I. OBJECTIVES
1
•To demonstrate good aseptic technique in culture transfer or inoculation and in
handling sterile materials.
•To demonstrate skil in isolation of organisms from a mixed culture using selectve
and differential media.
•To isoate microorganisms from a wide variety of sources and describe their colonial
morphology.
II. INTRODUCTION
Most environments carry a mixed microbial population. To fully appreciate the
contribution of each group of organisms to the ecology of the mass, one must first
dissect this mixed culture to obtain single colonies. The single colony is transferred
(picked) to a fresh medium to obtain a larger, homogeneous culture that may be studied
and characterized by a variety of techniques. One suchtechnique is caled aseptic
technique. Microbiologists and health workers use this technique to prevent
contamination of cultures from outside sources and to prevent the introduction of
potential disease agents into the human body (nfection can occur through contamination
of your hands and clothing with material from your bacterial cultures).
Aseptic Techniques
Aseptic techniques (also called sterile techniques) are defined as the processes
required for transferring a culture from one vessel to anotherwithout introducing any
additional organisms to the cuture or contaminating the environment with the culture.
The following conditions must exist for aseptic technique to be successful:
1. The work area must be wiped with an antiseptic to reduce the number of potential
contaminants.
2. The transfer instruments must be sterile.
3. The work must be accomplished quicky and efficiently to minimize the time of
exposure during which contamnation of the culture or laboratory worker can occur.
Developing a thorough understanding and knowledge of aseptic techniques and
culture transfer procedures is a prerequisite to working with microbiological cutures. You
wll save yourself a lot of time and energy and avoid erroneous results if a few simple
and common sense rules are observed when working with cultures.
Dr. Eby Bassiri ebassiri@sas.upenn.edu
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Forensic Entomology is the use of the insects, and their arthropod relatives that inhabit decomposing remains, to aid legal investigations.Forensic entomology is commonly used to estimate the time of death when the circumstances surrounding the crime are unknown.Insects arrive at a decomposing body in a particular order and then complete their life cycle based on the surrounding temperature. By collecting and studying the types of insects found on a body, a forensic entomologist can predict the time of death
learning objectives:
Define entomology ?
Medical vs. Veterinary entomology?
List common characteristics for the identification of arthropods
• Explain briefly taxonomy of arthropods
• Describe biological functions of arthropods
• Explain importance of arthropods
Anatomy of insects
General life cycle
Helminths in adult population in countries.pptxbarakaakute
This is a presentation on helminths in various population groups around the world. Broadly, the term "helminth" refers to parasitic worms that can be classified into 2 phyla: Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms). The phylum Platyhelminthes is further divided into Cestoda (tapeworms) and Trematoda (flukes).
Helminthiasis is a major public health threat throughout Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. It has been estimated that more than 1 billion people worldwide are infected with at least 1 species, and many are coinfected with 2 or more parasites.[3,4] Most of those affected represent the world's poorest and most vulnerable populations. Economist Paul Collier has termed this population "the bottom billion." Poor access to healthcare, sanitation, and clean water make this group particularly susceptible to infection.
This article will discuss how helminth infections affect arguably the most vulnerable group of all: neonates and young children.
In this first case, both EB and his mother demonstrate consequences of hookworm infection. Two species of hookworm cause disease in humans. Necator americanus is found in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Asia. A duodenale occurs in the Mediterranean, parts of the Middle East, and Asia. Between 740 million and 1.3 billion people worldwide are probably infected.[2,5]
Hookworm eggs are found in soil contaminated with feces. The larvae hatch, develop in the soil, and penetrate the skin of a human host. As the larvae migrate through the host's skin, a pruritic rash may erupt. The larvae then travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, where they penetrate the alveoli and are swallowed by the host. They mature in the small intestine, where the main manifestations of disease occur. The parasite's mouthpiece contains sharp hooks for attaching to the duodenal wall. Once attached, hookworms release anticoagulant peptides and serine proteinase inhibitors, which contribute to anemia and malabsorption of nutrients, respectively.
After attachment, a single worm may consume 0.3-0.5 mL of blood per day.[6,7] Heavy infection can therefore result in profound anemia as well as protein loss, leading to malnutrition and anasarca. In endemic areas, coinfection with multiple types of helminthes is common and increases nutritional losses.
In general, helminth infections are more common in children than in young infants. Nevertheless, maternal infection is common and can profoundly affect neonatal health. In the case of EB, his mother had a history of anemia and a previous preterm delivery.
Iron-deficiency anemia induced by hookworms poses particular problems for pregnant, breastfeeding, or menstruating women, who have increased iron demands. Iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a known risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction, low birthweight, preterm birth, and low neonatal iron stores.[4,8,9] In areas with poor resources to care for preterm or low-birthweight infants.
1_Introduction to Biostatistics-2 (2).pdfelphaswalela
Example: For a sample pediatric case, refer to case 7: Toddler with a cough and fever.
Chief concern and history of present illness.
Past history.
Prenatal and birth history.
Developmental history.
Feeding or nutrition history.
Family history.
Social history.
Forensic Entomology is the use of the insects, and their arthropod relatives that inhabit decomposing remains, to aid legal investigations.Forensic entomology is commonly used to estimate the time of death when the circumstances surrounding the crime are unknown.Insects arrive at a decomposing body in a particular order and then complete their life cycle based on the surrounding temperature. By collecting and studying the types of insects found on a body, a forensic entomologist can predict the time of death
learning objectives:
Define entomology ?
Medical vs. Veterinary entomology?
List common characteristics for the identification of arthropods
• Explain briefly taxonomy of arthropods
• Describe biological functions of arthropods
• Explain importance of arthropods
Anatomy of insects
General life cycle
Helminths in adult population in countries.pptxbarakaakute
This is a presentation on helminths in various population groups around the world. Broadly, the term "helminth" refers to parasitic worms that can be classified into 2 phyla: Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms). The phylum Platyhelminthes is further divided into Cestoda (tapeworms) and Trematoda (flukes).
Helminthiasis is a major public health threat throughout Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. It has been estimated that more than 1 billion people worldwide are infected with at least 1 species, and many are coinfected with 2 or more parasites.[3,4] Most of those affected represent the world's poorest and most vulnerable populations. Economist Paul Collier has termed this population "the bottom billion." Poor access to healthcare, sanitation, and clean water make this group particularly susceptible to infection.
This article will discuss how helminth infections affect arguably the most vulnerable group of all: neonates and young children.
In this first case, both EB and his mother demonstrate consequences of hookworm infection. Two species of hookworm cause disease in humans. Necator americanus is found in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Asia. A duodenale occurs in the Mediterranean, parts of the Middle East, and Asia. Between 740 million and 1.3 billion people worldwide are probably infected.[2,5]
Hookworm eggs are found in soil contaminated with feces. The larvae hatch, develop in the soil, and penetrate the skin of a human host. As the larvae migrate through the host's skin, a pruritic rash may erupt. The larvae then travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, where they penetrate the alveoli and are swallowed by the host. They mature in the small intestine, where the main manifestations of disease occur. The parasite's mouthpiece contains sharp hooks for attaching to the duodenal wall. Once attached, hookworms release anticoagulant peptides and serine proteinase inhibitors, which contribute to anemia and malabsorption of nutrients, respectively.
After attachment, a single worm may consume 0.3-0.5 mL of blood per day.[6,7] Heavy infection can therefore result in profound anemia as well as protein loss, leading to malnutrition and anasarca. In endemic areas, coinfection with multiple types of helminthes is common and increases nutritional losses.
In general, helminth infections are more common in children than in young infants. Nevertheless, maternal infection is common and can profoundly affect neonatal health. In the case of EB, his mother had a history of anemia and a previous preterm delivery.
Iron-deficiency anemia induced by hookworms poses particular problems for pregnant, breastfeeding, or menstruating women, who have increased iron demands. Iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a known risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction, low birthweight, preterm birth, and low neonatal iron stores.[4,8,9] In areas with poor resources to care for preterm or low-birthweight infants.
1_Introduction to Biostatistics-2 (2).pdfelphaswalela
Example: For a sample pediatric case, refer to case 7: Toddler with a cough and fever.
Chief concern and history of present illness.
Past history.
Prenatal and birth history.
Developmental history.
Feeding or nutrition history.
Family history.
Social history.
Epidemiology
Table of Contents
UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
v
• Introduction............................................................ Acknowledgement.................................................
• UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
o Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
History of Epidemiology..............................
Purpose/Use of Epidemiology....................
o Exercise......................................................
• UNIT TWO: Disease Causation............................
o Objective....................................................
o Definition....................................................
o Causes of disease......................................
o Exercise....................................................
• UNIT THREE: Levels of prevention...................
o Objectives.................................................
o Natural history of disease.........................
o Measurements of morbidity......................
o Measurements of Mortality.......................
o Exercise:...................................................
o data collection......................................... UNIT SEVEN: Sources of Data and methods of
o Objectives:................................................
o Sources of data........................................
o Exercise:...................................................
Management........................................... UNIT EIGHT: Epidemic Investigation and
Objectives................................................
o Levels of Disease Occurrence..................
o Types of epidemics...................................
o Investigation of an Epidemic.....................
o Exercise....................................................
• UNIT NINE: Epidemiological Surveillance........
o Objectives.................................................
• Definition..................................................
• Purpose of surveillance............................
• Types of surveillance................................
• Activities in Surveillance...........................
• Features of a good surveillance system....
• The integrated disease surveillance system
• Exercise....................................................
• Reference................................................
Introduction to Epidemiology
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student is expected to:
Define Epidemiology Identify the main issues in the definition Discuss the uses of Epidemiology
1. Definition
Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations, and the application of this study to the promotion of health, and to the prevention
UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Pituitary peptides: beta-endorfin, MSH, Prolactin, GH, vasopresin, oxytocin,
ACTH, LH, TSH
C. Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you are operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you
Open sidebar
Reproductive Physiology Overview
User
Reproductive system physiology
ChatGPT
The reproductive system is responsible for the production and development of offspring. It includes various organs and structures that differ between males and females. In this response, I will provide an overview of the reproductive system physiology for both males and females.
Male Reproductive System Physiology:
Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder and also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System Physiology:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce ova (eggs) through a process called oogenesis and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the site for fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg.
Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
In females, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces pro
Open sidebar
Reproductive Physiology Overview
User
Reproductive system physiology
ChatGPT
The reproductive system is responsible for the production and development of offspring. It includes various organs and structures that differ between males and females. In this response, I will provide an overview of the reproductive system physiology for both males and females.
Male Reproductive System Physiology:
Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder and also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System Physiology:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce ova (eggs) through a process called oogenesis and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the site for fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg.
Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
In females, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces pro
TOPIC 2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR.pptxelphaswalela
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
Thought of The Day
YESTERDAY’S A PAST…
…..TOMORROW IS A FUTURE….
…. BUT….
TODAY IS A GIFT
…… THAT’S WHY IT’S CALLED
PRESENT….!
Content
• Introduction
• Definition of Disaster
• Classification & Types of Disasters
• Disaster Nursing
• Disaster Management
• Disaster management Cycle
• Nodal Ministry of Disaster
Introduction
• Disaster word originated from Greek Word,
DUS= Bad & ASTR= Star….The root of disaster comes
from an Astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the
position of a planet.
• Health Sector Emergency Managers are concerned
with Public safety and public Health. Clients are
threatened/injured and damaged during Disaster. The
Disaster Management Act was established in 2005.
• Disaster is a sudden , calamitous event bringing great
damage, loss, destruction & devastation to life and
property.
Definition of Disaster
• “Any occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life ,
deterioration of health and health services ,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected
community/area.” (WHO)
• “A disaster can defined as an occurrence
either Nature or Man made that causes Human
suffering and creates human needs that
victim can not alleviate without assistance.”
(American Red Cross)
Cont.
• “Disaster is an Emergency in which local
authorities cannot cope the goal of
emergency management is to protect public
health.”
ALL DISASTERS ARE EMERGENCIES
BUT
NOT ALL EMERGENCIES ARE DISASTERS
Definition of Hazard
• “Any phenomenon that has the potential to
cause Damage to people and their
Environment.” • There is a 4 classes of hazard
• Natural Hazard
• Technological Hazard
• Biological Hazard
• Societal Hazard
Vulnerability
Capacity to cope
High Low
Low High
Vulnerability
Very low Low
Exposure to
Hazard
High
Low
9
These are the determinants of risk (people).
THE MOST
VULNERABLE
Cont.
• For ex., an Earthquake hazard of the same
magnitude in a sparsely populated village of
Rajasthan and in the densely populated city of
Delhi will cause different levels of damage to
humans lives, property & Economic Activities.
• There is a two type of emergencies
• (i) Non-disaster Emergencies
• (ii) Disaster Emergencies
Classification Of Disasters
• Biological Disaster: Insect Infestation,
Epidemics & Animal Attacks.
• Geographical Disaster: Earth Quake &
Tsunamis, Volcanic Eruptions etc.
• Climatological Disaster: Droughts(Associated
with Food insecurities), Extreme Temperature
& Wild Fires
Cont.
• Hydrological Disaster: Flood including
Waves and Surges.
• Meteorological Disaster: Storms
Meteorological
Disasters
• Floods
• Tsunami
• Cyclone
• Hurricane
• Typhoon
• Snow
storm
• Blizzard
• Hail storm
Topographical
Disasters
• Earthquake
• Volcanic
Eruptions
• Asteroids
Environmental
Disasters
• Global
warming • Ozone
depletion • Solar flare
15
Technlogical
Disasters
• Transport
failure
• Public place
failure
• Fire
Industrial
• Chemical
spills
• Radioactive
spills
Security
relat
LECTURE NOTE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Disaster:
The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a combination of
two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil
star’.
A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community
or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.
A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.
A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard – flood, earthquake or cyclone which
is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to resources,
sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater
loss to life and property.
Hazards:
The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hasard’ in old French and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic
meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.
Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the
potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.”
Hazards can be grouped into two broad categories:
1. Natural Hazard
2. Manmade Hazard
Natural hazards are hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards
with meteorological, geological or even biological origin).
Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic
eruption which are exclusively of natural origin.
Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are
both natural and manmade.
For example flooding may be caused because of heavy rains, landslide or blocking of
drains with human waste.
Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence.
Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and
include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife
etc.
Various Types of Disasters:
Difference between Disaster and Hazard:
Vulnerability:
Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone
area.”
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into:
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Socio-economic vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed
by natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of
people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity,
location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Method · June 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13488.99842
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
1).i) Qualities of effective communication.
1 Clarity
If your writing is clear, your reader is much more likely to understand and act on your message. Consider this the ultimate characteristic of effective communication.
2 Conciseness
As George Orwell wrote in his essay “Politics and the English Language,” if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Your goal is to communicate your message as quickly and directly as possible. By doing this, you’ll save your reader time and trouble.
3 Correctness
Proper grammar and syntax increase the effectiveness and credibility of your message. Mistakes might affect clarity, create ambiguity, and raise doubts. In addition, the message’s information needs to be accurate. Misinformation can derail productivity in the workplace and compound disorganization.
4 Completeness
Effective communication requires the whole picture. Leaving information out can lead to unnecessary guesswork for readers. Comprehensive yet concise messages reduce follow-up questions and prevent delays.
5 Coherence
Coherent communication is logical. Your points should be relevant to your thesis, and the text’s tone and flow should be smooth.
6 Consideration
Empathy is a critical pillar of good workplace communication. Before you speak, consider your words and their potential effects on your listener.
7 Courtesy
Being courteous is as much a necessity in a corporate setting as anywhere. Your team is working together to achieve the same goals of success and growth. Inside jokes, insults, or an aggressive tone work against teamwork.
8 Concreteness
A concrete message is tangible, supported by facts for enhanced credibility, and helps your audience better understand what’s being conveyed. It also mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, a common struggle in the workplace.
9 Consistency
Following the tips above will ensure that your communication is effective. Once you’ve improved, however, don’t let your quality slip. Your teams and operations are valuable and should always be treated as such. Effective communication depends on a steady and efficient workflow from everyone. ii)the process of effective communication.
The Different Elements in The Process of Communication that makes it to be a process are:
i)Sender
The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures, even a momentary smile.
ii)Message
Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the nature and importance of information desired to be sent.
iii)Encoding
Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of the message to be sent. T
iv)Channel
Channel(s) refers to the way or mode th
E STUDY 5-1 UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
FOCUSING IN
Members of the clinically significant group of
parasites located in blood and tissue that move
by means of flagella, known as the hemoflagel
lates, belong to the genera Leishmania and Try
panosoma. There are four morphologic forms of
clinical significance associated with these hemo
flagellates: amastigote, promastigote, epimasti
gote, and trypomastigote, all of which are defined
and described in detail in this chapter. Although
the specific life cycle may vary, all the organisms
in these two genera involve some combination of
the four morphologic forms. The transmission of
all hemoflagellates is via the bite of an arthropod
vector. The major difference between the two
genera is the primary diagnostic form found in
each; for Leishmania it is the amastigote and for
Trypanosoma it is the trypomastigote, with the
exception of Trypanosoma cruzi, in which amas
tigotes may also be found. Speciation within the
genera usually depends heavily on the patient
importance of this information, this text pro
vides a discussion of the geographic distribution
and symptomatology of each hemoflagellate.
Suspicions of hemoflagellate disease processes
are typically confirmed by more advanced diag
nostic techniques, such as serologic tests. Because
the initial diagnosis of hemoflagellate infections
relies primarily on the detection of the morpho
logic forms, this text will begin with a detailed
discussion of the morphologic forms.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE
CYCLE NOTES
Morphology
Amastigotes. The average roundish to oval
amastigote measures 5 by 3 μm in size (Figs. 51
and 5-2; Table 5-1). The amastigote contains a
nucleus, a basal body structure (called a blepha
roplast), and a small parabasal body. The large
single nucleus is typically located offcenter,
sometimes present more toward the edge of the
Nineyearold Chares, an African boy, recenty emigrated
to the United States from Kenya with his family. He began
complaining of chills and diarrhea 2 weeks prior to the
office vsit. After taking his temperature, whch revealed a
fever, hs mother took him into his pediatrician’s office.
During the examination, the doctor found a skn leson on
hs right arm and marked hepatosplenomegaly. A compete
bood count (CBC) was ordered, which revealed that
Charles was anemic. The doctor, afraid that the chid
was experiencing dum dum fever (kalaazar), ordered
a biopsy of the infected skin lesion and blood for
parasite study.
When the specimens were received in the laboratory,
the laboratory technician on duty made slides of the skn
lesion material and blood, stained them with Giemsa stan,
and carefully examined the slides. No parastes were found
in the bood slide The biopsy slide revealed an oval organ
ism (see diagram); it contained one nuceus, a parabasal
body, and an axonemelike structure.
Questions for Consideration
1. What parasite do you suspect? (Objective 5-10B)
2. Which morphologic form of the parasit
iemsa Stain report; Table of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the smear, lea
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the first time
Want to move your career forward? Looking to build your leadership skills while helping others learn, grow, and improve their skills? Seeking someone who can guide you in achieving these goals?
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Learn how you can make a difference in the project management community and take the next step in your professional journey.
About Hector Del Castillo
Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
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This comprehensive program covers essential aspects of performance marketing, growth strategies, and tactics, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, content marketing, social media marketing, and more
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdf
HCM 124 lecture 9 medical entomology.pptx
1. HCM 124: MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
AND ENTOMOLOGY
JACKSON C. KORIR (PhD)
0721- 413 606
jcheruiyot@mmust.ac.ke
Masinde Muliro University
of Science and Technology
(MMUST)
University of Choice
9. 9
Modes of transmission
1. Direct contact:
Arthropods are directly transmitted
from man to man through close
physical contact
2. Mechanical transmission:
The disease agent is just mechanically
carried by the Arthropod
10. 10
Contd…
3. Biological transmission:
Propagative: The disease agent
multiplies in number in the body of
arthropod without under going
developmental change
Cyclopropagative: The disease agent
undergoes both developmental change
and multiplies in number
Ex. Malaria parasite in Anopheles
11. 11
Cyclo developmental: The disease agent
undergoes only developmental change (no
multiplication)
Ex. Filaria larva in culex and Guinea worm
embryo in cyclops
12. 12
Cont..
Trans ovarian transmission:
The disease agent is passed onto the next
generation through the eggs of the insect.
Ex. Scrub typhus in thrombuculid mite
Trans stadial transmission:
The disease agent is passed from one stage
of life cycle to another and then transmit the
disease to man.
Ex. Typhoid in housefly
13. 13
General principles of arthropod
control
Protective measures:
1. Physical barriers: Mosquito nets, screening
of building against houseflies etc.
2. Chemical barriers: Application of repellent
cream to body and clothing. Ex. Use of
odomas against mosquitoes
14. 14
Aggressive Measures
1. Source Reduction (Environmental
manipulation): Ensuring efficient drainage
of waste water collection (to prevent
mosquito breeding) and quick and effective
removal of garbage to prevent fly breeding.
15. 15
2. Mechanical control – Use of sticky paper
bait for houseflies.
3. Chemical control – By use of insecticides
which are classified as Larvicides: against
Larvae.
Imagicides: against adults.
16. 16
They are also classified as:
Stomach poisons: Eg. Paris green for
anopheles larva and Baigon bait for
cockroaches.
Asphyxiants: Eg. Oiling against anopheles
larva, Fumigants (gases) like HCN, Se2 in
warehouses.
17. 17
Contact insecticides
Space sprays (knock down agents) e.g.
Pyrethrum
Residual sprays
Chlorinated compounds e.g. DDT
Organophosphorous compounds
e.g. Parathion, Malathion, etc.
Carbamates e.g. Carbaryl, etc.
18. 18
4. Biological Control – e.g. use of Gambusia
and Guppy fishes to eat anopheles larvae
5. Genetic Control – Releasing sterilized male
insects in such numbers that they compete
with the wild male insects to fertilize the wild
female insects and thus eventually reduce the
insect population. E.g. use of (irradiated)
sterile male Culex in control of filariasis.
19. 19
Mosquitoes
In Kenya, mosquitoes constitute the most
important group of insects of public health
importance. A study of them is done under the
following heads:
1. Structure and life history in brief.
2. Differentiation of mosquitoes.
3. Outline of mosquito-borne diseases.
4. Mosquito control measures.
5. Methods of collection and identification.
20. 20
Structure and Life History
Morphology: The body of a mosquito is
divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
Head: semiglobular, bears a pair of
compound eyes, a pair of antenna (bushy
in males), a pair of palpi and a central
piercile proboscis.
Thorax: round, has a pair of wings dorsally
and 3 pairs of legs ventrally.
Abdomen: long and narrow, 10 segments,
the last 2 fused to form genitals.
21. 21
-Has 4 stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult.
-The eggs are laid only in water and hence
presence of water is essential for the
existence of all mosquitoes.
- The metamorphosis is complete, the egg
and pupal stages are the resting stages while
the alternating larval and adult stages are
highly active.
Life History:
22. 22
The Life Cycle:
- Normally of about 2 weeks duration (Egg: 1-3
days, Larva: 7-10 days, Pupa: 1-3 days. Adult
life span about 2 weeks-1 month).
- Only the females are blood sucking and
males live on plant juices.
- Normally the mosquitoes (except Aedes)
have a flight range of ½ to 1 mile and this is
an important factor which determines the
extent of the area to be included under
mosquito-borne disease control operation.
23. 23
Differentiation of Mosquitoes
Genus Important
Species
Area of
Distribution
Anopheles Culicifacies
Philippinensis
Fluviatilis minimus
Sundaicus
Stephensi
Plains
Foothills
Coastal areas
Culex
Aedes
Mansonoides
Fatigans
Tritaniorrhynchus
Aegypti
Annulifera
Uniformis
24. 24
Anopheles Vs. Culex
Stage of Life Anopheles Culex
Egg - Boat shaped
- Laid singly
- Have lateral floats
- In fresh water
- Oval
- Laid in rafts
- Without lateral floats
- Usually in still dirty water
Larva -Lies horizontally with surface
of water
- No siphon tube
- Has palmate hairs on
abdomen
-Lies at an angle with the
surface of water
- Siphon tube +
- No palmate hairs
Pupa - Breathing trumpet (siphon
tube)
- Short and broad (funnel
shaped)
- Long and narrow (trumpet
shaped)
Adult -Body: at an angle with
surface on which it rests
- Wings: usually spotted
- Palpi of male: club shaped
- Palpi of female: as long as
- More or less parallel with the
surface on which it rests
- Non-spotted
- Not club shaped
- Shorter than proboscis
25. 25
Outline of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Mosquito Disease
transmitted
Extrinsic
Incubation
Period
Mode of
Transmission
Causative
Agent
Reservoir of
the Agent
Anopheles Malaria Not less than
10-15 days
Bite of
infective
female
mosquito
Plasmodium:
vivax,
falciparum,
malariae &
ovale
Man suffering
from Malaria
Culex
fatigans Urban filariasis 10-14 days Deposition of
infective larva
at the site of
bite by female
mosquito
Wuchereria
bancrofti
Man
harbouring
microfilaria
Mansonoides Rural filariasis 10-14 days Deposition of
infective larva
on the site of
bite by female
mosquito
Brugia malayi Man
harbouring
microfilaria
26. 26
Mosquito Control Measures
Protective (Defensive) Measures:
Use of mosquito nets: The number of
holes/sq. inch is 150
Screening of buildings with wire mesh
having 16 meshes/inch
Use of chemical repellents like deet (diethyl
toluamide), dimethylphthalate, etc.
27. 27
Aggressive Measures:
Anti-larval measures:
Environmental Control:
It involves chiefly the water management. If
Anopheles are a problem, their breeding places
should be abolished by proper methods like
filling and drainage.
If Culex are a problem, the waste water
collected to be suitably drained.
In case of Aedes, the artificial collection of
water in containers, etc. to be eliminated and
prevented.
For Mansonia, the aquatic plants should be
destroyed and further growth checked.
28. 28
Chemical Control:
The commonly used larvicides are:
Mineral oil (Malariol) acting as asphyxiant applied
at the rate of 40-90 litres/hectare;
Paris green (copper acetoarsenite) acting as a
stomach poison is applied as a 2% dust at 1
kg/hectacre;
Synthetic insecticides baytex (Fenthion) 1000
applies as emulsion at 150-500 litres/hectare
Biological Control: By use of larvae eating (larvivorous)
Gambusia and guppy fishes in control of Anopheles
29. 29
Anti-adult measures:
Insecticides: As space sprays (knock-down
agents) – use of Pyrethrum extract (1 oz/1000 cu.ft.
space); ULV (ultra low volume) fogging of malathion
or fenthion in outdoors in control of Aedes (a day
biter). Residual sprays for indoors, lindane (0.5
g/m2), DDT (1 or 2 g/m2), malathion (1 g/m2), etc.
Genetic Control: Sterile males release technique
(Culex fatigans control) and other approaches like
use of insect growth regulators, chemosterilants,
etc.
30. 30
Methods of Mosquito Collection
and Identification
For Larva:
- A laddle (long-handled spoon) of 3.5” diameter
is taken and dips are made along the edges of
breeding water source.
-At least 5 dips are taken in each breeding place.
The number of larvae/dip are counted and
identified (using dissecting microscope) and the
average number of the five dips is taken as Larval
Density, an indicator of magnitude of mosquito
breeding in the area.
31. 31
For Adult:
The most commonly occurring adult Culex and
Anopheles mosquitoes rest in the day in darkness on
damp walls and corners of the room.
They are collected by using a suction tube – a glass
tube of 9” size is taken.
A gauze piece is tied on the one end and connected to a
rubber tube. The other end is kept open to suck in the
mosquitoes.
The adult mosquitoes are caught with the help of this
sucking tube from the dark corners of the living rooms,
cattle sheds, etc., by using torch light in the early hours
of the morning.
32. 32
The mosquitoes so collected are transferred to a test
tube which is subsequently closed with a cotton plug.
The mosquitoes collected are killed by vigorous
shaking of test tube. The total time of collection per
person is noted.
The mosquitoes collected are counted and
subsequently identified with a hand lens or dissecting
microscopes.
The total number of mosquitoes collected per person per
hour is calculated and expressed as Man Hour Density
(MHD). The mosquito catching is done for 2-3 days and
the average is taken for better reliability of the result.
The MHD of mosquito indicates the magnitude of
mosquito menace in the area.
34. 34
Housefly (Musca
domestica)
The presence of housefly is an index of poor
sanitation.
Structure:
-The body is divided into head, thorax and
abdomen, and it has 3 pairs of legs and 1
pair of wings.
-The legs and body are covered with
numerous short and stiff hairs, called the
tenent hairs, which contain a sticky
substance.
-Each leg has a pair of foot pads which help
the fly to walk on smooth surfaces.
38. 38
Life History
The female lays eggs in moist decaying organic
matter like human & animal excreta, manure heaps &
garbage.
The eggs are white, 1 mm size and just visible to
naked eye (resembling polished rice grain).
The eggs hatch larvae (maggots) which are creamy
white, segmented & footless, active and eat
voraciously & grow up to 1 cm. They resent light
and bury themselves under manure heaps.
When about to pupate, they migrate to outer dry
regions. The pupa measures ½ cm and is dark
brown and barrel-shaped.
From the pupa, adult fly comes out and the life cycle
is completed in 1-3 weeks.
39. 39
Mode of Disease Transmission:
They carry the pathogens
(mechanically) on their feet and hairy
legs. In addition, the flies frequently
vomit (vomit drop) and defecate which
also contain ingested pathogens in
viable state.
41. 41
Fly Control Measures:
Environmental control: Safe and
sanitary disposal of: human excreta
(sanitary latrines) & animal excreta
(manure pits with earth cover or by
composting); Garbage & refuse (refuse
bins with tight lids, composting, etc.). A
clean house with a clean surrounding is the
best solution.
42. 42
Protective measures: Use of fly-proof
meshes (14/inch) for windows and even doors
(provided with springs to keep always closed)
Mechanical control: By use of sticky fly
papers, fly traps, etc.
Chemical control:
Larvicides: Use of DDT, 0.5% Diazinon, etc. for fly
breeding sources
Imagicides: Use of baits (Baigon-2% propuxur) and
occasionally space sprays (Pyrethrum/Malathion)
43. 43
Lastly a “Fly Consciousness” should be
created among people through Health
Education and only with the active
cooperation of the people the fly menace
can be controlled.
44. 44
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
These are slightly smaller than mosquitoes, light
brown-colored, hairy, winged insects with slender
long 3 pairs of legs.
The wings are held at 45° to body and these insects
(though winged) only jump (hop) short distances.
They mostly breed in cattle sheds, stables and
poultries and are within 50 yards from their breeding
place.
They are nocturnal biters (only female bite) and
during daytime hide in cracks & crevices of walls dark
nook corners of cattle sheds, poultry, bathroom, etc.
The life cycle consists of egg, larva, pupa and adult
and this is usually complete in 2-4 weeks, mostly in
cattle sheds and poultries.
50. 50
Control Measures
By locating cattle sheds, poultries and stables
50 yards away from house
By tight cement plastering of cracks and
crevices in the walls & floors
By use of insecticides like DDT spraying (1-2
g/sq. m.) of cattle sheds and other resting
places
Use of insect repellants
Sandfly net: 45 mesh/inch may be used to
protect against bite
51. 51
Tsetse Flies (Glossinae)
These are blood sucking insects found in
Africa and attack man and animals during
daytime.
Tsetse flies are vectors of Trypanosomiasis or
sleeping sickness, affecting man, domestic
animals and wild game.
They breed in woodland vegetation and
females give birth to larvae (no egg laying).
Control measures include aerial spraying of
insecticides of large areas for woodland
vegetation.
53. 53
Blackflies (Simulidae)
These are vectors of Onchocerciasis in
Africa and Central and South America.
They breed under submerged stones
and weeds in running streams.
As they have a flight range of up to 100
miles, the control measure is aimed at
aquatic breeding source through aerial
spraying of insecticides.
54. 54
Insecticides
Definition :
-An insecticide is a chemical used for killing
arthropods.
- A larvicide is an insecticide againist immature
stages of arthropods.
- Imagicide (adulticide ) is againist the adult
stages of arthropod.
55. 55
Classification
Chemical classification:
Group I : Organochlorine compounds –
DDT, Gammaxane.
Group II :Organophosphorous compounds
- Malathion, Fenthion, Fenitrothion,
Parathion.
Group III : Carbamates - Propoxur,
Carbaryl
56. 56
According to their mode of action:
Stomach poisons: These must be ingested
to kill ( effective against insects with mouth
parts for chewing) the arthropod. These
may be
Spread over the natural food as a spray or dust
( paris green againist anopheles larvae ) or it
may be incorporated in an attractive bait ( 2%
carbamate in baigon bait againist houseflies
and cockroaches ).
57. 57
Asphyxiants:
1. Fumigants : These are gases which asphyxiate
the arthropods. These are used in grain storage
bins, warehouses and other enclosed areas
where the insects cannot be reached by ordinary
sprays or dusts, or where such insecticides may
harm the material being infected.
Ex: Use of Hydrocyanic acid ( highly poisonous, to
be operated by experienced persons with gas
mask ). SO2 and Carbon di sulphide ( highly
flammable and explosive ).
58. 58
2. Oiling:
Ex. Malariol is applied on the water surface
which forms a thin layer and kills larvae and
pupae of mosquitoes.
59. 59
Control insecticides:
which kill insects primarily by contact.
1. Knock down agents : these have a rapid paralysing
effect . Ex: Pyrethrum.
2. Residual agents : are placed directly on or some
surface upon which the arthropod will walk or rest and
where it may retain its toxicity for 3-4 months. Ex:
DDT, Malathion, etc. in anopheles control.
3. Space sprays: insecticidal solutions which are
dispersed as finely atomized droplets by means of a
spraying device. Ex. Pyrethrum against mosquitoes.
60. 60
Contd..
4. Aerosols : a modified space spray where the
liquefied gas aerosol consists of a solution
of insecticide in dichloro difluoro methane of
similar material which forms a gas at
ordinary room temperature. Ex.Pyrethrum
and DDT against mosquitoes
61. 61
5. Ultra low volume ( ULV ) fog :
Application of highly concentrated of
undiluted insecticides in the fornm of a fog
– ( using helicopters or aeroplane ) Ex.
Malathion in Aedes Aegypti control.
62. 62
Selective insecticides
1. DDT ( Dichloro-Diphenyl-trifluoroethane )
It is a white e amorphous powder. The
technical DDT contains 70-80% Para para
isomer which is a active ingredient.
It is a contact nerve poison.
It permeates through the cuticle and causes
paralysis of the nervous system.
The commercially available water dispersible
DDT powder contains 50% or 75% DDT.
63. 63
The DDT ifs taken in bucket, the measured
quantity of water is slowly added to it and
stirred to prepare a solution.
A 5% suspension when sprayed at a rate of 1
gallon/1000 sq.feet gives a dosage of
200mg/1000sq.feet.
As a residual spray it is sprayed indoors on
the walls, ceiling etc. and it remains effective
for 3 months.
As a 10% dust, DDT is used against lice, fleas
and ticks.
64. 64
2. BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride )
it is a white or chocolate powder with a
musty smell. The technical BHC contains
13-16% of gamma isomer.
Pure BHC containing 99% of gamma isomer
is called Lindane.
The commercially available powder contains
50% of the BHC.
It is a residual nerve poison.
65. 65
3. Malathion
It is the least toxic of all
organophosphorous componds and is used
as an alternative to DDT in some areas.
Commercially water dispersible powder is
available and the same is used in doses of
100-200mg per sq.foot
It is also widely used as ULV spray.
66. 66
4. Pyrethrum
It is extracted from the flowers of
crysanthemum.
Its active ingredients are pyrethrins/
It is used as a knock down agent and it has
no residual action.
67. 67
5. Malariol
Applied at 15-20 gallons per acre of water
cuts off supply of air to larvae and pupa of
mosquitoes by forming a thin film over the
surface of water.
However it makes water unsuitable for
domestic purpose and fishes may be killed.
68. 68
6. Paris Green (Copper aceto arsenite )
it is a green crystlline powder.
When sprayed as a 2% dust, at the rate of
1kg of actual paris green per hectare of water
, it kills the anopheles larva by acting as a
stomach poison.
In this dosage it does not harm fish, man or
domestic animals.
69. 69
Application of insecticides
Spraying
Knock down agents : Pyrethrum
Residual sprays : DDT, BHC, malathion
Space sprays : Pyrethrum
Aerosols : Pyrethrum and DDT
ULV fogging : Malathion
70. 70
Dusting
Individuals : 10% DDT in body louse infestation
Rodent burrows, holes : 10% DDT in rodent
and rat flea control.
Fumigation
Hydrocyanic acid against rat fleas, bugs,etc.
71. 71
Repellants
A repellent is a chemical applied to the
skin or clothing or other places to
discourage arthropods from sitting on
and attacking an individual.
1. Creams : Dimethylphthalate against
mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks and mites.
2. Fumes (vapours) : mosquito coils
72. 72
Insecticide resistance
The development of an ability in strain of
insects to tolerate doses of toxicants which
would prove lethal to the majority of
individuals in normal population of the same
species.
it may be due to
Genetic factors - mutation
Biochemical factors - toxicant is converted
to a nontoxicant by body enzymes.
73. 73
Types
Single resistance : against only one
insecticide
Double resistance : against two insecticides of one
group Ex. DDT and Gammaxane
Cross resistance : against insecticides of two
different groups – carbamates and OP
compounds.