Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Comparative sequence studies of the repeat elements in diverse insect species can provide useful information on how to make use of them for developing abundant markers that can be used in those species;
$ At the moment, a total of 8 species are in genome assembly stages and another 35 are in progress for genome sequencing;
$ Different molecular marker systems in the field of entomology are expected to provide new directions to study insect genomes in an unprecedented way in the years to come
THE COLEOPTERA IS A BIGGST ORDER IN THE CLASS INSECTA AND ALSO IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM HERE IAM DESCRIBING THE IMPORTANT CHARACTER OF THE ORDER AND ECONMOIC IMPORTANT FAMILIES COMES UNDER COLEOPTERA
Field visit report of Moragahakanda reservoir project Deshan Arachchige
this report contain description about project and construction process,all information are gathered during visit by Kotelawela Defence University and literature.
Comparative sequence studies of the repeat elements in diverse insect species can provide useful information on how to make use of them for developing abundant markers that can be used in those species;
$ At the moment, a total of 8 species are in genome assembly stages and another 35 are in progress for genome sequencing;
$ Different molecular marker systems in the field of entomology are expected to provide new directions to study insect genomes in an unprecedented way in the years to come
THE COLEOPTERA IS A BIGGST ORDER IN THE CLASS INSECTA AND ALSO IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM HERE IAM DESCRIBING THE IMPORTANT CHARACTER OF THE ORDER AND ECONMOIC IMPORTANT FAMILIES COMES UNDER COLEOPTERA
Field visit report of Moragahakanda reservoir project Deshan Arachchige
this report contain description about project and construction process,all information are gathered during visit by Kotelawela Defence University and literature.
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...Hiran Amarasekera
099
Ovitrap surveys within the university premises of sri jayewardenepura for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and for seasonal shift in relative abundance of these mosquito species.
V. K. Gunathilake, N K De Silva, M B Wickramasinghe
Presented at International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2009 at Department of Forestry and Environment Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka from 18 – 19 December 2009 (Session 6 – Biodiversity)
Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & FuturePradip Awate
Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune has recently organized National CME on VBDs. I delivered a speech on " Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & Future".
This presentation deals with burden of prominent VBDs globally & in India with special reference to Maharashtra.
Learn how to use the Gross National Happiness Index and join the happiness movement. Join the league of over 60 people who have taking the Happiness Initiative Leadership Training and are making history in their town, city, community, campus or company. Visit happycounts.org and click on the "training" for more information.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
HCM 124 lecture 9 medical entomology.pptxelphaswalela
I. OBJECTIVES
1
•To demonstrate good aseptic technique in culture transfer or inoculation and in
handling sterile materials.
•To demonstrate skil in isolation of organisms from a mixed culture using selectve
and differential media.
•To isoate microorganisms from a wide variety of sources and describe their colonial
morphology.
II. INTRODUCTION
Most environments carry a mixed microbial population. To fully appreciate the
contribution of each group of organisms to the ecology of the mass, one must first
dissect this mixed culture to obtain single colonies. The single colony is transferred
(picked) to a fresh medium to obtain a larger, homogeneous culture that may be studied
and characterized by a variety of techniques. One suchtechnique is caled aseptic
technique. Microbiologists and health workers use this technique to prevent
contamination of cultures from outside sources and to prevent the introduction of
potential disease agents into the human body (nfection can occur through contamination
of your hands and clothing with material from your bacterial cultures).
Aseptic Techniques
Aseptic techniques (also called sterile techniques) are defined as the processes
required for transferring a culture from one vessel to anotherwithout introducing any
additional organisms to the cuture or contaminating the environment with the culture.
The following conditions must exist for aseptic technique to be successful:
1. The work area must be wiped with an antiseptic to reduce the number of potential
contaminants.
2. The transfer instruments must be sterile.
3. The work must be accomplished quicky and efficiently to minimize the time of
exposure during which contamnation of the culture or laboratory worker can occur.
Developing a thorough understanding and knowledge of aseptic techniques and
culture transfer procedures is a prerequisite to working with microbiological cutures. You
wll save yourself a lot of time and energy and avoid erroneous results if a few simple
and common sense rules are observed when working with cultures.
Dr. Eby Bassiri ebassiri@sas.upenn.edu
First report of the parasitic infection in two snail species from Burkina Fas...Open Access Research Paper
Trematodiases are important yet neglected tropical diseases, caused by trematode parasites with a multi-host life cycle, which typically involves a snail intermediate host. The many knowledge gaps regarding the trematode life cycles, pathology, and epidemiology complicate effective control. This work was initiated to inventory parasites as part of the “One Health” initiative, where human and animal trematodes are considered equally important, in order to map their distribution, detect high-risk locations and improve disease control. This paper describes the occurrence of parasitic infections in the Ouagadougou reservoirs. These reservoirs are under intensive market gardening. The infra- and component community of digenetic trematodes and other parasites in a freshwater gastropod community were examined over a 5-month period. A total of 1031 Thiaridae snails was collected. Among them, 109 belonging to 2 species were infected by larval trematodes. Seven different types of cercaria were found: xiphidiocercaria, furcocercous, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, Armatae xiphidiocercaria, echinostome cercaria and gymnocephalus cercaria. In addition to trematode infections, nematode and oligochaete (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei) infections have been reported during this investigation. The association of Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei with the snail intermediate host may be of value as a control measure against economically important parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and schistosomiasis..
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Entomological field techniques for mosquito and sand fly collection: a field report
1. Field Report
Entomological field techniques
for mosquito and sand fly
collection
By
Prakash Dhakal
Public Health Microbiology
Central Department of Microbiology
Tribhuvan University
Kirtipur
Nepal
2. Abstract:
Entomological field visit was done. Relationship between vector and causative
agents of some diseases was studied. Different entomological methods for
collecting mosquitoes and sand flies were observed and handled. Mouth aspirator,
BG Sentinel trap, CDC light trap, adult emergence trap and ovitrap were observed
and handled.
Keywords: Mosquito, Sand fly, equipments, Mouth aspirator, BG sentinel trap,
CDC light trap, Adult emergence trap
Introduction:
Mosquitoes and sand flies are
important insect pests and control
efforts can be justified when they
represent a significant “nuisance” or
threat to public health. Mosquitoes are
considered a nuisance because they
can 1) decrease the quality of life of
local residents by annoying and
bother people (including adverse
reactions to their bites) in and around
their homes or in recreational areas or
2) by reducing property values,
slowing economic development of an
area, reducing tourism, or adversely
affecting livestock production in
localities that produce large adult
populations1
.
Different mosquito and sandflies are
found to transmit different diseases.
Mosquitoes Culex tritaeniorhynchus
and Culex gelidae transmit Japanese
Encephalitis. Aedes spp. transmits
Dengue, Yellow fever and
Chikengunya. Anopheles spp.
transmits malaria. Sandflies
(Phlebotomus spp.) transmit
leishmaniasis and sandfly fever. A
control of these diseases can only be
done by a control in the vector
population.
Mosquitoes and sand flies both are
holometabola insects. Mosquitoes
pass through the egg, larval, pupal
and adult stages during their life
cycle. There are four larval instars.
All stages except the egg stage are
mobile. Female mosquitoes may lay
their eggs either on moist soil or on
the surface of water. The 1st-instar
larva is very small. As the larvae pass
through their four instars, they
3. become larger after each moult.
During the larval and pupal stage,
mosquitoes remain in the water. Both
these stages are adapted for
swimming. The larvae swim as they
go to and from feeding to other
activities, like swimming to the
surface to obtain air. Many people call
them 'wrigglers' because of the way in
which they swim. The larvae of most
species can be seen resting at the
surface, hanging from the surface film
by their respiratory siphon. The pupal
stage looks like an inverted comma.
Some people think the pupae look like
miniature tadpoles. They use their
flattened, paddle-like 'tails' to propel
themselves through the water. They
do not feed during this transitional
stage of development, as they
transform from larvae to adults. When
mature, the skin of the pupa splits
open along its back and the fresh,
adult mosquito slowly emerges into
the air. After resting on the surface of
the water for a few minutes, the adult
mosquito usually moves to a sheltered
spot close by to allow its outer
skeleton and wings to harden. Soon
after emergence, mating takes place.
Mating usually occurs in mating
swarms, typically within 3 to 5 days
after the adults emerge. Females are
attracted to the mating swarm and
soon fertilized. Females mate once,
remain fertilized for life and are the
only sex to seek blood from hosts.
The life cycle of sandflies also
includes four stages: egg, larva (4
instars), pupa and adult. The eggs are
elongated oval-shaped, pale at first
and darkening on exposure to air with
a single black “eye spot”. The larvae
emerge through a J-shaped fissure and
are legless and whitish with a dark
head capsule. Those of the first instar
can be distinguished by the presence
of two caudal bristles, all subsequent
instars bearing four. Fourth instar
larvae also have a prominent sclerite
on the dorsum of the penultimate
segment. The pupae are golden brown
and are affixed to the surface of the
substrate in which they developed by
the final larval exuvium. Shortly
before emergence the wings and eyes
turn black. Male sand flies emerge
about 24 h before females, allowing
their external genitalia time to rotate
180° to the correct position for mating
before females have emerged.
Although there have been no studies
of sand fly development time in
nature, the time from oviposition to
adult emergence at ambient
temperature is around 4-6 weeks.
The population of mosquitoes and
sandflies is affected by humidity and
4. temperature. Their number increase
during warm and humid climates.
Life cycle of mosquito is completed
in water and soil while that of
sandflies is completed in moist soil.
Control at larval and pupal stage of
mosquitoes is feasible while it is not
so for sandflies. Larvicides are not
very effective for sandflies because of
their unlocalised presence in soil.
Efforts for vector control are made
worldwide. Epidemiology and
Disease Control Division of the
Ministry of Health and Population of
Government of Nepal plans and
monitors control of vector of malaria,
Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, etc.
Accuracy in mosquito population
levels has long been major component
of control efforts. Early attempts
measuring mosquito populations
consisted of counting, capturing and
identifying the species attracted
humans. Although new techniques
provided useful overview of the
mosquitoes causing nuisance the
residents of given area. Different
entomological field techniques used
for vector sampling so that a study
about vector can be done and
planning and monitoring of plan can
be done.
Objective:
To operate different equipments in the
field for collecting mosquito and sand
fly Swayambhu—Sitapaila area of
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methodology:
The current study was carried on 17th
May 2013 at Swayambhu -Sitapaila
area of Kathmandu metropolitan city.
Different equipments for sampling of
mosquitoes and sandflies were
handled. The methodology employed
was direct handling and usage of
different equipments. These
investigations provide information on
vector species, their distribution,
density, bionomics and
susceptibility/resistance to
insecticides for vector control.
Results and Discussions:
Different tools and equipments used
in vectors collection were observed
and used.
The equipments used were aspirator,
BG sentinel trap, CDC light trap,
ovitrap and adult emergence trap.
1. Indoor hand collection:
Indoor hand collections were carried
out inside different shelters in human,
5. mixed and animal dwellings spending
15 minutes in each house by one
collector using aspirators and flash-
lights.
2. Outdoor hand collection
Outdoor collections was similarly
attempted outside the house from
outside walls, under leaves,
vegetation and bushes around cattle
sheds and piggeries, and in and
around outdoor stored materials
spending 30 minutes using aspirators
and flash-lights.
Mouth aspirator was used for
collecting indoor and mosquitoes. It
can also be used for collecting
sandflies. It consists of mouth piece
and rubber tubing. Rubber tubing was
placed near a resting mosquito and air
was sucked up from mouth piece.
This created a negative pressure
inside the rubber tube and the
mosquito was pulled in. Man hour
density of mosquitoes was calculated
using the formula for indoor hand
collected mosquitoes and sand flies:
Man-hour density=
(No. of mosquitoes collected/duration
in minutes)X 60 minutes
Calculation for outdoor hand
collected mosquitoes and sand flies:
Number of mosquitoes collected per
artificial shelter (No. of mosquitoes
collected/No. of artificial shelters
searched)
BG sentinel trap is designed
especially for Aedes spp1
. The
equipment was set up and connected
to electric source. The luring
substance in the equipment, octenol,
and carbondioxide attract mosquitoes.
Negative pressure created by rotating
fan inside the trap doesn't allow the
mosquitoes to escape. Basically,
Aedes mosquitoes are collected in the
trap. However, Culex spp are also
collected due to their abundant
number.
CDC (Centre for Disease Control)
Light trap is used for sampling
Anopheles as well as Culex
mosquitoes along with
sandfly(Phlebotomus argentipus),
causative agent of Leishmaniasis2, 3.
CDC light trap consists of light and
carbondioxide to attract mosquitoes. It
has a fan rotating inside the trap
which maintains a negative pressure
not letting trapped mosquitoes to
escape. It is run for 12 hours from 6
a.m. to 6 p.m.
6. Adult emergence trap was observed
and its usage was learned. It consists
of two compartments. The lower
compartment accomodates water
containing larval stages of
mosquitoes. The upper compartment
also known as collection cup holds
the mosquitoes that emerge from
larvae. It has been used to study Culex
mosquitoes in urban catch basins5
An ovitrap is a device which consists
of a black cylinder with a piece of
cardboard. This device is used to
control the Aedes mosquito
population and as well all other
mosquito populations. It can monitor,
control and detect Aedes mosquito
populations thus acting as an early
warning signal to preempt any
impending dengue outbreaks.6
The
black ovitrap attracts female
mosquitoes to lay their eggs. When
the eggs hatch and develop into
adults, they cannot fly out of the
device and die inside the trap. The
extensive use of the ovitrap in a
community can be used in Aedes
population control and effectively
reduce the Aedes population in that
area. It has been used in countries like
Singapore, United States and Hong
Kong since the 1970s.
Ovitrap index
= Number of positive ovitrap × 100
Total ovitraps placed
Conclusions:
Different equipments ranging from
simple to sophisticated equipments
for mosquito and sandfly sampling are
used. They help in studying
relationship between vector and
disease, planning and monitoring
control measures for vector.
References:
1. Ellis R, 2004, Municipal
Mosquito control
Guidelines, Health Canada, Centre for
Infectious Disease Prevention and
Control, pg.1-3
2. Maciel-de-Freitas R, Eiras AE,
Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, 2006 , ,
"Field evaluation of effectiveness of
the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for
capturing adult Aedes aegypti
(Diptera: Culicidae)", Journal of the
American Mosquito Control,
May;101(3):321-5, PMID: 16862330
7. 3. Zaim M, Ershadi MR,
Manouchehri AV, Hamdi MR, 1986, ,
" The use of CDC light traps and
other procedures for sampling malaria
vectors in southern Iran", Journal of
the American Mosquito Control,
Dec;2(4):511-5 PMID: 3507528
4. Dinesh DS, DAS P, Picado A,
Davies C, Speybroeck N, Boelaert M,
Coosemans M, 2008, "The efficacy of
indoor CDC light traps for collecting
the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes,
vector of Leishmania donovani",
Medical and Veterinary Entomology,
Jun;22(2):120-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2915.2008.00724.x.,PMID: 18498610
5. Hamer GL, Kelly PH, Focks DA,
Goldberg TL, Walkers ED, 2011, , "
Evaluation of a novel emergence trap
to study Culex mosquitoes in urban
catch basins", Journal of the
American Mosquito Control,
Jun;27(2):142-7 PMID:21805846
6. Jakob WL, Bevier GA (1969).
"Application of ovitraps in the US
Aedes aegypti eradication program".
Mosq News 29: 55–62. ISSN 0027-
142X.
Advisor
------------------------------------
Dr. Ishan Gautam
Lecturer, Tribhuvan Universisty