The document summarizes theories of the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the early Earth formed from dust and debris after the Big Bang. Over billions of years, the Earth cooled and developed an atmosphere conducive to the formation of organic molecules and early life like bacteria. Bacteria that could perform photosynthesis introduced oxygen to the atmosphere. Later, eukaryotic cells developed through endosymbiosis between bacteria and archaea. Evolution of more complex multicellular organisms occurred over subsequent eras, with humans emerging recently on the evolutionary timescale.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
New articles were published at the end of the 2017 about "chicken-the-egg" question: which organic molecules were the first: nucleotides or amino acids. RNA world is still the predominant theory, but new studies on proteins could change that.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
New articles were published at the end of the 2017 about "chicken-the-egg" question: which organic molecules were the first: nucleotides or amino acids. RNA world is still the predominant theory, but new studies on proteins could change that.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
TOPICS:
• THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
• WHAT QUALIFIES SOMETHING AS “LIVING”?
o MOVEMENT
o SENSITIVITY
o DEATH
o COMPLEXITY
• THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
o EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
o PANSPERMIA
o DIVINE CREATION
o ORIGIN FROM NONLIVING MATTER (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY)
• FORMATION OF THE FIRST CELL
• EARLY LIFE FORMS
How life originated on earth is still a very tough question. We have found many evidences, we have a lots of hypothesis, but still we have miles to go. This PPT summarizes the findings of research on origin of life on earth.
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
5. Big Bang
• 13,600 years ago
• Galaxies are moving away from us
• Black hole areas of intense gravitational pressure
particles collide rise in
temperature
quarks
Protons
neutrons
electronsatoms
H He
(hellium)
Temperature fell
Matter concentrated
temperature
cooled down
6. WHAT DO YOU THINK EARLY EARTH WAS
LIKE?
• HOW OLD?
• 4.5 BILLION YEARS
• BIG BANG - GRAVITY CAUSES DUST PARTICLES TO
CONDENSE
• METEORS FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS - HOW HOT
WOULD THE EARTH BE?
• EARTH HAS TO COOL DOWN - STEAM ESCAPES
AND RAIN ALLOWS COLLECTION OF WATER -
EARTH NOW HAS……
• ATMOSPHERE OF AMMONIA, METHANE,
WATER VAPOUR, CO2, AND NITROGEN
• WHAT IS MISSING? No O2 Too reactive
1st organic molecules didn’t
oxidize
7. • The energy for forming the organic
molecules was provided by:
– frequent thunder storms and lightning strikes
– volcanic activity
– meteorite bombardment
– high temperatures due to
greenhouse gases
– UV radiation
(no ozone so was extreme)
The organic molecules may have been generated on
Earth or introduced from space????
8. HOW WERE THE FIRST CELLS MADE?
• DOES ANYONE KNOW FOR SURE?
• SPONATEOUS GENERATION VS BIOGENESIS
Tales of Miletus/Aristotle 4 elements
• FRANCESCO REDI
• LOUIS PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT
9. LOUIS PASTEUR
Pasteur filled a flask with medium, heated
it to kill all life,and then drew out the neck
of the flask into a long S.
This prevented microorganisms in the air
from entering the flask, yet allowed air to
flow freely. If the swan neck was broken,
microbes could enter the flask and grow.
10. Abiogenesis
Earth’s atmosphere was ‘reducing’ in the
early days. It did not contain oxygen gas
until after “plants” started photosynthesising
The atmosphere
contained: Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Water vapour
Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
The gases came from
abundant volcanic activity
12. • ALEXANDER OPARIN - CREATION OF
MACROMOLECULES WITHOUT
OXYGEN (ABIOGENESIS)
• STANLEY MILLER AND HAROLD
UREY EXPERIMENT
COACERVATES
With RIBONUCLEIC
ACIDS (multiplication)
ORGANIC
MOLECULES
RAIN OCEANS LIPIDS
+PROTEINS
=
MEMBRANE
13. • FIRST BACTERIA AROUND 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
• SOME ARE CYANOBACTERIA - THESE ARE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
• WHAT ARE THESE BACTERIA GOING TO PRODUCE?
• ALMOST 10% ABOUT 2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
• WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE BACTERIA?
• WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE ALL OTHER ORGANISMS?
• WHERE DID EUKARYOTIC CELLS COME FROM?
• ENDOSYMBIOSIS
ONE CELL ORGANISMS NOW!
Their own
food+ O2
PROKARIOTS
UNICELLULAR
18. Life introducedfrom outer space!!!
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
• Panspermia- “seeds everywhere”
– Life came from space on comets
• Hydrocarbons, amino acids, water(s) and bacteria
19. Fixism is is the theory that says that life on earth has
always been composed by the species we have today.
Creationism is a religious form of fixism. A supernatural
being created the world the way we see it.
FixismvsEvolutionism
Binomial nomenclature/ father of
modern taxonomy
the rules of
heredity/ genes
20. Lamarck’s Theory
Fixismvs Evolutionism
• First Evolutionist
• Acquired traits can be inherited NO!!!
• Use and Disuse
• Adaptation
– Organisms change as their
environment changes
21. Darwin’s Theory
• Published “Origin of Species”
• Traveled around the world in the Beagle
• He proposed that:
– Organisms produce more offsprings than the available
resources can support
– Organisms fight for limited resources like food, territory, and
other necessities of life. Only those who survive can produce
their own offspring
– Variation exists within species.
– Natural Selection - The environment
selects organisms with beneficial traits
23. Gradual change from one form to
another through a period of time
The environment selects organisms with beneficial
traits
A form modified to fit a changed
environment
24. Lamarck's theory
- The environment induces the organisms to change.
- These changes are always positive (perfection drive)
- Use and disuse.
- Inheritance of acquired characters (ALSO SHARED BY
DARWIN!!!)
Darwin's theory
- Pre-existing variation
- Not all the variations are equally adaptative in a given
environment.
- Struggle to survive: The best adapted survive and leave more
offspring:the next generation will be better adapted (survival of
the fittest)
25. Evidence of Evolution
• Any preserved part or tissue of an organism that
once lived.
FOSSIL
PALEONTOLOGICAL
26. Types of
Fossils
Casts
The mold is filled
with another
material
Molds
Hard body
structures
Imprints
Feathers and
leaves that form
impressions on
rocks
Petrified Fossils
When minerals
replace the hard
parts of
organisms
29. OTHER EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
– VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE
APPENDIX- COCCYX-PLICA
SEMILUNARIS(eye)- MUSCLES OF THE
EAR- GOOSE BUMPS-PALMAR GRASP
REFLEX
EMBRIOLOGICAL
30. • GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
• REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
WHAT IS
SPECIATION?
A SPECIES is A group of individuals with similar features that
can interbreed (exchange genes) and produce a fertile
offspring
