Microbial Diversity Part 7: A Stroll Through the Microbial Zoo (pt1)
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Intro to some of the diversity, a discussion of the tree of life and major bacterial phyla, discussion of deep-branching thermophiles
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Microbial Diversity Part 7: A Stroll Through the Microbial Zoo (pt1)
- 1. The Microbial Zoo A stroll through the microbial world Book: Chapters 7 & 8 Dr. Rachel Mackelprang
- 2. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 3. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 4. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 5. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 6. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 7. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria
- 8. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The bad—many major pathogens are bacteriaThe bad—many major pathogens are bacteria Reported cases: 1970-2017
- 9. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The good—bacteria and archaea are key commensals of many eukaryotes
- 10. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The unusual—extreme conditions are dominated by bacteria archaea pH 0, 95C High salt Low temp High pH
- 11. A snapshot of some of the functional diversity The influential—microbes drive global biogeochemical cycles Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle
- 12. Of course!
- 13. Reading a tree
- 15. Phylogenetic diversity Yersinia pestis Escherichia coli Bacillus anthraces Leptospirillum thermoferrooxidans
- 16. A more complete tree
- 18. Start with deep-branching thermophiles
- 19. Deep-branching thermophiles • Primitive in the phylogenetic sense of the word (have changed less than other organisms since the MRCA). This DOES NOT mean that they are the ancestors of other bacteria or that they are less complex • Share physiology and habitat with archaea • Some “archaeal” traits arose through lateral gene transfer or from sharing a last common ancestor, which were lost in other phyla
- 20. Deep-branching thermophiles Aquificae Optimal temp: 85C Up to 95C From deep sea hydrothermal vent Aquifex pyrophilus Thermocrinus ruber Octopus Spring, Yellowstone80-90C. Slightly alkaline pH. • Primarily autotrophs (fix carbon) • Oxidize or “burn” hydrogen for energy
- 21. Deep-branching thermophiles Thermotoga • Anaerobic fermenters (heterotrophic growth) • Loose sheath or “toga” covering rod-shaped cells • Really abundant in deep-sea vent environments • Large-scale horizontal gene transfer (5-25% of genome) • 50-90C. Optimal is 80C • For years only known member of phylum Thermatoga maritima
- 22. Thermophilic ancestry • The deepest branches in bacterial tree are thermophilic. Often extremely. • Implies that the ancestors were also thermophilic and that mesophily arose later in the tree. • Deep-branching archaea are also thermophilic, suggesting bacteria and archaea share thermophilic ancestry.
- 24. Clostridium thermobutyricum Nitrospira calida How to explain other thermophiles?
- 26. Life at high temperatures •Maintain membrane integrity
- 27. Life at high temperatures •Protein stability