The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
This document discusses how human activity like deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and habitat destruction are increasing contact between humans and animal species, allowing viruses to jump between species and potentially cause pandemics. Experts warn that if this destruction of nature continues, even deadlier pandemics will emerge more frequently in the future. Implementing measures to reduce human interaction with wildlife through investments in monitoring wildlife trade and preventing deforestation could help avoid future pandemics at a relatively low cost compared to the massive economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Urgent changes are needed in human relationships with nature to protect humanity from pandemics threatening its existence.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
Culling of livestock has traditionally been used to control disease outbreaks but has several disadvantages. It negatively impacts biodiversity, genetic diversity of breeds, and small scale farmers. It is also emotionally difficult and expensive. Computer models could simulate alternative husbandry practices like organic agriculture and local food systems to examine their impact on disease spread and economic costs compared to current industrialized practices. This may help identify more sustainable approaches to disease control.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
This document discusses how human activity like deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and habitat destruction are increasing contact between humans and animal species, allowing viruses to jump between species and potentially cause pandemics. Experts warn that if this destruction of nature continues, even deadlier pandemics will emerge more frequently in the future. Implementing measures to reduce human interaction with wildlife through investments in monitoring wildlife trade and preventing deforestation could help avoid future pandemics at a relatively low cost compared to the massive economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Urgent changes are needed in human relationships with nature to protect humanity from pandemics threatening its existence.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
Culling of livestock has traditionally been used to control disease outbreaks but has several disadvantages. It negatively impacts biodiversity, genetic diversity of breeds, and small scale farmers. It is also emotionally difficult and expensive. Computer models could simulate alternative husbandry practices like organic agriculture and local food systems to examine their impact on disease spread and economic costs compared to current industrialized practices. This may help identify more sustainable approaches to disease control.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
Environmental change and vector borne diseaseNik Ronaidi
This document discusses how environmental change can impact vector-borne diseases. It identifies several factors of global change like climate change, urbanization, and land use that can influence disease transmission by affecting vectors, pathogens, or human exposure and sensitivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change can expand vector habitat and accelerate pathogen development. The document also examines how these global changes have impacted diseases like dengue and filariasis in Malaysia through influences on vector ecology and human activities. Effective adaptation requires assessing a population's vulnerability, exposure, and sensitivity to design vector control and other management options.
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
Describes various aspect of community participation in aedes mosquito control and throws light on various reasons for re-emergence of vector borne diseases like Dengue,Chikungunya etc.
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
Biological Control of Forest Insect PestsSyed Ahmed
This document discusses biological control of insect pests. It defines biological control as using natural enemies to reduce damage from insect pest populations. The document then covers the history of biological control from early efforts in 200 AD through the modern period. It discusses three approaches to biological control - classical biological control involving introducing exotic natural enemies, augmentative biological control involving adding natural enemies, and conservation biological control involving protecting existing natural enemies.
Horizon scanning for emergence of new viruses in animal and public healthEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This document summarizes an article that discusses the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial products. It notes that rapid urbanization in India is exposing urban spaces to risk through poor infrastructure and unchecked technology use. Indiscriminate antibiotic and consumer product use is contributing to "superbugs" emerging in water sources. The culture of extreme cleanliness through these products is driven by both safety concerns and a desire among India's middle class to distinguish themselves. However, widespread use of antibacterial chemicals like Triclosan is selecting for drug-resistant bacteria and increasing the chemical load on sewage systems.
This document discusses biological control, which is using living organisms to suppress pest populations. It provides a history of biological control, noting it was first coined in 1919 and examples from ancient China. It describes the evolution of biological control including using Rodolia cardinalis against Icerya purchasi in California. The main types of biological control agents are entomophagous insects like predators and parasitoids, as well as pathogenic microbes like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. The strategies of biological control are introduction/importation, augmentation and conservation.
The biological control and integrated pest managementbilal riaz
The document discusses various approaches to biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). It covers importation/classical biological control, augmentation biological control, conservation biological control, and their interactions with other IPM tactics like cultural controls, crop rotation, and selective pesticide use. The goal is to implement biological control practices in pest management programs while minimizing impacts on non-target species and considering factors like consumer demand and environmental safety.
ABSTRACT- Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability. Key-words- Culex quinquefasciatus, Smart vector, Plasmodium relictum, Southern house mosquito
Prepare for and Survive a Pandemic/Biological WarfareBob Mayer
Pandemics are natural occurring-- usually. However, mankind has also used biological warfare since the advent of war. Biological weapons are also a favorite of terrorists and what is on the horizon is truly frightening. Accidents also happen. How do you prepare for and deal with this event?
This is an introduction to the agro-ecology of malaria, with specific focus on Uganda, presented Jan-28, 2013 at IFPRI to as a graduate colloquium for the South Dakota State University.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Climate change effects on pest problems on grain legumesICRISAT
Global warming and climate change are the major concerns for crop production and food security (IPCC, 2007). Climate change will exercise a major influence on diversity and abundance of arthropods (Sharma, 2014). In recent years, variability in climatic conditions has resulted in increased losses due to pod borers, Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata and Spodoptera exigua, pod sucking bug Clavigralla spp. and scale insects Ceroplastodes cajani.
This document summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that investigated the potential public health risk of transmission of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter bacteria from poultry farms to humans through flies. The study modeled human exposure based on the fraction of contaminated flies leaving infected poultry farms, the number of bacteria per fly, and the number of positive poultry houses in the Netherlands. It compared the risk estimates to consumption of chicken fillet and found that transmission of both pathogens through flies may be an important transmission route worthy of further modeling and investigation given the potential public health implications.
Understanding the Rearing of mosquito in laboratory and Mosquito Vector Surve...Muhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document summarizes four research projects:
1) A study on the tolerance of the American bollworm pest to Bt cotton, including experimental procedures to assess tolerance.
2) A mosquito survey in Sargodha, Pakistan that found the highest populations of Culex mosquitoes in the Y block area.
3) A project to understand mosquito rearing protocols and investigate the repellent effects of plant oils on Culex mosquitoes. Precautions and procedures for rearing mosquitoes in the laboratory are described.
4) References are listed but not described.
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
Environmental change and vector borne diseaseNik Ronaidi
This document discusses how environmental change can impact vector-borne diseases. It identifies several factors of global change like climate change, urbanization, and land use that can influence disease transmission by affecting vectors, pathogens, or human exposure and sensitivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change can expand vector habitat and accelerate pathogen development. The document also examines how these global changes have impacted diseases like dengue and filariasis in Malaysia through influences on vector ecology and human activities. Effective adaptation requires assessing a population's vulnerability, exposure, and sensitivity to design vector control and other management options.
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
Describes various aspect of community participation in aedes mosquito control and throws light on various reasons for re-emergence of vector borne diseases like Dengue,Chikungunya etc.
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
Biological Control of Forest Insect PestsSyed Ahmed
This document discusses biological control of insect pests. It defines biological control as using natural enemies to reduce damage from insect pest populations. The document then covers the history of biological control from early efforts in 200 AD through the modern period. It discusses three approaches to biological control - classical biological control involving introducing exotic natural enemies, augmentative biological control involving adding natural enemies, and conservation biological control involving protecting existing natural enemies.
Horizon scanning for emergence of new viruses in animal and public healthEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This document summarizes an article that discusses the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial products. It notes that rapid urbanization in India is exposing urban spaces to risk through poor infrastructure and unchecked technology use. Indiscriminate antibiotic and consumer product use is contributing to "superbugs" emerging in water sources. The culture of extreme cleanliness through these products is driven by both safety concerns and a desire among India's middle class to distinguish themselves. However, widespread use of antibacterial chemicals like Triclosan is selecting for drug-resistant bacteria and increasing the chemical load on sewage systems.
This document discusses biological control, which is using living organisms to suppress pest populations. It provides a history of biological control, noting it was first coined in 1919 and examples from ancient China. It describes the evolution of biological control including using Rodolia cardinalis against Icerya purchasi in California. The main types of biological control agents are entomophagous insects like predators and parasitoids, as well as pathogenic microbes like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. The strategies of biological control are introduction/importation, augmentation and conservation.
The biological control and integrated pest managementbilal riaz
The document discusses various approaches to biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). It covers importation/classical biological control, augmentation biological control, conservation biological control, and their interactions with other IPM tactics like cultural controls, crop rotation, and selective pesticide use. The goal is to implement biological control practices in pest management programs while minimizing impacts on non-target species and considering factors like consumer demand and environmental safety.
ABSTRACT- Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability. Key-words- Culex quinquefasciatus, Smart vector, Plasmodium relictum, Southern house mosquito
Prepare for and Survive a Pandemic/Biological WarfareBob Mayer
Pandemics are natural occurring-- usually. However, mankind has also used biological warfare since the advent of war. Biological weapons are also a favorite of terrorists and what is on the horizon is truly frightening. Accidents also happen. How do you prepare for and deal with this event?
This is an introduction to the agro-ecology of malaria, with specific focus on Uganda, presented Jan-28, 2013 at IFPRI to as a graduate colloquium for the South Dakota State University.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Climate change effects on pest problems on grain legumesICRISAT
Global warming and climate change are the major concerns for crop production and food security (IPCC, 2007). Climate change will exercise a major influence on diversity and abundance of arthropods (Sharma, 2014). In recent years, variability in climatic conditions has resulted in increased losses due to pod borers, Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata and Spodoptera exigua, pod sucking bug Clavigralla spp. and scale insects Ceroplastodes cajani.
This document summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that investigated the potential public health risk of transmission of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter bacteria from poultry farms to humans through flies. The study modeled human exposure based on the fraction of contaminated flies leaving infected poultry farms, the number of bacteria per fly, and the number of positive poultry houses in the Netherlands. It compared the risk estimates to consumption of chicken fillet and found that transmission of both pathogens through flies may be an important transmission route worthy of further modeling and investigation given the potential public health implications.
Understanding the Rearing of mosquito in laboratory and Mosquito Vector Surve...Muhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document summarizes four research projects:
1) A study on the tolerance of the American bollworm pest to Bt cotton, including experimental procedures to assess tolerance.
2) A mosquito survey in Sargodha, Pakistan that found the highest populations of Culex mosquitoes in the Y block area.
3) A project to understand mosquito rearing protocols and investigate the repellent effects of plant oils on Culex mosquitoes. Precautions and procedures for rearing mosquitoes in the laboratory are described.
4) References are listed but not described.
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
This document discusses strategies for controlling locust outbreaks while exploiting locusts as a food source. It notes that human population is growing while agricultural land is shrinking, increasing demand for alternative protein sources. Locust swarms can severely damage crops. The document proposes training farmers to rear locusts commercially and use them in animal feed to prevent crop damage from outbreaks. It reviews methods for controlling locust populations, including biological controls using fungi, and recommends an integrated approach involving monitoring, early control measures, breeding area treatments, and utilizing locusts as food.
This project aimed to reduce mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases on a university campus using biological control methods. They established 49 bird and bat boxes and 25 mosquito-repellent planters around campus. In the first year, they fledged 45 birds and saw some bat activity. The second year saw more nesting birds and fledglings, but less bat activity likely due to a fungus disease impacting bat populations. The program was successful in reducing mosquitoes without using pesticides.
This document reviews the potential for using spiders as biological control agents of mosquitoes. It discusses how spiders have a wide insect prey range and can act as natural predators of mosquitoes. Certain spider species have been shown to specialize in preying on mosquitoes. The document reviews research on the mosquito-eating behaviors of spider species like Evarcha culicivora from East Africa and Paracyrba wanlessi from Southeast Asia. It discusses how these spiders use vision and olfaction to target mosquitoes that have recently fed on blood, helping to control disease-transmitting mosquito populations. The review concludes that further understanding predator-prey relationships between spiders and mosquitoes could help develop biological control programs utilizing
First report of the parasitic infection in two snail species from Burkina Fas...Open Access Research Paper
Trematodiases are important yet neglected tropical diseases, caused by trematode parasites with a multi-host life cycle, which typically involves a snail intermediate host. The many knowledge gaps regarding the trematode life cycles, pathology, and epidemiology complicate effective control. This work was initiated to inventory parasites as part of the “One Health” initiative, where human and animal trematodes are considered equally important, in order to map their distribution, detect high-risk locations and improve disease control. This paper describes the occurrence of parasitic infections in the Ouagadougou reservoirs. These reservoirs are under intensive market gardening. The infra- and component community of digenetic trematodes and other parasites in a freshwater gastropod community were examined over a 5-month period. A total of 1031 Thiaridae snails was collected. Among them, 109 belonging to 2 species were infected by larval trematodes. Seven different types of cercaria were found: xiphidiocercaria, furcocercous, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, Armatae xiphidiocercaria, echinostome cercaria and gymnocephalus cercaria. In addition to trematode infections, nematode and oligochaete (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei) infections have been reported during this investigation. The association of Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei with the snail intermediate host may be of value as a control measure against economically important parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and schistosomiasis..
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
Abstract— A study was conducted to determine the population density of the Leaves diggers liriomyzasativae in the Plant Protection Department, college of Agriculture - University of Baghdad, for the period from 01/02/2015 to 15/05/2015.
The study results showed that the highest density of hoof liriomyzasativae 2.7 digger / Leave dated 05/08/2015 and the lowest was 0.3 hoof /leave dated 01/02/2015, and the results showed the presence of three peaks of the pest Nilai starting from 27/2 and ends 3/4. It notes the fluctuation of population density of the hoof between the rise and fall, which dates back to the environmental conditions and the enemies of vital accompaniment of the pest, and the results showed the presence of the enemy's vital Neochrysocharisformosa (Westwood) (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera).
wheat article samar final reprint 2014 okSamar Adel
This study investigated biochemical, histological, and molecular changes in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars inoculated with the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Disease severity, symptoms, and electrolyte leakage were lower in resistant cultivars, while chlorophyll concentrations were higher. Resistant cultivars over-accumulated the Yr18 resistant gene and had higher reactive oxygen species and lower antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible cultivars were colonized extensively by the fungus with many hyphae and haustoria, while resistant cultivars restricted fungal growth and development.
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis. Various concentrations of Novaluron were fed to P. unionalis larvae. Results showed that Novaluron caused dose-dependent mortality in pupae and larvae. It reduced larval weight gain and growth rate. Larval duration decreased but pupal duration increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pupation rate decreased and some larvae exhibited impaired metamorphosis. The LC50 of Novaluron against P. unionalis was calculated to be 0.97 ppm, indicating that it is toxic to this pest.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is primarily a disease of rodents and their fleas. It can occur in various forms including endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pneumonic and bubonic. While historically a major epidemic disease, plague still causes occasional outbreaks in parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Transmission is usually from infected rodents to humans via flea bites. Diagnosis involves lab tests of samples from patients. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin. Control relies on early detection, vaccination, flea and rodent control through insecticides and improved sanitation.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
This document summarizes several novel approaches to combat mosquito-borne diseases. It discusses 1) a project in Australia that introduces Wolbachia bacteria into mosquitoes to block dengue virus transmission, 2) a technique used in the Cayman Islands that releases genetically modified sterile male mosquitoes to suppress wild populations, and 3) an experiment creating malaria-resistant mosquitoes by shortening their lifespan and blocking Plasmodium falciparum infection. While these techniques show promise, challenges remain regarding public opposition, the risk of other diseases persisting, and determining the optimal methods.
The document discusses soil pollution and remediation related to pharmaceuticals and biological agents. It covers topics such as the soil microbiome, antibiotics and lateral gene transfer, problems caused by antibiotic resistance in soil, and potential solutions. Papers are reviewed that examine the role of antibiotic use in agriculture as a major driver of antibiotic resistance worldwide and the risks posed by pathogens and resistant bacteria in animal waste that can spread to surrounding environments, foods, and communities.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Similar to 2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticides (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticides
1. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.2.2.2 ISSN: 2456-8678
www.aipublications.com/ijreh Page | 4
Evaluation of some insecticides against Culex
pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha
city
Khatir M. K. Ahmed1*
, Sufyan . H. Abdulah2
, Nayla Mohammed3
1
Dept. of Environmental Health, University of Bahri., Khartoum (Sudan).
2
Manistary of health South Kordofan states (Sudan)
3
Dept. of Epidemiology, University of Bahri., Khartoum (Sudan).
*Correspondence author: Khatir M. K. Ahmed
Abstract— The present study was planned to test on
certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as
organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among
these compounds two were chemical insecticides
(Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is
Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis)
against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in
Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill
50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito
larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective
(LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory
strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm.
At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90
0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar
larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave
(LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that
Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50
0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory
strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50
0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20
days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in
case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days
of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case
field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7
to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100
p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas
ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the
same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7%
in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex
pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual
effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Keywords— Evaluation of insecticides against Culex
pipiens, in Abha city.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) cause more human
suffering than any other organism. Mosquitoes can be an
annoying, serious problem in man's domain. They interfere
with work and spoil hours of leisure time. Millions of
people die from mosquito-borne diseases every year.
Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for a significant
fraction of the global disease burden and have profound
effects not only on health but also on the socioeconomic
development of affected nations. An econometric model for
malaria, which is responsible for more than 1 million
deaths every year, suggests that countries with intensive
malaria have income levels only 33% of that of those
without malaria (WHO, 2004). Not only can mosquitoes
carry diseases that afflict humans, such as malaria, yellow
fever, dengue, filariasis and encephalitis, but they also
transmit several diseases and parasites that cattle, dogs and
horses are very susceptible to, and also affect humans.
These include Rift Valley Fever (RVF), dog heartworm,
West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis
(EEE). Their attacks on farm animals can cause loss of
weight and decreased milk production. RVF epidemic
occurred in Saudi Arabia from August 2000 through
September 2001 caused a total of 886 reported cases, and
mortality rate was 13.9 % (Madani et al., 2003). In
addition, mosquito bites can cause severe skin irritation
through an allergic reaction to the mosquito's saliva - this is
what causes the red bump and itching. Mosquitoes cause
more human suffering than any other organism over one
million people worldwide die from mosquito-borne
diseases every year. Not only can mosquitoes carry
diseases that afflict humans, they also transmit several
diseases and parasites that dogs and horses are very
susceptible to. These include dog heartworm, West Nile
virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE).
2. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Mosquitoes are among the most serious insect pests of
medical importance. They are vectors of various disease
agents, some of which cause millions of cases of illnesses
and deaths in man and animals each year. Among these
diseases, malaria, yellow fever, dengue and dengue
hemorrhagic fever, encephalitides, filariasis, dog
heatworm, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and others prevail in
endemic and epidemic areas in many countries in addition,
mosquito bites can cause severe skin irritation through an
allergic reaction to the mosquito's saliva - this is what
causes the red bump and itching (WHO 1991 and
Lerdthusnee et al., 1995). Countries in the Eastern
Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization
(WHO), including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
bear ~11% of the world vector borne disease burden like
malaria and arboviral diseases (WHO, 2004). Among
mosquito species, Culex pipiens (Linnaeus) (the common
house mosquito) is a species of blood-feeding mosquito of
the family Culicidae. It is a vector of some diseases, such
as Japanese encephalitis, meningitis, and urticaria and
widely distributed species across Saudi Arabia has been
incriminated as main vector of bancroftian filariasis
(Southgate, 1979). Culex pipiens can be found in a fairly
wide range of larval habitats but are generally associated
with water that has a high organic content. The species
utilizes temporary ground water that ranges from mildly to
grossly polluted. The species also deposits its eggs in
artificial containers including tin cans, tires and any refuse
that allows stagnant water to puddle. The species is
decidedly urban and reaches greatest numbers in large
urban centers. Catch basins and storm drains provide ideal
habitat for Cx. pipiens. The species becomes particularly
abundant in areas where raw sewage leaks into
subterranean drainage systems. Meat packing plants and
slaughter house drainage ponds support hugh populations
of this species. Culex pipiens can always be collected in
the effluent from sewage treatment plants. Females feed on
blood of birds or humans, and males feed on pollen, nectar,
and the juice of plants. For an attempt to control such
vectors, pesticides have been widely used and extensively
produced. Accordingly the large scale use of toxicants
against Cx. pipiens has frequently led to the development
of strains of insects resistant to many insecticides which
were designed for their eradication.Trials to study the
effects of organphosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid
insecticides in Cx. pipiens, the primary vector in Suadi
Arabia, which breads in polluted water such as blocked
drains and cesspits. It can bread in almost any kind of water
collection. Chemical insecticides from different groups
such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and
insect growth regulators (IGR) which have good impact on
Cx. pipiens.
Objectives:
- To assess of some insecticides against Culex pipiens,
in Abha city.
- To determine the dominant mosquito species in Abha
city.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rearing of Culex pipien
Cx. pipiens colony established from Laboratory (generation
> F21) and maintained under a 14:10 (light: dark) cycle
were used. Mosquitoes were reared using standard
conditions (Richards et al. 2009) to generate similar-sized
individuals. Adult mosquitoes were housed in 0.5 liter
cardboard cages (Instawares, Kennesaw, GA) with mesh
screening on top, provided a 20% sugar solution. The
laboratory strain of Cx. pipiens used in this study was
maintained under controlled conditions of temperature
(27±2°C), relative humidity (70-80%) and a 16 hours
photoperiod. Larval instars were maintained in enamel pans
(30-35 cm in diameter and 8-10 cm in depth), half-filled
with dechlorinated tap water, and provided with fish food.
The amount of food was proportioned to the age of larvae.
To avoid scum of formation in the rearing pans, larvae
were poured daily into clean enamel pans. Developed
pupae were transferred daily to plastic cups containing tap
water that were introduced into 30 cm3 cages. Emerging
adults were provided daily with 10% glucose solution, a
piece of sponge hanging at the top of the cage by a thread.
Females of Cx. pipiens were starved of sugar 24h prior to
feeding on pigeon, each cage 27–95 mosquitoes/cage. Live
pigeons are commonly used to maintain Cx. pipiens in
colony then replace the pigeons every three months, this is
artificial feeding methods are often used in our laboratory.
Experiments may require using mosquitoes that have
completed more than one gonotrophic cycle and the
reproductive effects of these feeding regimens are currently
unknown. Four days after the first blood feeding
(mosquitoes 9 d old), 50 ml of tap water was added to each
oviposition cup and mosquitoes were allowed to oviposit
overnight. We and others have observed this time period to
be sufficient for Cx. pipiens to complete the gonotrophic
cycle prior to oviposition (Begum et al., 1985). Five days
post-blood feeding, all adult mosquitoes were aspirated
from cages and transferred according to treatment group to
new cages containing an empty 100 ml plastic cup affixed
to the bottom. As previously described, the plastic cup
would be used later to contain an oviposition substrate .
Larval sampling:
3. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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To find out the nature of the reproduction of species of
mosquitoes important medical and geographical
distribution of the hotbeds of reproduction in Abha city, the
focus was on sites watersheds of swamps and pools, as well
as the focus was on buildings under construction, animal
shelters, tanks and water containers exposed in gardens,
farms and brick factories. Samples were taken using
standard dipping techniques with a plastic dipper (BioQuip
Products, Inc. California, U.S.A.). Use hand dipper with 13
cm in diameter, made of reinforced plastic and equipped
with wooden arm length of 160 is used to collect mosquito
larvae from water in positive sites. Plastic jars 300 ml to
put samples inside it and return it to the laboratory. The
instars were preserved in 75% ethanol and identified
morphologically to be defined (Edwards, 1941 & Gillies
and Coetzee, 1987). GPS device to determine the
coordinates of breeding spots and drop it on the maps to
show areas with a high density of larvae in Abha city.
Adult mosquito sampling method:
Black Hole Mosquito Trap “Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-744,
KORE “ (Aburas, 2007) is basically used for collecting
adult mosquitoes (can decoy and capture mosquitoes both
in dark out doors and indoors in by a tripartite system).
Electrically operated has been running the Black Hole Trap
for 12 hours at least, where the bulbs fluorescent drop rays
near ultraviolet (wavelength 352 nm) on a piece of painted
Tio2, this process produces CO2 gas that attracts
mosquitoes, also working the fan on the suction mosquitoes
to net, which brings together the next day of fixing. Heat
and near ultraviolet rays produced from the fluorescent
lamps installed inside, and carbon dioxide produced when
near ultraviolet rays are radiated onto titanium
dioxide.Traps were placed in their positions before the sun
and pool the next morning once every week, and is
positioned samples were collected from traps in plastic
cans (4x11x11 cm) blogger all the data from today's date
and the name of the site. Then taken to the laboratory
where they are placed in the freezer for an hour to kill
insects live, then remove them from the freezer and left at
room temperature for one hour in order to relax the
muscles, is then loaded on scraps of paper and processed
for the screening process and classification to be tested and
to identify the species of mosquitoes and the results
recorded.
Test insects
The laboratory strain of the mosquito, Culex pipiens
(Linnaeus) was used as a baseline in insecticides. Cx.
pipiens strains were collected from their drainages. These
field colony strains exposed regularly to insecticidal
applications for the pests control according to the routine
schedule program set annually. The 3rd instar larvae of Cx.
pipiens were used to study the resistance ratio between the
field and laboratory strains.
Field colony strains
Strains of Cx. pipiens were collected from their drainages
in areas treated with the recommended insecticides for
mosquito control.
Insecticides used
Commercial formulations of insecticides were used in this
study representing three groups of insecticides commonly
applied on mosquito control. These insecticides include
organophosphorous (Propetamphos), synthetic pyrethroide
(Cypermethrin) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.
a) Organophosphates
Common name: Propetamphos.
Trade name: Safrotin 20% MC.
Chemical name: (E) 0 - 2- isopropoxy – carbony l- l-
methyl vinyl 0- methyl ethylphosphoramido thioatc.
b) Synthetic pyrethroids
Common name: Cypermethrin 10% EC
Trade name: Exit 100
Chemical name: (RS)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-
(1RS,3RS,1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-
dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate
c) Bioinsecticide
Common name: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.
Trade name: Baciloid 5000.
Bioassays:
Larval bioassays
Dipping technique:
The dipping method was applied according to the method
described by Sukontason et al. (2004) with some
modifications. All tests were run at 14:10 (light: dark) and
maintained at 28±2°C and 70 – 80% humidity. The third
instar larvae were used in the assays. Four replicates of
twenty-five larvae each group were used at each
concentration level. The experiments were repeated on
subsequent days. The larvae of each group were gently
dipped into insecticide solutions with a dip net, whereas
those of the controls were dipped in tap water. After being
dipped for exactly 30 sec, the larvae were transferred to the
rearing jars containing food. After the larvae had been
dipped, they were reared to determine the effect of different
compounds of the life cycle also success of emergence on
the other hand, the number of emerging flies was recorded.
Adult bioassay
CDC (complement mediated cytotoxicity) bottle bioassay.
For the adult stage of Cx. pipiens, assays were adapted
according to the WHO technique on the evaluation and
testing of insecticides (WHO, 1996) Glass tubes were
4. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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treated singly with different concentrations of the chosen
formulation of compounds. Solvent (acetone ethyl alcohol)
were treated in test tubes (control). The treated test tubes
were opened in a room kept at 25ºC, 50-55% relative
humidity and constant darkness and the door was kept
closed due to no forced ventilation. Twenty five females
were exposed to the treated surface for the one and 24
hours at the same temperature and relative humidity.
Batches of 25 females were introduced into test tubes and
allowed to a light and rest on the vertical treated surface.
After the exposure period the mosquito were removed and
transferred for observation and mortality count after one
and 24 hours.
Statistical analysis
Mortality counts:
Mortality counts were made after 24 hours. The dosage
mortality data were subjected to probit analysis according
to Finney (1952). Mortality percentages were corrected
according to Abbott's (1925). Levels of resistance in the
field colony strains of the two insects were calculated as
follows:
Resistant
ratio(R.R) =
LC50 or LC90 of the field colony
strains
LC50 of LC90 the laboratory strain
The simple correlation and regression values were
calculated to determine the relationship between the mean
numbers of mosquitos captured and prevailing climatic
conditions. The partial regression analyses were calculated
to determine the effect of each weather factor alone on
mosquito populations .
ANOVA
The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and the means were compared by LSD test at 0.05 levels,
using SAS program (SAS Institute, 1988) Data were
analyzed to find the relationship between mosquito
densities and climatic factors and using correlation and
multiple regression techniques. Similarly, the relationship
between the climatic factors (temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall) and mosquito density were analyzed.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Fig.1: %Mortality of the 3rd larval instars of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens after treated with different
concentrations of Propetamphos 20% using dipping technique.
Table.1: Susceptibility of Culex pipiens larvae (lab and field strains) to chemical insecticide Propetamphos 20% by dipping
technique following continuous exposure for 24 h.
Insecticide
Culex
pipie
ns
strai
n
Effective
concentration
s (ppm)
Larval
mortali
ty
(%)a
Statistical parametersb
LC50
(pp
m)
LC90
(pp
m)
Slop
e
X2
(Chi)2
P
R
RR
*C T C T
Propetamph
os 20%
Lab
St.
0.5-0.001 97-19
0.10
62
0.810
9
0.753
7
15.7
4
9.
5
0.000
4
0.92
7
0.81
1
2.7
Field
St.
0.5-0.001 90-15
0.04
42
3.31
0.683
8
12.1
5
9.
5
0.001
1
0.93
3
0.87
8
* Resistant ratio (R.R.) = LC50 or LC90 for the field colony
Corresponding LC50 or LC90 of laboratory strain
a: Five replicates, 20 larvae each; control mortalities ranged from 0.0%-3.0%. b: Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949).
When tabulated (Chi)2 larger than calculated at 0.05 level of significance indicates the homogeneity of results
C = Calculated T= Tabulated RR = Resistant ratio
6. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Fig.2: Regression lines for Propetamphos 20% bioassay of larvae of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens using dipping
technique.
Fig.3: Toxicity values of Propetamphos 20% against larvae of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens using dipping
technique.
0.0162
0.8109
0.0442
3.31
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Partpermilion(PPM)
Lab St. Field St.
Propetamphos 20%
LC50 (ppm)
LC90 (ppm)
7. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Fig.4: %Mortality of the adult females of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens after treated with different concentrations
of Cypermethrin 10% using CDC bottle bioassay technique.
18
38
55
69
83
91
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Larvalmortality(%)
0.001 0.01 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5
Conc. (ppm)
Field strain
8. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Fig.5: Regression lines for Cypermethrin 10% bioassay of adults females of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens using
CDC bottle bioassay technique.
Table.2: Susceptibility adult females of Culex pipiens (lab and field strains) to chemical insecticide Cypermethrin 100 following
continuous exposure for 24 h using CDC bottle bioassay technique.
Insecticide
Culex
pipien
s
strain
Effectiv
e conc.
(ppm)
Larva
l
morta
lity
(%)a
Statistical parametersb
LC50
(ppm)
LC90
(ppm)
Slope
X2
(Chi)2
P
R
RR
C T C T
Cypermethri
n 10%
Lab
St.
0.5-
0.001
98-20 0.0132 0.6303 0.7631
20.
69
9.
5
0.0004
0.9
1
0.81
9.0
3Field
St.
0.5-
0.001
89-19 0.1192 1.8522 1.076
19.
70
9.
5
0.0006
0.9
4
0.81
a: Five replicates, 20 larvae each; control mortalities ranged from 0.0%-3.0%. b: Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949).
When tabulated (Chi)² larger than calculated at 0.05 level of significance indicates the homogeneity of results
C = Calculated T= Tabulated RR = Resistant ratio
9. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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Fig.6: Toxicity values of Cypermethrin 10% against adult females of laboratory and field strains of Culex pipiens using CDC
bottle bioassay technique.
Table.3: Residual activity (maximum no. of days) of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and percent mortality of Culex
pipiens larvae/week
Conc.
(ppm)
Max. days of
residual activity
%Mortality in No. of weeks
1st
week 2nd
week 3rd
week
Laboratory strain
0.001 4 11.7 0.0 0.0
0.01 8 19.4 0.0 0.0
0.1 10 61.9 7.4 0.0
1 14 75.8 27.9 0.0
10 17 93.7 51.5 2.7
100 20 96.8 70.8 12.7
Field strain
0.001 6 9.2 0.0 0.0
0.01 9 15.5 0.0 0.0
0.1 11 58.4 0.0 0.0
1 16 71.4 21.9 0.0
10 19 90.8 42.7 0.0
100 23 94.1 67.5 10.1
0.0132
0.6303
0.1192
1.8522
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Partpermilion(PPM)
Lab St. Field St.
Propetamphos 20%
LC50 (ppm)
LC90 (ppm)
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Fig.7: Residual activity (maximum no. of days) of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and percent mortality of Culex pipiens
larva.
Efficiency of organophosphrous insecticides against
larvae of Culex pipiens by dipping technique under
laboratory conditions:
In this study one organophosphorous insecticide used
‘Propetamphos’. The tested toxicant was evaluated against
field and laboratory strains of the 3rd instar larvae using the
dipping technique. The evaluation of insecticidal action
was compared as follows:
Comparison on basis of LC50 and LC90 values:
The used concentrations under laboratory conditions of
Propetamphos was ranged between 0.5-0.001 ppm against
laboratory and field strains. The mortality% of
Propetamphos ranged between 19-97% against laboratory
11.7
0 0
19.4
0 0
61.9
7.4
0
75.8
27.9
0
93.7
51.5
2.7
96.8
70.8
12.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mortality(%)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Conc. (ppm)
1st week 2nd week 3rd week
Laboratory strain
9.2
0.0 0.0
15.5
0.0 0.0
58.4
0.0
0.0
71.4
21.9
0.0
90.8
42.7
0.0
94.1
67.5
10.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Mortality(%)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Conc. (ppm)
1st week 2nd week 3rd week
Field strain
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strain, whereas, against field strain the mortality% ranged
between 15-90% {Table 1 and Fig. 1}. The required values,
i.e. LC50’s and LC90’s are presented in {Tables 1 and Fig.
3}. Data given summarized the susceptibility of both field
and laboratory strains of the 3rd instar larvae CX. Pipelines
to Propetamphos. The results clearly showed that
Propetamphos was effective insecticide (LC50 0.0162 ppm)
against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing
with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level,
data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was
effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of
laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31
ppm). The slope of line is useful to know the homogeneity
of stages of M. Domestic population, which reared under
laboratory conditions. When the population of mosquitoes
is similar in the homogeneity or the degree of resistance,
meaning the slope is big or increase in regression, also,
when tabulated (Chi) ² larger than calculated at 0.05 level
of significance indicates the homogeneity of results. Data
in {Table 1 and Fig. 2} show that the slope of laboratory
and field strains of larval stages of CX. pipiens population
when using Propetamphos. Slope of laboratory strain was
0.7537 in case Propetamphos, while in filed strain was
0.6838. Results in {Table – 1} indicated that the tabulated
X² (Chi) ² was 9.5, while calculated X² (Chi) ² was 15.74 of
laboratory strains of larval stages of CX. pipiens when
using Propetamphos, on the other hand, the tabulated (Chi)
² was 9.5 and calculated (Chi) ² was 12.15 against field
strains, showed that the results are homogeneous. LC
values that differ by 5-fold or less are not likely to reliably
indicate resistance, and as a general guideline, differences
of 10-fold or greater are necessary for proof of resistance.
To determine the levels of resistance in field colonies of
CX. Pipelines to the insecticidal action of Propetamphos,
that mentioned previously at LC50 level was 0.0162 of
laboratory strains and was 0.0442 of field strains,
respectively, while at LC90 levels was 0.8109 of
Propetamphos against laboratory strain and was 3.31 p.m.
against field strain, with average of resistance ratio 2.73
fold, results indicated that the field strain of Propetamphos
is sensitive. The obtained results agree with those obtained
by Abed El-Samie and Abed El-Baset (2012) tested the
efficacy of the most used insecticides belonging to different
groups (organophosphate, carbamate, synthetic and
pyrethroid) against four different field populations of CX.
pipiens. Results obtained showed that the laboratory colony
showed higher susceptibility to the tested insecticides than
the mosquito populations collected from Sharkia and
Assiut Governorates. Field populations of CX. pipiens from
Sharkia were chosen to study the development of resistance
(resistant strain) in CX. Pipelines to chlorpyrifos toxicity.
After 15 generations of selection pressure using
chlorpyrifos against the 3rd instar larvae of CX. pipiens,
resistance increased by 24.56-fold in the resistant strain as
compared with the control. Fractionation of total soluble
proteins using SDS–PAGE revealed some differences in
the laboratory colony, field populations and resistant strain.
The results may indicate that alkaline phosphatase and non-
specific esterases were probably responsible for the
detoxification of chlorpyrifos in field populations.
Efficiency of pyrethroid insecticides against adults of
CX. Pipelines under laboratory conditions using the
CDC bottle bioassay technique:
Pyrethroid compounds are prevented sodium gates from
closing in nerves of insects and potent neuropoisons, their
mechanism of action on the nervous system. The nerve
excitation occurs as a result of changes in nerve membrane
permeabilities to sodium and potassium ions, and therefore
any effect of pyrethroids can be interpreted in terms of such
permeabilities. In this study one pyrethroid insecticide used
‘Cypermethrin’. The tested toxicant was evaluated against
field and laboratory strains of the adult females using a
CDC bottle bioassay.
Comparison on basis of LC50 and LC90 values:
The used concentrations under laboratory conditions of
Cypermethrin was ranged between 0.5-0.001 ppm against
both laboratory and field strains. The mortality% of
Cypermethrin ranged between 20-98% against the adult
females of laboratory strain, while against field strain the
mortality% of Cypermethrin ranged between 19-89%
{Table - 2 and Fig - 4} The required values, i.e. LC50’s
and LC90’s are presented in {Tables - 2 and Fig – 6}. Data
given summarized the susceptibility of both field and
laboratory strains of the 3rd instar larvae of CX. pipiens to
the tested chemical. The results clearly showed that
Cypermethrin was effective insecticide (LC50 0.0 ppm)
against the 3rd instar larvae against laboratory strain, while
against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm).
The slope of toxicity lines:
Data in {Table – 2}: Show that the slope of laboratory and
field strains of larval stages of CX. pipiens population
when using Cypermethrin. Slope of laboratory strain was
0.7631 respectively, while in filing strain was 1.076.
X² (Chi) ² value:
Results in {Table – 2}: indicated that the tabulated X² (Chi)
² was 9.5 while calculated X² (Chi) ² of laboratory and field
strains of larval stages of CX. pipiens population when
using Cypermethrin was 20.69 and 19.70, respectively .
Pyrethroids are now offered in a variety of commercial
formulations available to ordinary consumers for use in the
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home. It is now estimated that approximately 80-90%
percent of households in the United States use pesticides
with pyrethroids comprising a considerable percentage of
total use. To determine the levels of resistance in CX.
pipiens of field colony to insecticidal effect, the adult
specimens were collected from Abha city, in objective to
compare the LC50 or LC90 values of the field colony with
the corresponding values of the laboratory strain. The
results given in {Table – 2}: illustrate monitoring resistance
ratio in the 3rd instar larvae of CX. pipiens field colony
strains collected from Abha city. Concerning the
population of Abha city, the resistance ratios in the 3rd
instar larvae to the toxicity of cypermethrin that mentioned
previously at LC50 levels were 0.0132 and 0.1192 against
laboratory and field strains, respectively .Our results some
agree with obtained from Al-Sarar (2010) studied
developing resistance against commonly used insecticides
to control mosquitoes in Riyadh. Two populations from
Wadi Namar (WN1 and WN2) were highly resistant to
deltamethrin (187.1- and 161.4-folds respectively). The
field population from AL-Wadi district (AL-W) showed
low resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin (3.8-folds) and
moderate resistance to beta-cyfluthrin and bifenthrin (14-
and 38.4-folds respectively). No resistance to fenitrothion
was observed in WN1 population. Fenitrothion
concentrations required to inhibit 50% of
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in both WN1
population and the laboratory susceptible strain (S-LAB)
were 786 and 0898ppm respectively. Piperonyl butoxide
suppressed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (> 90%) in
field populations, indicating that oxidizes and/or esterases
play an important role in the reduction of pyrethroids
toxicity. These results should be considered in the current
mosquito control programs in Riyadh. Four years earlier,
resistance ratios of 10. And 8.5-folds of CX. pipiens
populations from Iraq and EL-Nafl localities in Riyadh
city, were recorded to deltamethrin (Al-Sarar et al., 2005).
The following results In agreement with the present results,
high resistance levels of Cs. pipiens pipiens (233 and 453
fold) to deltamethrin were reported in Tunisia (Daaboub et
al., 2008). The field population AL-W displayed a low
level of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and moderate
levels of beta-cyfluthrin and bifenthrin. The low resistance
level was also reported in CX. quinqefasciatus field strains
from Brazil and Malaysia against lambda-cyhalothrin. The
AL-W population was susceptible to fenitrothion. This
might be contributing to that the municipality of Riyadh
does not use this compound regularly. The I50 values of
AChE, the target site of fenitrothion, revealed that
susceptibilities of S-LAB and WN1 populations were very
close. In Sri Lanka, AChE was also found to be sensitive to
organophosphate insecticides in Kurunegala and
Trincomalee An. culicifacies field populations.
Efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
against larvae of Culex pipiens: by dipping technique
under laboratory conditions:
Bti have shown the highest level of biological activity with
different levels of toxicity to mosquito species, i.e.; Culex
and Aedes are highly susceptible while Anopheles is less
susceptible (Charles et al., 1996). These biological
insecticides have had a decimating effect on the use of
chemical pesticides against mosquitoes during past 2-3
decades. Therefore, the aim of this point is efficiency of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against larvae of CX.
Pipelines by dipping technique under laboratory conditions.
Data in {Table - 3 and fig – 7} indicated that the residual
activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached
from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001
to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching
between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001
to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Also found the mortality
percent ranged between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations
ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain
in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8 in the
2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged
between 0.0 to 12.7 in the 3rd week. On the other hand, the
mortality percent ranged between 9.2 to 94.1% of
concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 ppm against
field strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to
67.5 in the 2nd week against the same concentrations and
finally ranged between 0.0 to 10.1 in the 3rd week.
Obtained results agree with those obtained by Jahan et al.
(2013) they found that field collected Culex
quinquefasciatus larvae were more susceptible and have
prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared
A. Stephens against Bsph while Bti have effect vice versa.
Also, Zahran et al., (2013) found the most effective tools
for CX. pipiens larvae eradication included B.t.i. Followed
by Emamectin benzoate, Azadirachtin, Diflubenzuron then
B. Business. The use of some binary mixtures of these
tested control measures can get better control, save the
amount and reduce control cost. Residual effect for field
evaluation of Bti WDG under low treatment (0.2 mg/liter)
against CX. quinquefasciatus lasted 14 days indicating
more efficient for field bases as compared to laboratory.
Biological control with Bti and Bsph larvicides proved
highly effective yet selective in action (Charles and
Nielsen, 2000) and therefore, environmentally safe to non-
target organisms as well as for human exposure (WHO,
13. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2018]
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1997). These Bacillus products are cost effective, can be
produced locally and highly acceptable in the community.
IV. CONCLUSION
- Some of the mosquitoes encountered are medically
important as they are known vectors of various
diseases, including malaria and dengue fever among
others.
- Activities of immature stages and adults in outdoor
areas should be started in late April-early May.
- Indoor control activities are very important during
November and early May, because mosquito adults in
the area do not leave their indoor areas and they do not
lay eggs in November.
- In order to maintain historical records of relative vector
population densities and seasonal population trends.
- Consequently, this study has provided information on
temporal distribution and abundance. Since most of the
species encountered are potential vectors of mosquito-
borne diseases.
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