Microbiology practical1
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This document outlines slides and instructions for a microbiology practical lab on eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and microscopy. It includes slides and descriptions of paramecium caudatum, euglena gracilis, amoeba proteus, saccharomyces cerevisiae, nostoc, micrococcus luteus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus anthracis, and rhodospirillum rubrum. Instructions are provided for gram staining, endospore staining, streak plating, spread plating, and tests to determine motility, aerobic/anaerobic properties, and growth curves using a spectrophotometer.
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Classification of bacteria
This document outlines various ways that bacteria can be classified, including by shape, staining properties, temperature and oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, osmotic pressure tolerance, and cellular structure. Some of the key classification groups mentioned are cocci, bacilli, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, psychrophiles and thermophiles based on temperature, and obligate aerobes versus anaerobes based on oxygen needs. The document provides examples of bacteria that fall into each of the different classification groups.
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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON BACTERIA
1) Bacteria are very small, single-celled prokaryotes that can be identified by their shape, including bacilli which are rod-shaped, spirilla which are spiral-shaped, and cocci which are sphere-shaped.
2) Bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome but no nucleus. They reproduce through binary fission.
3) Bacteria can be beneficial by aiding decomposition, producing antibiotics, or helping in agriculture through nitrogen fixation, but can also cause disease by secreting toxins or metabolizing their host.
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1. The first discovery of bacteria was in 1676 by Dutch biologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who observed microscopic organisms through a microscope and reported them to the Royal Society of London in 1683.
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Bio 127 lec 2 Microbiology: Tools Used in Microbiology
Outline:
1. Difference between Light microscopy and
electron microscopy
2. Decribe methods for the isolation of
microorganisms in pure culture
3. Techniques for studying live bacteria
4. Distinguish between a simple stain and a
differential stain and give examples
5. Identify steps in the Gram stain procedure
6. List the major categories of microbial characteristics
used to identify microorganisms. Explain why some of
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2) Bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome but no nucleus. They reproduce through binary fission.
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2. Christian G. Ehrenberg formally named the organisms "bacteria" in 1828. Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation in the 1850s renewed significance of bacteria. Robert Koch's studies on disease-causing bacteria in the late 1800s established the germ theory of disease.
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Outline:
1. Difference between Light microscopy and
electron microscopy
2. Decribe methods for the isolation of
microorganisms in pure culture
3. Techniques for studying live bacteria
4. Distinguish between a simple stain and a
differential stain and give examples
5. Identify steps in the Gram stain procedure
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1) Isolation of organisms in pure culture to distinguish individual types.
2) Examination of bacterial colony morphology, including size, shape, color and texture.
3) Microscopic analysis of cell shape, arrangement and staining properties.
4) Biochemical tests analyzing substrate utilization and metabolic byproduct formation.
5) Serological methods using antigen-antibody reactions for highly specific identification.
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This laboratory report summarizes three experiments conducted by a group of students:
1. Media preparation demonstration - The group prepared two types of nutrient agar media.
2. Isolation of soil bacteria - The group determined the viable titer of soil bacteria by serial dilution and plating, then isolated pure cultures.
3. Staining techniques - The group demonstrated endospore staining of Bacillus and gram staining of an unknown bacterium to identify cell structure.
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The document discusses different types of bacteria including E. coli, anthrax, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It covers bacterial structure, characteristics such as shape and metabolism, and adaptations like endospores and toxin production. Key details include the differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria, bacterial shapes like coccus and bacillus, and metabolic classifications like heterotrophs, saprobes, and autotrophs.
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2) A workshop on micropipetting and aseptic techniques like streak plating that are crucial in biology labs.
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This document provides information about gram staining, including:
1) Gram staining is a method developed by Hans Christian Gram that classifies bacteria as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their ability to retain crystal violet dye. Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple crystal violet dye after alcohol washing, while Gram-negative bacteria appear red.
2) The document outlines the principle of gram staining, noting that basic dyes like crystal violet bind to the slightly negatively charged bacterial cells, while acidic dyes stain the background.
3) The requirements and step-by-step method for performing a gram stain are provided, including heat fixing a bacterial sample on a slide, applying crystal violet and
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This document discusses the key concepts and goals of industrial microbiology and biotechnology. It explains that these fields involve using microorganisms to achieve specific aims, such as producing antibiotics, amino acids, organic acids, and other useful products. The document outlines various techniques for genetically manipulating microorganisms, preserving strains, growing microbes in controlled environments, and utilizing microbial communities in natural environments for applications like biodegradation. The overall aim is to discuss how microbes can be utilized and manipulated for industrial and biotechnological processes.
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Microbial growth requires certain physical, chemical, and energy requirements to be met. Understanding these growth requirements allows us to control microbes, especially pathogens. Key growth factors include temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. Different microbes have varying optimal temperature, pH, and oxygen ranges. Using specialized culture media that provide appropriate conditions enables isolation and growth of microbes from clinical specimens in the laboratory, facilitating identification of pathogens.
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ABIO 121 Lab Report 3 Descriptive TitleC Nathan Hancock, .docx
ABIO 121 Lab Report 3
Descriptive Title
C Nathan Hancock, Your names here
Introduction Identifying the types of cells present in a sample can be important for the prevention and treatment of diseases, biological engineering, and other biological research. One of the tools that can be used for identifying cell types is light microscopy. The first distinction that should be made when identifying cells is whether they are prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells and do not contain membrane bound compartments such as the nucleus, golgi, vacuole, mitochondria, or chloroplast. Eukaryotic cells contain these membrane bound structures and are found in organisms ranging from single celled fungus and protozoan to plants and animals. Our goal was to determine if light microscopy with a 40X objective can be used to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Our hypothesis was that …………..To test this hypothesis, we observed a number of known samples for reference and then attempted to characterize two unknown samples. Based on our hypothesis, we predict that we will correctly/incorrectly identify the unknowns as a prokaryote or eukaryote.
Figure 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Images from Wikipedia showing Euglena (left) and Elodea (right) cells.
Figure 1 Prokaryotic Cells
Images from Wikipedia of gram stained Lactobacilli from yogurt (left) and unstained Anabaena (right).
Materials and Methods An Olympus CH-2 microscope with 4X, 10X and 40X objectives was used for these experiments as described in the Bio 121 Laboratory manual. The plain yogurt was Great Value brand, the bread yeast was Fleischmann's brand, the Spirulina was General Nutrition brand, and the other biological materials (Anabaena, Elodea, Euglena, volvox and Saccharomyces) were obtained from Carolina Biolabs.
Figure 3 Unknown Samples
Image of unknown A (left), unknown B (middle), and unknown C (right)
Results As controls, we observed a number of organisms under the light microscope. The first of these, Lactobacilli, is a prokaryote found in yogurt cultures. At 40X magnification, these bacteria looked like ……... (Figure 1). We also observed the photosynthetic bacteria Anabaena. Under the microscope, these cells looked like ……… (Figure 1).
We also observed two types of eukaryotic cell types under the microscope. The first of these was the protozoan Euglena. We observed ……. (Figure 2). The second eukaryote we observed was Elodea, an aquatic plant. We observed ……. (Figure 2).
We attempted to identify two unknown cell types using light microscopy (Figure 3). For the unknown A cells we observed ……… . For the unknown B cells we observed ……… .
Discussion The main differences we observed between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells were …….. We were able to observe ……(discuss specific organelles)…..We were not able to observe……(discuss specific organelles)…..This was/wasn’t consistent with our expectat.
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- 1. Microbiology Practical I The following slides were contributed by your fellow BIO 251 students… Use side “” key to view slides…
- 2. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Know the parts of the microscope…
- 3. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Paramecium caudatum
- 4. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Euglena gracilis
- 5. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Amoeba proteus
- 6. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Fungus – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 7. Lab 1: Eukaryotes and Microscopy Cyanobacteria ~ Nostoc
- 11. ~Bacteria Slides~ Rhodospirillum rubrum Sorry not in focus…
- 12. ~Bacteria Slides~ See other file for Gram Stain, Endospore, Acidfast, and Capsule Staining… [ Adobe Acrobat of Gram and Endospore ] Some Endospore Staining ~
- 13. Streak Plate: Know colony characteristics (color, elevation, margin, etc.)
- 14. Spread Plate vs. Streak Plate:
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- 16. Spread Plate: Mixed – Bacillus subtilis & Serratia marcescens
- 17. Practical I Unknown Tests: ~ Simple Stain ~ Gram Stain ~ Endospore Stain ~ Acid-Fast Stain (Demo) ~ Capsule Stain (Demo) ~ Motility (Hanging Drop, Wet Mount, Soft Agar Deep) ~ Obligate Aerobe, Facultative Anaerobe, Aerotolerant Anaerobes, Microaerophiles (Gas Pak, Eugon Agar, Thioglycollate Broth)
- 18. Gas Pak Anaerobic vs. Aerobic:
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