is the part of an pharmaceutics, in that the method of preperation is giving. and all related thing about microencapsulation is given.
thanks you.
This document provides an overview of microencapsulation. It defines microencapsulation as coating solid, liquid, or gas core materials that are 5-5000 μm in size. Reasons for microencapsulation include sustained release, taste/odor masking, separating incompatible materials, and protecting materials from environmental conditions. Key considerations are the core and coating materials and the release characteristics. Common techniques include solvent evaporation, spray drying, pan coating, and interfacial polymerization. Microencapsulation has various applications and advantages such as converting liquids to powders and preventing gastric irritation, but also has disadvantages like potential toxicity.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Formulation and evaluation of Muco adhesive Buccal Tablets of Ramprildoddaapurupa
The buccal mucosa lines the inner cheek and Buccal formulations are placed in the mouth between upper gingiva(gums) and cheek to treat local and systemic conditions.
Drugs which undergoes Extensive first pass metabolism and drug degradation in acidic media, GI tract can be administered through buccal route.
The oral cavity has been used as a site for local and systemic drug delivery.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system copySonam Gandhi
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining mucoadhesive drug delivery as a system that utilizes the bioadhesive properties of water soluble polymers to target and maintain a drug at a specific site in the body for an extended period. It then discusses various types of mucoadhesive systems including buccal, oral, nasal, ocular, and rectal. The document outlines the mechanism of mucoadhesion and factors affecting it. It provides examples of mucoadhesive dosage forms and their advantages and disadvantages. Evaluation tests for these systems are also mentioned. The objective of developing mucoadhesive forms for prolonged drug absorption using various mucoadhesive polymers is stated.
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets of carvedilol using natura...Nausheen Fatima
Present work describes formulation and evaluation mucoadhesive tablets of Carvedilol using natural binders such as Chitosan and Guar Gum to reduce the first pass metabolism and frequency of administration.
The document discusses implants and inserts as drug delivery systems. It defines implants as single unit drug delivery systems designed to deliver a drug over a prolonged period of time. Implants can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable and come in various shapes, sizes, and drug release mechanisms. The document then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implants, ideal characteristics, mechanisms of drug release including diffusion controlled and activated controlled systems, approaches to development, types of devices based on route of administration, and evaluation of implants.
The document discusses preformulation studies, which characterize a new drug substance's physical and chemical properties to develop stable, safe dosage forms. Key goals are to establish the drug's properties, compatibility with excipients, and kinetic profile. Studies examine various physical parameters like appearance, particle size, flow properties, and chemical properties like solubility, polymorphism, hygroscopicity, and stability. This information guides dosage form development to deliver drugs efficiently and consistently.
This document discusses buccal mucosa drug delivery (BMDD) and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy of the oral mucosa, mechanisms of mucoadhesion, commonly used mucoadhesive polymers, and buccal dosage forms including matrix and reservoir patches. Some advantages of BMDD are avoidance of first-pass metabolism, rapid drug absorption from abundant blood vessels, and ease of administration/termination. Disadvantages include a small absorptive surface area and interference from salivation. The conclusion states that BMDD is promising for systemic delivery of orally inefficient drugs and a noninvasive alternative to other dosage forms.
Microsponge drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery technique using porous microspheres called microsponges for controlled release and targeted drug delivery. Microsponges are typically 5-25 μm in diameter and can entrap a wide range of active ingredients. They can be prepared using liquid-liquid suspension polymerization or quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Microsponges provide advantages like extended release, reduced irritation and side effects, and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have applications in topical delivery of drugs for conditions like acne, inflammation and fungal infections. Common evaluation parameters are particle size, drug loading efficiency, in vitro drug release and compatibility studies. Several commercial products use micro
This document discusses various routes of drug administration through mucosal membranes. It describes key considerations for drug delivery such as the structure of mucosal linings, drug properties like potency and solubility, and factors that influence drug absorption like permeability and metabolism. Specific routes covered include buccal, sublingual, ocular, rectal, and vaginal delivery. Advantages of these routes include avoidance of first-pass hepatic elimination and rapid onset with sublingual administration. Challenges and strategies to overcome barriers are also outlined.
Formulation and evaluation of buccal disintegrating tablet of anticonvulsant ...AkshayAkotkar
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of buccal disintegrating tablets of an anticonvulsant drug. It begins with an introduction to buccal drug delivery and the advantages of buccal disintegrating tablets over conventional dosage forms. The document then covers topics like permeability of drugs through oral mucosa, theories of adhesion, basic formulation components, and mechanisms of buccal disintegrating tablets. Nine formulations of gabapentin buccal tablets were developed and evaluated for characteristics like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F5 was found to have the highest drug release of 99.99% and was concluded to be the
This document presents a research study on the development of bilayered buccal tablets of chlorpheneramine maleate (CPM) for the treatment of allergic conditions. Various polymers including Carbopol 934, sodium alginate, guar gum, HPMC K4M, and HPMC K15M were used to prepare the tablets by direct compression method. The tablets were then evaluated for characteristics like hardness, thickness, drug content, swelling index, and in vitro drug release. Literature on buccal drug delivery and CPM was also reviewed to support the study. The aim was to increase the bioavailability of CPM using suitable formulation approaches for the buccal route of administration.
Buccoadhesive drug delivery system OR Buccal adhesive drug delivery systemshubhadag
1) Buccoadhesive drug delivery systems involve delivering drugs through the oral mucosa lining using bioadhesive polymers. This avoids limitations of oral and intravenous routes by providing rapid drug absorption from the extensive blood supply to the oral mucosa.
2) Advantages include rapid drug absorption, increased bioavailability, rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and improved patient compliance through sustained drug delivery.
3) Key factors affecting buccoadhesion include molecular weight and concentration of polymers, flexibility of polymer chains, swelling properties, mucin turnover, disease states, and pH of the polymer-substrate interface.
Common buccoadhesive polymers include both natural (chitosan
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with mucus and mucin molecules to increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. They have been developed for buccal, nasal, rectal and vaginal routes for both systemic and local drug effects. Mucoadhesive systems prolong residence time, improve drug therapeutic performance, and can provide controlled drug release from the site of application. Formulation involves mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors. Evaluation includes in vitro tests like tensile strength measurement and in vivo tests using radioisotopes or gamma scintigraphy to determine residence time.
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
1. The document discusses implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), which are small sterile devices implanted under the skin to deliver drugs over prolonged periods.
2. IDDS aim to provide controlled, zero-order drug release through biocompatible polymers while improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency.
3. The mechanisms of drug release from IDDS include polymer membrane permeation, polymer matrix diffusion, and osmotic pressure activation using semi-permeable membranes.
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the Mucoadhesive drug delivery system.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
Microencapsulation may be defined as the packaging technology of solids, liquid or gaseous material with thin polymeric coatings, forming small particles called microcapsules .
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by defining MDDS as drug delivery systems that interact with mucus layers and increase drug residence time at absorption sites. It then discusses various types of MDDS (buccal, sublingual, etc.), advantages like prolonged drug effects, and challenges like irritation. The document also covers mucoadhesion theories, drug transport mechanisms, formulation considerations, and provides an example case study on salbutamol sulfate buccal patches.
Este documento describe la sabiduría de los antiguos Toltecas y cómo ha sido transmitida a través de los siglos. Los Toltecas eran una sociedad de maestros y estudiantes que preservaban el conocimiento espiritual de sus antepasados. Aunque su sabiduría tuvo que mantenerse en secreto durante mucho tiempo debido a la conquista, ahora Don Miguel Ruiz, un nagual del linaje de los Guerreros del Águila, ha sido guiado para divulgar estas enseñanzas. El conocimiento Tolteca surge de la verdad esenc
This thesis work contributes new techniques for the development of more stable pharmaceutical dosage forms and probiotic foods through the microencapsulation of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 and Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF-1. Controlled-release tablets containing L. fermentum CECT 5716 were designed and shown to protect the probiotic under simulated gastric conditions. The microencapsulation and formulation techniques developed in this work could enable a wider range of probiotic products to reach consumers with higher viable cell counts.
Formulation and evaluation of Muco adhesive Buccal Tablets of Ramprildoddaapurupa
The buccal mucosa lines the inner cheek and Buccal formulations are placed in the mouth between upper gingiva(gums) and cheek to treat local and systemic conditions.
Drugs which undergoes Extensive first pass metabolism and drug degradation in acidic media, GI tract can be administered through buccal route.
The oral cavity has been used as a site for local and systemic drug delivery.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system copySonam Gandhi
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining mucoadhesive drug delivery as a system that utilizes the bioadhesive properties of water soluble polymers to target and maintain a drug at a specific site in the body for an extended period. It then discusses various types of mucoadhesive systems including buccal, oral, nasal, ocular, and rectal. The document outlines the mechanism of mucoadhesion and factors affecting it. It provides examples of mucoadhesive dosage forms and their advantages and disadvantages. Evaluation tests for these systems are also mentioned. The objective of developing mucoadhesive forms for prolonged drug absorption using various mucoadhesive polymers is stated.
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets of carvedilol using natura...Nausheen Fatima
Present work describes formulation and evaluation mucoadhesive tablets of Carvedilol using natural binders such as Chitosan and Guar Gum to reduce the first pass metabolism and frequency of administration.
The document discusses implants and inserts as drug delivery systems. It defines implants as single unit drug delivery systems designed to deliver a drug over a prolonged period of time. Implants can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable and come in various shapes, sizes, and drug release mechanisms. The document then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implants, ideal characteristics, mechanisms of drug release including diffusion controlled and activated controlled systems, approaches to development, types of devices based on route of administration, and evaluation of implants.
The document discusses preformulation studies, which characterize a new drug substance's physical and chemical properties to develop stable, safe dosage forms. Key goals are to establish the drug's properties, compatibility with excipients, and kinetic profile. Studies examine various physical parameters like appearance, particle size, flow properties, and chemical properties like solubility, polymorphism, hygroscopicity, and stability. This information guides dosage form development to deliver drugs efficiently and consistently.
This document discusses buccal mucosa drug delivery (BMDD) and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy of the oral mucosa, mechanisms of mucoadhesion, commonly used mucoadhesive polymers, and buccal dosage forms including matrix and reservoir patches. Some advantages of BMDD are avoidance of first-pass metabolism, rapid drug absorption from abundant blood vessels, and ease of administration/termination. Disadvantages include a small absorptive surface area and interference from salivation. The conclusion states that BMDD is promising for systemic delivery of orally inefficient drugs and a noninvasive alternative to other dosage forms.
Microsponge drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery technique using porous microspheres called microsponges for controlled release and targeted drug delivery. Microsponges are typically 5-25 μm in diameter and can entrap a wide range of active ingredients. They can be prepared using liquid-liquid suspension polymerization or quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Microsponges provide advantages like extended release, reduced irritation and side effects, and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have applications in topical delivery of drugs for conditions like acne, inflammation and fungal infections. Common evaluation parameters are particle size, drug loading efficiency, in vitro drug release and compatibility studies. Several commercial products use micro
This document discusses various routes of drug administration through mucosal membranes. It describes key considerations for drug delivery such as the structure of mucosal linings, drug properties like potency and solubility, and factors that influence drug absorption like permeability and metabolism. Specific routes covered include buccal, sublingual, ocular, rectal, and vaginal delivery. Advantages of these routes include avoidance of first-pass hepatic elimination and rapid onset with sublingual administration. Challenges and strategies to overcome barriers are also outlined.
Formulation and evaluation of buccal disintegrating tablet of anticonvulsant ...AkshayAkotkar
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of buccal disintegrating tablets of an anticonvulsant drug. It begins with an introduction to buccal drug delivery and the advantages of buccal disintegrating tablets over conventional dosage forms. The document then covers topics like permeability of drugs through oral mucosa, theories of adhesion, basic formulation components, and mechanisms of buccal disintegrating tablets. Nine formulations of gabapentin buccal tablets were developed and evaluated for characteristics like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F5 was found to have the highest drug release of 99.99% and was concluded to be the
This document presents a research study on the development of bilayered buccal tablets of chlorpheneramine maleate (CPM) for the treatment of allergic conditions. Various polymers including Carbopol 934, sodium alginate, guar gum, HPMC K4M, and HPMC K15M were used to prepare the tablets by direct compression method. The tablets were then evaluated for characteristics like hardness, thickness, drug content, swelling index, and in vitro drug release. Literature on buccal drug delivery and CPM was also reviewed to support the study. The aim was to increase the bioavailability of CPM using suitable formulation approaches for the buccal route of administration.
Buccoadhesive drug delivery system OR Buccal adhesive drug delivery systemshubhadag
1) Buccoadhesive drug delivery systems involve delivering drugs through the oral mucosa lining using bioadhesive polymers. This avoids limitations of oral and intravenous routes by providing rapid drug absorption from the extensive blood supply to the oral mucosa.
2) Advantages include rapid drug absorption, increased bioavailability, rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and improved patient compliance through sustained drug delivery.
3) Key factors affecting buccoadhesion include molecular weight and concentration of polymers, flexibility of polymer chains, swelling properties, mucin turnover, disease states, and pH of the polymer-substrate interface.
Common buccoadhesive polymers include both natural (chitosan
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with mucus and mucin molecules to increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. They have been developed for buccal, nasal, rectal and vaginal routes for both systemic and local drug effects. Mucoadhesive systems prolong residence time, improve drug therapeutic performance, and can provide controlled drug release from the site of application. Formulation involves mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors. Evaluation includes in vitro tests like tensile strength measurement and in vivo tests using radioisotopes or gamma scintigraphy to determine residence time.
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
1. The document discusses implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), which are small sterile devices implanted under the skin to deliver drugs over prolonged periods.
2. IDDS aim to provide controlled, zero-order drug release through biocompatible polymers while improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency.
3. The mechanisms of drug release from IDDS include polymer membrane permeation, polymer matrix diffusion, and osmotic pressure activation using semi-permeable membranes.
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the Mucoadhesive drug delivery system.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
Microencapsulation may be defined as the packaging technology of solids, liquid or gaseous material with thin polymeric coatings, forming small particles called microcapsules .
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by defining MDDS as drug delivery systems that interact with mucus layers and increase drug residence time at absorption sites. It then discusses various types of MDDS (buccal, sublingual, etc.), advantages like prolonged drug effects, and challenges like irritation. The document also covers mucoadhesion theories, drug transport mechanisms, formulation considerations, and provides an example case study on salbutamol sulfate buccal patches.
Este documento describe la sabiduría de los antiguos Toltecas y cómo ha sido transmitida a través de los siglos. Los Toltecas eran una sociedad de maestros y estudiantes que preservaban el conocimiento espiritual de sus antepasados. Aunque su sabiduría tuvo que mantenerse en secreto durante mucho tiempo debido a la conquista, ahora Don Miguel Ruiz, un nagual del linaje de los Guerreros del Águila, ha sido guiado para divulgar estas enseñanzas. El conocimiento Tolteca surge de la verdad esenc
This thesis work contributes new techniques for the development of more stable pharmaceutical dosage forms and probiotic foods through the microencapsulation of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 and Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF-1. Controlled-release tablets containing L. fermentum CECT 5716 were designed and shown to protect the probiotic under simulated gastric conditions. The microencapsulation and formulation techniques developed in this work could enable a wider range of probiotic products to reach consumers with higher viable cell counts.
La microencapsulación es una tecnología que permite encapsular sustancias sólidas, líquidas o gaseosas dentro de microcápsulas que las protegen y controlan la liberación de su contenido. Se utiliza principalmente en la industria alimentaria para proteger ingredientes como vitaminas, sabores y aceites esenciales. Existen varios métodos de microencapsulación como la coacervación, secado por aspersión y extrusión. Esta técnica permite mejorar la estabilidad de los alimentos y controlar la liberación de sustancias durante
Este documento describe la sabiduría ancestral de los Toltecas y cómo ha sido transmitida a través de los siglos. Introduce la historia de Espejo Humeante, un chamán Tolteca que tuvo una revelación sobre la verdadera naturaleza de la realidad y de los seres humanos. Comprendió que todos somos manifestaciones de la luz y espejos los unos para los otros, pero que el "humo" de nuestras interpretaciones nos impide reconocernos mutuamente. Ahora, Don Miguel Ruiz, un nagual del linaje de los Guerreros
El documento describe el sistema endocrino y las hormonas. Explica que las hormonas son sustancias químicas secretadas por glándulas endocrinas que actúan a distancia en otras células blanco. Describe las diferentes clases de hormonas, sus propiedades, mecanismos de acción, y ejemplos como la insulina y las hormonas tiroideas.
Este documento presenta un libro sobre formas farmacéuticas dividido en varias partes. El libro es editado por José Luis Vila Jato y supervisado por José Luis Lastres García. Incluye capítulos sobre formas líquidas y sólidas orales, inyectables, formas de administración rectal y vaginal, aerosoles farmacéuticos y formas de administración sobre la piel y mucosas. Cada capítulo analiza los diferentes tipos de forma farmacéutica, sus componentes, métodos de preparación y controles de calidad
SlideShare now has a player specifically designed for infographics. Upload your infographics now and see them take off! Need advice on creating infographics? This presentation includes tips for producing stand-out infographics. Read more about the new SlideShare infographics player here: http://wp.me/p24NNG-2ay
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No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
This document provides tips to avoid common mistakes in PowerPoint presentation design. It identifies the top 5 mistakes as including putting too much information on slides, not using enough visuals, using poor quality or unreadable visuals, having messy slides with poor spacing and alignment, and not properly preparing and practicing the presentation. The document encourages presenters to use fewer words per slide, high quality images and charts, consistent formatting, and to spend significant time crafting an engaging narrative and rehearsing their presentation. It emphasizes that an attractive design is not as important as being an effective storyteller.
10 Ways to Win at SlideShare SEO & Presentation OptimizationOneupweb
Thank you, SlideShare, for teaching us that PowerPoint presentations don't have to be a total bore. But in order to tap SlideShare's 60 million global users, you must optimize. Here are 10 quick tips to make your next presentation highly engaging, shareable and well worth the effort.
For more content marketing tips: http://www.oneupweb.com/blog/
This document provides tips for getting more engagement from content published on SlideShare. It recommends beginning with a clear content marketing strategy that identifies target audiences. Content should be optimized for SlideShare by using compelling visuals, headlines, and calls to action. Analytics and search engine optimization techniques can help increase views and shares. SlideShare features like lead generation and access settings help maximize results.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
Microencapsulation Unit 2 Novel Drug Delivery SystemShubhangiKhade7
This document provides information about microencapsulation including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, types of microparticles, and methods of encapsulation. Microencapsulation is defined as enclosing solids, liquids, or gases within a polymeric coating to form microparticles 1-1000 μm in size. Common methods include spray drying, solvent evaporation, pan coating, and fluidized bed coating. Microencapsulation can provide environmental protection, control release rates, and mask unpleasant tastes. It has applications in fields like drug delivery, agriculture, and food technology.
Microspheres and microcapsules are spherical particles ranging from 1 μm to 1000 μm in diameter that can be used to encapsulate drugs for controlled release. Microspheres contain drug distributed throughout while microcapsules contain drug enclosed within a coating. Various natural and synthetic polymers are used to prepare microspheres and microcapsules through techniques like solvent evaporation, emulsion polymerization, and coacervation. Microspheres and microcapsules offer benefits like sustained drug release, targeted drug delivery, and reduced dosing frequency. They are evaluated based on particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and other physicochemical properties.
unit 2. various approaches on Microencapsulation.pdfAkankshaPatel55
Microencapsulation is a process of coating tiny particles or droplets with a thin layer of material to create small capsules. These capsules, called microcapsules, can range in size from a few nanometers to a few millimeters and can be made from a variety of materials, such as polymers, lipids, and carbohydrates.
The core material of a microcapsule can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Some common core materials include:
Food ingredients: Vitamins, flavors, colors, antioxidants
Pharmaceuticals: Drugs, diagnostic agents
Agrochemicals: Pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides
Cosmetics: Fragrances, sunscreens, moisturizers
Electronics: Conductive materials, lubricants
The shell of a microcapsule is designed to protect the core material from the environment and to control its release. The release of the core material can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as:
Temperature
pH
Enzymes
Ultrasound
Applications in various industries, including:
Food industry: it is used to protect food ingredients from degradation, such as vitamins and flavors. It can also be used to control the release of flavors and colors, creating novel food experiences.
Pharmaceutical industry: used to improve the delivery of drugs by protecting them from the stomach environment and targeting them to specific sites in the body.
Agrochemical industry: used to protect agrochemicals from degradation and to control their release, reducing the amount of chemicals needed and minimizing environmental impact.
Cosmetic industry: used to protect cosmetic ingredients from degradation and to control their release, creating long-lasting products.
Electronics industry: used to protect electronic components from corrosion and to control the release of lubricants.
TECHNIQUES
Physicochemical techniques:
Coacervation: Involves layering oppositely charged polymers around the core material, forming a shell through electrostatic interaction.
Interfacial polymerization Utilizes monomers that react at the interface between the core and an immiscible phase, generating a polymer shell.
In situ polymerization: Monomers are directly polymerized around the core material within a continuous phase, creating the shell.
Spray drying: Emulsified or suspended core material is atomized and dried in a hot air stream, forming microcapsules as the solvent evaporates.
Fluidized bed coating: Core material is fluidized in a heated chamber while coating solution is sprayed, forming a layer-by-layer shell.
Physico-mechanical techniques:
Pan coating: Similar to sugar-coating, core material is layered with coating material in a rotating pan, building the shell gradually.
Extrusion: Molten core and coating materials are co-extruded to form capsules with con concentric layers.
Encapsulation by solvent evaporation: Core material is dissolved in a solvent, then dispersed in a non-solvent, causing precipitation and shell formation.
Other techniques:
Electrostatic encapsulation,
Microfluidic encapsulation.
A Review on Microspheres Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and A...ijtsrd
What you want altered should go here. then press the One innovative drug delivery method that offers a therapeutic improvement over traditional or immediate release single unit dose forms is the use of microspheres. Microspheres are solid objects with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 m. The various varieties of microsphere are described. These microspheres are manufactured and either directly compressed or filled with firm gelatin. When compared to conventional dosage forms, the microspheres that are made using different techniques have varying efficacy and methods of administration. Different techniques that analyse the microspheres quality will be used to evaluate the microsphere. The microspheres that will play a key role in future innovative medicine delivery. click the button below. Its that simple Navnath Jagtap | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "A Review on Microspheres: Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52299.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52299/a-review-on-microspheres-types-method-of-preparation-characterization-and-application/navnath-jagtap
This document provides an overview of microencapsulation including its classification, fundamental considerations, morphology, coating materials, reasons for use, release mechanisms, techniques, evaluation, applications, and disadvantages. Microencapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases in microscopic particles with thin coatings to form microparticles, microcapsules, or microspheres ranging from 100-5000 microns. It allows for controlled release, masking of tastes, and protection of unstable or volatile materials. Common techniques include coacervation, pan coating, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization.
This document provides an overview of microspheres, including their types, methods of preparation, characterization, and applications. Microspheres are solid particles between 1-1000 μm in diameter that can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled manner. There are different types of microspheres including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive microspheres. Microspheres are prepared using various techniques and characterized through methods like particle size analysis. Microspheres offer benefits like controlled drug release and targeting specific sites in the body, making them useful for various pharmaceutical and medical applications.
Novel Herbal Drug Microsphere Types of Preparation Characterization and Appli...ijtsrd
Microparticals are also known as microspheres. The free flowing protein based powder that makes up microspheres typically has a particle size range of 1 1000um. The microsphere are a cutting edge alternative to conventional or immediate release single unit dosage forms for effective therapeutic drug delivery. The efficiency of the microsphere that are created using various methods that are modified, as well as the administration of the dosage form, are compared to traditional Form. The dose of the microsphere will be assessed using two separate techniques waxe containing, and hot melt. Techniques for spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pre petition. Freeze Drying, lonic gelain method. The microsphere will get central place in novel novel drug delivery manufacture. 1 Nilesh Gavali | Radhika Kotme "Novel Herbal Drug Microsphere Types of Preparation Characterization and Application: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52410.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/52410/novel-herbal-drug-microsphere-types-of-preparation-characterization-and-application-a-review/nilesh-gavali
Ndds 4 MICROENCAPSULATION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMshashankc10
This document discusses microencapsulation, which involves coating solid, liquid, or gas core materials in microscopic capsules. It defines microencapsulation and describes the core and coating materials. Common microencapsulation techniques include air suspension, coacervation, spray drying, pan coating, solvent evaporation, and emulsion methods. The techniques produce microparticles or microcapsules ranging from 1-1000 microns. Microencapsulation offers benefits like masking tastes, sustaining drug release, and protecting unstable core materials.
The drug delivery technology has become vastly competitive and rapidly evolving. More and more developments in delivery systems are being assimilated to elevate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the therapy. To govern the delivery rate of active pharmaceutical agents to a predetermined site inside the body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by the drug industry. Microsponge releases its active pharmaceutical ingredient in a time mode and also in response to other stimuli rubbing, temperature, pH, etc. . Microsponge drug delivery technology offers entrapment of active pharmaceutical ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. In addition, number of studies have confirmed that microsponges systems are non irritating, non mutagenic, non allergenic, and non toxic. Microsponge technology is being used currently in a wide range of formulations. Prajakta Shinde | Nilesh Bhosle | Vijay Munde "Microsponge: An Aeon in Therapeutics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31840.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31840/microsponge-an-aeon-in-therapeutics/prajakta-shinde
This document discusses microspheres and microencapsulation. It was submitted by Debasish Deka for his M. Pharm degree under the guidance of Ananta Choudhury. It covers the introduction, advantages, limitations, types (e.g. bioadhesive, magnetic, floating), methods of preparation (e.g. solvent evaporation, spray drying), evaluation, and applications of microspheres in pharmaceutical industry (e.g. buccal drug delivery, intratumoral delivery). Microencapsulation is also introduced as enclosing solids, liquids or gases in microscopic particles through thin coatings, with origins in the 1930s business machines industry.
This document presents an overview of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) for herbal medicines. NDDS aim to improve drug efficacy, stability, targeting, and bioavailability. The report discusses several NDDS approaches including liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, dendrimers, phytosomes, and transdermal drug delivery systems. Each system offers advantages like enhanced absorption, sustained release, and reduced toxicity. NDDS have significant potential to improve herbal medicine formulations by protecting active compounds and increasing therapeutic effects.
This document discusses microspheres, which are defined as solid spherical particles containing dispersed drug. Microspheres can be used for controlled drug release applications to reduce side effects and eliminate repeated injections. They have various advantages including flexibility in design and improved safety. The document discusses the types of microspheres including fluorescent, glass, and paramagnetic microspheres. It also discusses the preparation methods, routes of administration including oral and parenteral, mechanisms of drug release, applications, and evaluation of microspheres.
This document discusses microspheres, which are defined as solid spherical particles containing dispersed drug. Microspheres can be used for controlled drug release applications to reduce side effects and eliminate repeated injections. They have various advantages including flexibility in design and improved safety. The document discusses the types of microspheres including fluorescent, glass, and paramagnetic microspheres. It also discusses the preparation methods, materials used, routes of administration including oral and parenteral, mechanisms of drug release, applications, and evaluation of microspheres.
This document discusses buccal drug delivery systems (BDDS), which administer drugs through the buccal mucosa inside the cheek. It provides an overview of BDDS, including the principle of mucoadhesion that allows drugs to adhere to the buccal mucosa and mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Several advantages of BDDS are described, such as bypassing first-pass metabolism and providing rapid drug absorption. Common BDDS formulations like tablets, patches, films, and gels are also outlined. The document concludes with evaluations performed on BDDS, such as thickness, weight variation, and disintegration testing.
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous active ingredients within thin polymeric coatings to produce microcapsules 1-1000 microns in size. It offers several advantages including protecting active ingredients, controlling release rates, and masking tastes/odors. Common techniques include solvent evaporation, pan coating, spray drying, and polymerization. Coacervation involves separating a hydrocolloid coating from solution and depositing it around active ingredient droplets. Microencapsulation has applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries by improving product shelf life, stability and delivery properties.
Microencapsulation is the process of coating solid or liquid materials in a polymeric film. It has advantages like sustained drug release, masking taste/odor, and protecting unstable drugs. Common coating materials are water soluble/insoluble resins, waxes, and lipids. Microencapsulation techniques include air suspension, coacervation, spray drying, pan coating, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. The drug release kinetics depend on factors like coating thickness, porosity and permeability. Microcapsules are evaluated for characteristics, morphology, viscosity, density and in vitro drug release.
Nanogels are particles composed of physically or chemically cross linked polymer networks that expand in an appropriate solvent. Nanogels are hydrophilic three dimensional networks. Due to their relatively high drug encapsulation ability, consistency, tunable size, effortless preparation, negligible toxicity, and stability in the presence of serum, including stimuli responsiveness, these studies integrate characteristics for topical drug delivery. These are soluble in water and permit immediate drug loading in aqueous media. These are created using a vast array of methods, including photolithographic technique, membrane emulsification, and polymerization methods. Due to the entrapment of nanoparticles in the gel matrix, nanogels used as dermatological preparations have prolonged exposure times on the skin, thereby extending the duration of therapeutic efficacy. B. Karthikeyan | G. Alagumanivasagam "A Review on Nanogels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57514.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/other/57514/a-review-on-nanogels/b-karthikeyan
Microspheres are solid spherical particles ranging in size from 1-1000μm that can be used for drug delivery. They provide advantages like constant drug release, reduced dosing, and protection of drugs from degradation. Microspheres are made of polymers and exist as microcapsules or micromatrices. Various preparation methods include solvent evaporation, single/double emulsion, and polymerization. Microspheres find applications in oral, nasal, ocular, and other localized drug deliveries due to their ability to target tissues and control drug release kinetics.
Microspheres types preparation evaluation and applicationSUJITHA MARY
Microspheres can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled manner. They are small spherical structures made of synthetic or natural polymers. Common preparation methods include single/double emulsion techniques, polymerization, coacervation, and solvent extraction. Drugs can be loaded during or after preparation. Release depends on degradation or diffusion properties. Microspheres find applications in taste masking, converting liquids to solids, sustained release, and targeted delivery. They allow controlled and targeted drug administration.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
microencapsulation technology
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Sampath Kumar et.al Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Volume 1(3) May-June 2013 Page 324
MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY
K.P.Sampath Kumar1
*,Tejbe.Sk2
, Shameem Banu2
, P.Naga Lakshmi2
, D.Bhowmik3
1. Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore
2. Nimra Pharmacy College,Vijayawada
3. Karpagam University,Coimbatore
*Corresponding author: kp_sampath@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Microparticulate drug delivery systems provide tremendous opportunities for designing new
controlled and delayed release oral formulations, thus extending the frontier of future pharmaceutical
development. The Microparticulate offers a variety of opportunities such as protection and masking,
reduced dissolution rate, facilitation of handling, and spatial targeting of the active ingredient. It is the
process by which individual particles or droplets of solid or liquid material (the core) are surrounded or
coated with a continuous film of polymeric material (the shell) to produce capsules in the micrometer to
millimeter range, known as microcapsules. Microencapsulation technology can protect active materials
against environment, stabilize them, prevent or suppress volatilization. Microencapsulation technology
can provide new forms and features and many polymeric drug delivery systems, biodegradable polymers
have been used widely as drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability.
Microencapsulation is a powerful technique to achieve targeted delivery and on-demand release of
different active ingredients. Many synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers present exciting
opportunities in tailor-making the micro particle formulations for long-term drug release with specific
release rates. Hence finally concluded that continuous knowledge up gradation is required in order to
make desired drug delivery system and minimization of problems associated with physicomechanical
techniques and complete knowledge about selection of raw materials and method for their
microencapsulation to get desire goal of study.
Key words: Microencapsulation technology, targeted delivery, protection, masking.
INTRODUCTION
Microencapsulation is a rapidly expanding technology. It is the process of applying relatively thin
coatings to small particles of solids or droplets of liquids and dispersions. Microencapsulation provides the
means of converting liquids to solids, of altering colloidal and surface properties, of providing environmental
protection and of controlling the release characteristics or availability of coated materials. Microencapsulation
is receiving considerable attention fundamentally, developmentally and commercially. The term microcapsule is
defined as a spherical particle with size varying from 50nm to 2mm, containing a core substance. Microspheres
are in strict sense, spherical empty particles. However the terms microcapsule and microsphere are often
used synonymously. The microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders consisting of proteins
or synthetic polymers, which are biodegradable in nature, and ideally having a particle size less than 200µm.
Solid biodegradable microcapsules incorporating a drug dispersed or dissolved throughout the particle matrix
have the potential for the controlled release of drug. These carries received much attention not only for prolonged
release but also for the targeting of the anticancer drug to the tumour. The concept of miroencapsulation was
initially utilized in carbonless copy papers. More recently it has received increasing attention in pharmaceutical
and biomedical applications. The first research leading to the development of micro encapsulation procedures for
pharmaceuticals was published by Bungenburg de Jong and Kass in 1931 and dealt with the preparation of gelatin
spheres and the use of gelatin coacervation process for coating. In the late 1930s, Green and co-workers of
National cash register co. Dayton, Ohio, developed the gelatin coacervation process. Since then may other
coating materials and processes of application have been developed by the pharmaceutical industry for the
microencapsulation of medicines. Over the last 25 years pharmaceutical companies for microencapsulated drugs
have taken out numerous patents.
Reasons for microencapsulation: The primary reason for microencapsulation is found to be either for sustained
or prolonged drug release. This technique has been widely used for masking taste and odor of many drugs to
improve patient compliance. This technique can be used for converting liquid drugs in a free flowing powder.The
drugs, which are sensitive to oxygen, moisture or light, can be stabilized by microencapsulation. Incompatibility
among the drugs can be prevented by microencapsulation. Vaporization of many volatile drugs e.g. methyl
salicylate and peppermint oil can be prevented by microencapsulation. Many drugs have been microencapsulated
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Sampath Kumar et.al Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Volume 1(3) May-June 2013 Page 325
to reduce toxicity and GI irritation including ferrous sulphate and KCl. Alteration in site of absorption can also be
achieved by microencapsulation. Toxic chemicals such as insecticides may be microencapsulated to reduce the
possibility of sensitization of factorial person. Bakan and Anderson reported that microencapsulated vitamin A
palmitate had enhanced stability.
Microparticles offer various significant advantages as drug delivery systems, including:
i. An effective protection of the encapsulated active agent against (e.g. enzymatic) degradation
ii. The possibility to accurately control the release rate of the incorporated drug over periods of hours to
months.
iii. An easy administration (compared to alternative parenteral controlled release dosage forms, such as
macro-sized implants).
iv. Desired, pre-programmed drug release profiles can be provided which match the therapeutic needs of the
patient.
Microparticulate drug delivery systems are an interesting and promising option when developing an oral
controlled release system.Microcapsules are finally dispersed in various dosage forms, such as hard gelatin
capsules, which may be enteric coated, soft gelatin capsules, or suspensions in liquids, all of which allow
dispersion of individual microcapsules on release.Microcapsules continue to be of much interest in controlled
release because of relative ease in design and formulation and partly on the advantages of microparticulate
delivery systems. The latter include sustained release from each individual microcapsule and offer greater
uniformity and reproducibility. Additional advantage over monolithic systems containing multiple doses is the
greater safety factor in case of a burst or defective individual in subdivided dosage forms. Finally, it has been
argued that multiple particle systems are distributed over a great length of gastro-intestinal tract, which should
result in, (a) lowered local concentrations and hence reduced toxicity or irritancy, and (b) reduced variability in
transit time and absorption rate
Basic consideration of microencapsulation technique: Microencapsulation often involves a basic
understanding of the general properties of microcapsules, Such as the nature of the core and coating materials,
the stability and release characteristics of the coated materials and the microencapsulation methods. The
intended physical characters of the encapsulated product and the intended use of the final product must also be
considered.
a. Core material: The core material, defined as the specific material to be coated, can be liquid or solid in nature.
The composition of the core material can be varied as the liquid core can include dispersed and/or dissolved
material. The solid core can be a mixture of active constituents, stabilizers, diluents, excipients and release rate
retardants or accelerators.
b. Coating materials: The coating material should be capable of forming a film that is cohesive with the core
materials, be chemically compatible and non reactive with the core material and provide the desired coating
properties such as strength, flexibility impermeability, optical properties and stability. The total thickness of
the coatings achieved with microencapsulation techniques is microscopic in size.
c. Stability, release and other properties: Three important areas of current microencapsulation application are
the stabilization of core materials, the control of the release or availability of core materials and separation of
chemically reactive ingredients within a tablet or powder mixture. A wide variety of mechanisms is available to
release encapsulated core materials; such as disruption of the coating can occur by pressure, shear or abrasion
forces, permeability changes brought about enzymatically etc., improved gastro tolerability of drugs can be
obtained by microencapsulation.
d. Physical character of the final product: Microcapsules should have desirable physical properties like
ability to flow, to be compacted or to be suspended and the capsule wall must be capable of resisting the
pressure during compression etc.
e. coating materials: A number of different substances both biodegradable as well as non-biodegredable have
been investigated for the preparation or microcapsules. These materials include the polymers of natural and
synthetic origin and also modified natural substances. Some of the polymers used in the preparation of the
microcapsules are classified and listed below.
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Sampath Kumar et.al Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Volume 1(3) May-June 2013 Page 326
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Non-biodegradable
1. PMMA
2. Acrolein
3. Glycidyl methacrylate
4. Epoxy polymers
Biodegradable
1. Lactides and glycolides and their copolymers
2. Polyalkyl cyano acrylates
3. Polyanhydrides
4. Corbopol
NATURAL MATERIALS
A. Proteins
B. Albumins
C. Gelatin
D. Collagen
E. Carbohydrates
F. Starch , Agarose
G. Carrageenan
H. Chitosan
I. Chemically modified carbohydrates
J. DEAE cellulose
K. Poly (acryl) dextran
L. Poly (acryl) starch
METHODS OF MICROENCAPSULATION
Preparation of microecapsules as prolonged action dosage form can be achieved by various techniques under
following headings.
1. Coacervation phase separation
a. By temperature change
b. By incompatible polymer addition
c. By non-solvent addition
d. By salt addition
e. By polymer-polymer interaction
f. By solvent evaporation
2. Multi orifice centrifugal process.
3. Pan coating
4. Air suspension coating
5. Spray drying and spray congealing
6. Polymerization
7. Melt dispersion technique
1. Coacervation phase separation: Microencapsulation by coacervation phase separation is generally
attributed to the national cash register (NCR) corporation and the patents of green et.al. The general outline of
the processes consists of three steps carried out under continuous agitation.
1. Formation of three immiscible chemical phases
2. Disposition of the coating, and
3. Rigidization of the coating
a. By thermal change: phase separation of the dissolved polymer occurs in the form of immiscible liquid droplets,
and if a core material is present in the system, under proper polymer concentration, temperature and agitation
conditions, the liquid polymer droplets coalesce around the dispersed core material particles, thus forming the
embryonic microcapsules. As the temperature decreases, one phase becomes polymer-poor (the
microencapsulation vehicle phase) and the second phase. (The coating material phase) becomes polymer-rich.
b. By incompatible polymer addition: it involves liquid phase separation of a polymers coating material and
4. ISSN: 2321-5674(Print)
ISSN: 2320 – 3471(Online)
Sampath Kumar et.al Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Volume 1(3) May-June 2013 Page 327
microencapsulation can be accomplished by utilizing the incompatibility of dissimilar polymers existing in a
common solvent.
c. By non-solvent addition: a liquid that is a non-solvent for a given polymer can be added to a solution of the
polymer to induce phase separation. The resulting immiscible liquid polymer can be utilized to effect
microencapsulation of an immiscible core material.
d. By salt addition: there are two types of coacervation: simple and complex. Simple coacervation involves the
use of only on colloid, e.g. gelatin in water, and involves removal of the associated water from around the
dispersed colloid by agents with a greater affinity for water, such as various alcohols and salts. The
dehydrated molecules of polymer tend to aggregate with surrounding molecules to form the coacervate.
Complex coacervation involves the use of more than one colloid. Gelatin and acacia in water are most frequently
used, and the coacervation is accomplished mainly by charge neutralization of the colloids carrying opposite
charges rather than by dehydration.
e. By polymer-polymer interaction: the interaction of oppositely charged poly electrolytes can result in the
formation of a complex having such reduce solubility that phase separation occurs.
f. By solvent evaporation: the processes are carried out in a liquid manufacturing vehicle. The
microcapsule coating is dispersed in a volatile solvent, which is dispersed in volatile solvents, which is
immiscible with the liquid manufacturing vehicle phase. A core material to be microencapsulated is dissolved or
dispersed in the coating polymer solution. With agitation, the core material mixture is dispersed in the liquid
manufacturing vehicle phase to obtain the appropriate size microcapsule. The mixture is then heated if necessary
to evaporate the solvent for the polymer. In the case in which the core material is dissolved in the coating polymer
solution, matrix type microcapsules are formed. The solvent evaporation technique to product microcapsules is
applicable to a wide variety of core materials. The core materials may be either water soluble or water insoluble
materials.
2. Multiorifice centrifugal process: The South-West research institute (SWRI) has developed a mechanical
process for producing microcapsules that utilizes centrifugal forces to hurl, a core material particle through an
enveloping microencapsulation membrane therapy effecting mechanical microencapsulation. Processing
variables include the rotational speed of the cylinder, the flow rate of the core and coating materials, the
concentration and viscosity of the coating material an the viscosity and surface tension of the core material. This
method is capable of microencapsulating liquids and solids of varied size ranges, with diverse coating
materials.
3. Pan coatings: The microcapsulation of relatively large particles by pan coating method are generally
considered essential for effective coating. The coating is applied as a solution or as an automized spray to
the desired solid core passed over the coated materials during coatings is being applied in the coating pans.
4. Air suspension coating: The process consists of the dispersing of solid particulate core materials in a
supporting air stream and the spray coating of the air suspended particles. Within coating chambers,
particles are suspended on an upward moving air stream. The design of the chamber and its operating parameters
effect a re-circulating flow of the particles through the coating zone portion of the chamber, where is a coating
material, usually a polymer solution is spry-applied to the moving particles.
5. Spray drying and spray congealing: Spray drying and spray congealing processes are similar in that both
involve dispersing the core material in liquefied coating substance and spraying or introducing the core coating
mixture into some environmental condition, whereby relatively rapid solidification of the coating is
effected. The principle difference between the two methods is the means by which coating solidification
is accomplished. Coating solidification in the case of spray during is effected by rapid evaporation of solvent in
which the coating material is dissolved. Coating solidification in spray congealing method, however, is
accomplished by thermally congealing a molten coating material or by solidifying the dissolved coating by
introducing the coating core material mixture into a nonsolvent. Removal of the nonsolvent or solvent from the
coated product is then accomplished by sorption extraction or evaporation techniques.
6. Polymerization: The method involves the reaction of monomeric unit located at the interface existing between
a core material and a continuous phase in which the core material is dispersed. The continuous or core material
supporting phase is usually a liquid or gas and therefore the polymerization reaction occurs at a liquid-liquid,
liquid-gas, solid-liquid or solid-gas interface e.g., microcapsules containing protein solutions by incorporating the
protein in the aqueous diamine phase.
5. ISSN: 2321-5674(Print)
ISSN: 2320 – 3471(Online)
Sampath Kumar et.al Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Volume 1(3) May-June 2013 Page 328
7. Melt-dispersion technique: In this technique the coating material is melted by heating upto 80o
C. The
drug is suspended in it and then emulsified in water containing emulsifying agent at 80o
C under stirring.
Microcapsules are formed as the temperature of the system reaches to room temperature.
CONCLUSION
Microencapsulation is one of the quality preservation techniques of sensitive substances and a method for
production of materials with new valuable properties. Microencapsulation is process of enclosing micron sized
particles in a polymeric shell.Significances of microencapsulation For Sustained or prolonged drug release For
Masking test and odour of many drugs Converting liquid into free flowing properties Drugs which are sensitive to
Light,oxygen, moisture they are easily stabilized. Microencapsulation technologies are applied in any area of the
industry. It can be found in: Cell immobilization, Beverage production, Protection of molecules from other
compounds, Drug delivery, Quality and safety in food, agricultural & environmental sectors, pharmaceuticals etc.
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