This document provides an introduction to insects, including their classification and life cycles. It describes the two main types of insect life cycles: simple metamorphosis (egg to nymph to adult) and complete metamorphosis (egg to larva to pupa to adult). Many agricultural pests go through one of these two life cycles. The document then surveys the major orders of insects that contain agricultural pests or beneficial species, such as predators, parasites, and pollinators. It concludes with an overview of management strategies for insect pests, including biological control, host plant resistance, and cultural practices.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
Biological Pest Control/ Biological Control SystemChandan Gupta
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.[1] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment.[2]
Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include seed predators, herbivores and plant pathogens.
Biological control can have side-effects on biodiversity through attacks on non-target species by any of the same mechanisms, especially when a species is introduced without thorough understanding of the possible consequences.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
Biological Pest Control/ Biological Control SystemChandan Gupta
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.[1] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment.[2]
Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include seed predators, herbivores and plant pathogens.
Biological control can have side-effects on biodiversity through attacks on non-target species by any of the same mechanisms, especially when a species is introduced without thorough understanding of the possible consequences.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota.
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Growers Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
Insect management is a key requirement in the commercial forest practices. In this presentation few insect management practices are discussed with special reference to Eucalyptus, Tectona and SMahogany species. These species are common in the plantation industry in Sri lanka
“We have designed our pest problems into our current system of agriculture, so we can also design them out...if we understand ecology better. Thirty plus years of INTEGRATING farmscaping with other farm activities, strategies and resources will be featured, not just a rote list of plants and bugs. Many of the best farmscaping plants are flowers, medicinal herbs, and spices that can supplement and add value to your main crops and can be sold alongside them, like pickling spices (dill, garlic, grape leaves, etc.) for cucumbers. Bring your plant samples, questions, bug samples, or other farmscaping questions...no holds barred! Learn how to work backwards from your pest problems to the beneficials that attack your pests, to the plants and resources that YOUR beneficials need for control, and how these fit more neatly into your production program(s). Work smarter, not harder! Join longtime producer Patryk Battle and entomologist Richard “DrMcBug” McDonald in a lively, FUN, information filled session that will give you new insight into approaches for the NEW and OLD pests we face now. Yes, Carolina, farmscaping can be FUN!”
Biological control approaches in tomato pestsSalu Maharjan
Tomato crops are affected by number of insect pests, but all of them do not cause economic damage. The major insect pests of tomato along with the their biological control is given in this slide.
This ppt is about natural pesticides. and how they are better than synthetics. this lecture is helpful for students of pharmacognosy and agriculture.
synthetic pesticides are need to be replaced with natural substances and natural methods to control like biological control etc.
pests are creating a huge economic loss so its the need of the time to focus on natural pest control methods.
if you like the lecture comment and share
2. Phylum Arthropoda
(jointed appendages, exoskeleton, etc.)
• Class Insecta (most numerous and
diverse group of organisms)
• Class Arachnida
• Class Crustacea
• Etc. (centipedes, millipedes, etc.)
Spiders – often beneficial as predators
Mites – some plant pests, some predators
7. Simple Metamorphosis
Egg
Nymphs
Adult
– has full-size wings,
functional reproductive
system
Usually 4-6
instars, resemble
adults, smaller
size
Same food and environment for nymphs and adults
9. Complete Metamorphosis
• Life stages are important because
ecology, food habits, and management of
different stages can be different
• Example: butterflies and moths
• Larva – feeds as damaging caterpillar
• Adult – beneficial as plant pollinator
10. Survey of insects – Major groups
(orders) of ag pests or beneficial
predators and parasites
• Beneficial insects:
• Predators, parasites
• Pollinators
• Recyclers of OM
11. Survey of insects – Major groups
(orders) of ag pests or beneficials
• Dragonflies
• Orthoptera and relatives (mantids, roaches)
• Thrips
• True bugs (Hemiptera)
• Piercing-sucking insects (Homoptera)
• Beetles
• Nerve-winged insects (Neuroptera)
• Butterflies and moths
• Bees, wasps, and ants
• Flies
• Etc.
12. Survey of Insects
• Dragonflies --- beneficial predators of
flying insects
• Praying mantids --- beneficial predators
• Roaches --- recycling in some ag systems
• Grasshoppers, Crickets --- can be serious
ag pests
15. Thrips
• Almost microscopic in size, fringed wings
• Beneficial pollination in flowers
• Most are plant pests
• Some carry plant viruses
16. Virus Vectors
• Vector = carrier of virus
• Viruses in plants
• Transmitted by insects, etc.
• Vector feeds on infected plant acquires
virus feeds and passes virus to other
plants
19. Piercing-Sucking Insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed on
plants
• Formerly Homoptera, often included with
true bugs
• Many important plant pests
• Some transmit viruses
• Aphids, cicadas, whiteflies, scale insects,
leafhoppers, etc…
24. Beetles
• Very many species
• Many pests – weevils, larvae of some
types are grubs or wireworms
• Many beneficials – Lady beetles, ground
beetles, tiger beetles
28. Bees, Wasps, Ants
• Beneficial as pollinators
• Many are important as predators and
parasites
• Many different kinds of wasps, most nearly
microscopic
• Parasitoids – microscopic wasps, lay
eggs in body of pest (e.g., caterpillar), or
even in egg
29. Flies
• Many different kinds, difficult to distinguish
– different flies do different things:
• Important pests of livestock
• Beneficial as pollinators
• Beneficial as predators
• Some are parasitoids
• Some are plant pests (leaf miners)
32. Important Insect Relatives
• Mites -- some beneficial predators
• Mites – some livestock pests
• Mites – some plant pests
• Spiders – Very important as predators
(much underrated) in agroecosystems
36. Insecticides and Acaricides
• +++ effective, detailed knowledge of pest
biology not needed
• +++ reliable, fast-acting
• +++ quick response to emergency
situations
• - - - non target effects
• - - - $ and energy costs
• - - - high expectations
37. Biological Control
• Control by living organism or natural
product of living organism
• Hyperparasitism
Caterpillar Tachinid fly Parasitoid Wasp
38. Biological Control
-- Two Approaches
• Introduced = add control agents to
ecosystem (many good examples with
introduced pests)
• Introduced: classical (new agent) vs
augmentation (agent already present)
• Natural = favor increase of naturally
occurring control agents (manipulate
environment, cropping systems)
39. Biological Control
Many possible organisms:
• Predators (often not specific)
• Parasites
• Diseases (parasites)
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasitoids (often highly specific)
Entomopathogenic nematodes
40. Host Plant Resistance
• Interfere with host finding, feeding, pest
nutrition, timing of life cycles, etc…
• Hairs on leaves, sticky, etc.
• Alkaloids in plants deter insects
• Crop cultivars/genotypes selected for
resistance to pests
43. What is Biological Control?
• Predators
• Parasites
• Diseases
• Bacterial disease of insects caused by
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
44. What is Biological Control?
• Bacterial disease of insects caused by
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
• Allow bacteria to produce spores with
toxin in lab, isolate BT toxin, and spray it
on pests
45. What is Biological Control?
• Bacterial disease of insects caused by
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
• Allow bacteria to produce spores with
toxin in lab, isolate BT toxin, and spray it
on pests
• Transgenic plants that produce BT toxin
(Bt corn, Bt cotton)
46. What is Biological Control?
• Resistant plants as biological control
agents
• Plants with alkaloids
• Pyrethrum = natural plant alkaloid
47. What is Biological Control?
• Resistant plants as biological control
agents
• Plants with alkaloids
• Pyrethrum = natural plant alkaloid
• Isolate pyrethrum from plants and use it
48. What is Biological Control?
• Resistant plants as biological control agents
• Plants with alkaloids
• Pyrethrum = natural plant alkaloid
• Isolate pyrethrum from plants and use it
• Make synthetic pyrethrum
• Pyrethroid = pyrethrum analog, similar chem
structure
49. Environmental Heterogeneity
• Crop genetics (uniform genotypes vs mix)
• Vegetation diversity vs pest dispersal
• Vegetation diversity as reservoir for
natural enemies
50. Plant Health
• +++ Healthy plant can withstand some
insect damage
• - - - High N can increase insect growth
and reproduction
51. Attractants and Repellents
• Attractant, e.g., pheromone (sex or
aggregation) useful for:
• Sampling and monitoring (important use
for quarantine detection, regional
monitoring)
• Attracting insects to traps
• Confusing normal life processes and
patterns
52. Cultural Practices
• Crop Rotation
• Weed control of virus hosts
• Sanitation and cleanup of crop residues
(affected overwintering of boll weevil)
• Timing of planting dates (winter wheat,
Hessian fly)
• Others (sterile males, etc.)
53. For most effective insect
management, usually need
to know biology and habits
of individual insect pests
54. References
• Text: Ch 10, pp. 201-208; Ch.11, pp. 219-222.
• Metcalf C.L., W.P. Flint, and R.L. Metcalf. 1962.
Destructive and Useful Insects. McGraw-Hill,
NY.
• Metcalf, R.L., and W.H. Luckmann. 1994.
Introduction to Insect Pest Management. John
Wiley & Sons, NY.
• Images from UF Dept. Entomology &
Nematology – Featured Creatures:
• http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu