Microbial Diversity Part 10: A Stroll Through the Microbial Zoo (pt 4)
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This document discusses archaea and their diversity. It describes some crenarchaeota that are thermophilic but maintain an internal neutral pH, and the discovery of new alkalithermophilic species. It also describes euryarchaeota, noting that many are methanogens found in digestive systems and environments that release methane. Halophiles can live in very salty and alkaline conditions. The document questions the traditional three-domain tree of life and suggests evidence for a new view is emerging, with taxon sampling being an important factor in how phylogenetic trees are constructed.
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In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
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Eukarya
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The Domain Archaea
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They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
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They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
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Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
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The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
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Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
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In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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Now we have 3 domains
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The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
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They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
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Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
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STRUCTURE
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Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
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Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
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Brief description about :
Diversity
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
and more :
Extremely Halophilic Archaea
Archaebacteria
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
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Aquaporins are 28 kDa proteins embedded in cell membranes that regulate the flow of water. They were discovered in the 1980s by Peter Agre and form channels that allow thousands of water molecules to pass per second. Aquaporins are found across life forms and mammals have 13 types, including 6 in the kidney. They have a structure of six membrane-spanning helical domains with NPA motifs and selectivity filters that allow selective water transport. Aquaporins play important roles in many body functions and diseases can result from mutations that disrupt water transport, such as cataracts and diabetes insipidus.
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The document summarizes information presented in a seminar on halophiles. It defines halophiles as organisms that can live in high salt concentrations. It discusses where halophiles are found, how they are classified, and examples like archaea, Halobacterium, and Dunaliella salina. It explains the mechanisms halophiles use to survive in high salt, including osmoregulation, accumulating compatible solutes, and taking in salt. It also outlines their applications in industries like cosmetics, food coloring, and wastewater treatment.
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Microbial Diversity Part 9: A Stroll Through the Microbial Zoo (pt 3)
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Microbial Diversity Part 10: A Stroll Through the Microbial Zoo (pt 4)
- 1. The Microbial Zoo 4 A stroll through the microbial world Rachel Mackelprang, Ph.D. California State University Northridge Department of Biology rachel.mackelprang@csun.edu @rmackelprang Book: Principles of Microbial Diversity by James Brown Section II
- 2. Archaea: the traditional view
- 3. Crenarcheota Though often characterized as acid-lovers, they are more diverse than that • Most are thermophilic and acidophilic (though some are alkaliphiles • Sulfolobus lives in hot sulfur springs (70-75C, pH 2-3) • But maintain an internal pH of near 7
- 4. Crenarcheota Some exceptions: alkaliphilic crenarcheota New alkalithermophilic crenarcheota have been found here
- 5. Crenarcheota Some exceptions: alkaliphilic crenarcheota New alkalithermophilic crenarcheota have been found here Geothermic energy company drilled a well but water was not hot enough. Capped well, but seal failed. Dissolved mineral in water created formation
- 7. Euryarchaeota: methanogens • Many Euryarchaeota are methanogens: produce methane (CH4) by reducing CO2 (obligate anaerobes) • Methanogens release 2 billion too of methane per year • Many live in the guts of grazing mammals • Increased cattle farming, rice farming, and permafrost thaw release methane into the atmosphere
- 8. Euryarchaeota: Halophiles • Red pigments make it obvious when large numbers are present • Red Sea gets name from blooms • Up to pH of 11.5 • Live in the most salty most alkaline environments on Earth • May contribute to the pink color of flamingoes
- 9. Traditional three-domain tree may be incorrect
- 10. Traditional three-domain tree may be incorrect
- 11. Traditional three-domain tree may be incorrect
- 12. Evidence for new view is rapidly emerging
- 13. How you build the tree is important
- 14. Taxon sampling
- 16. Another view