Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
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Types of Cellulases
On the basis of fractionation studies on culture filtrate have demonstrated that, there are ‘three’ major types of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of native cellulose to glucose, namely: Others are produced by the some animals and plants.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines probiotics as“ live micro-organisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.
Probiotic based products are associated with many health benefits. However, the main problem is the low survival of these microorganisms in food products and in gastrointestinal tract.
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Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
Cellulase (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
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Types of Cellulases
On the basis of fractionation studies on culture filtrate have demonstrated that, there are ‘three’ major types of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of native cellulose to glucose, namely: Others are produced by the some animals and plants.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines probiotics as“ live micro-organisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.
Probiotic based products are associated with many health benefits. However, the main problem is the low survival of these microorganisms in food products and in gastrointestinal tract.
To produce these beneficial effects in health, probiotics have to be able to survive and multiply in the host. Probiotics should be metabolically stable and active in the product, survive passage through the stomach and reach the intestine in large amounts. Providing probiotics with a physical barrier is an efficient approach to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut.
Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria can be used to enhance the viability during processing, and also for the targeted delivery in gastrointestinal tract.
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. Presented by
Deepika Rana Monika Yadav
Roll no-1601 Roll no.-1605
M.Sc. Microbiology M.Sc. Microbiology
1st Semester 1st Semester
MD University, Rohtak MD University, Rohtak
2. •Cellulose is a major constituent of
plant cell walls, providing strength
and rigidity and preventing the
swelling of the cell and rupture of
the plasma membrane that might
result when osmotic conditions
favour water entry into the cell.
•Each year, worldwide, plants
synthesize more than 1011 metric
tons of cellulose, making this simple
polymer one of the most abundant
compounds in the biosphere.
•The structure of cellulose is simple:
linear polymers of thousands of
(β1→4) linked D-glucose units,
assembled into bundles of about 36
chains, which aggregate side by side
to form a micro-fibril.
3. 1. Paper
2. Guncotton
3. Cellophane
4. Movie film
5. Frames
6. Toys
7. Cellulosic ethanol
1. Wood (40-50%)
2. Cotton (90%)
3. Dried hemp (45%)
4. Microbes (Varies)
4. •Microbial cellulose, sometimes called bacterial cellulose,
is a form of cellulose that is produced by bacteria.
•Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the
formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)n produced from certain types
of bacteria.
•The glucan chains are held together by inter- and intra-
hydrogen bonding.
•Inherent Purity: free of hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, wax
•Moldable in cultivation. Carbon Sources used:
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses, glycerol
Corn steep liquor, potato effluent, grape pomace, whey
lactose Tea, cola nut, Saccharified food waste
•Natural network structure, High Crystallinity: ~85%,
High DP
•High Carbon-to-Cellulose Conversion Efficiency
•Typical cell converts 108 glucose molecules to cellulose
per hour
Scanning electron
microscopy images of BC
membrane from static
culture of A. xylinum (a)
and
bacterial cell with attached
cellulose ribbons (b).www.sciencedaily.com
5. Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application
Faezah Esa*, Siti Masrinda Tasirin, Norliza Abd Rahman
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
6. A wet microbial cellulose pellicle being removed from a culture
en.wikipedia.org
7. Bacterial sources
•Cellulose can be found in many microorganisms like
fungi, bacteria, and algae. It is also found in small
quantities in brown algae (Phaeophyta), most of the red
algae (Rhodophyta) and most of the golden algae
(Chrysophyta).
•In some fungi(oomycetes), cellulose forms as an inner
cell wall layer.
•Bacteria that produce cellulose include Gram-negative
bacteria species such
as Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Rhizobium,Pseudomonas,
Salmonella, Alcaligenes, and Gram-positive
bacteria species such as Sarcina ventriculi.
• The most effective producers of cellulose
are Acetobacter xylinum, A. hansenii, and A.
pasteurianus. Of these, A. xylinum is the model
microorganism for basic and applied studies on cellulose
due to its ability to produce relatively high levels of
polymer from a wide range of carbon and nitrogen
sources.
Chemical structure of
cellulose
Scanning electron micrograph
Showing bacterial cellulose
fibres
microbialcellulose.blogspot.com
8. Biosynthesis of Microbial Cellulose
•The synthesis of bacterial cellulose is a multistep process that involve two main
mechanisms: the synthesis of uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGIc), followed by
the polymerization of glucose into long and unbranched chains (the β-1→4 glucan
chain).
• The production of UDPGIc starts with carbon compounds (such
as hexoses, glycerol, dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate, and di-carboxylic acids) entering
the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, or the pentose phosphate cycle depending on what
carbon source is available.
•It then goes through phosphorylation along with catalysis, followed by isomerization of
the intermediate, and a process known as UDPGIc pyrophosphorylase to convert the
compounds into UDPGIc, a precursor to the production of cellulose.
•The polymerization of glucose into the β-1→4 glucan chain has been hypothesized to
either involve a lipid intermediate or not to involve a lipid intermediate. If the bacteria use
lipid to initiate new chains, it cannot be sterols-bacteria don’t contain sterols.
9. Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application
edited by Jitendra K. Pandey, Hitoshi Takagi
Biochemical Pathway for Cellulose Synthesis
GK-Glucokinase
PGM-Phosphoglucomutase
UGP-UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
FBP-Fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase
CS-Cellulose Synthase
PFK-Phosphofructokinase
FK-Fructokinase
PGI-Phosphoglucose isomerase
11. •The complex enzymatic machinery that assembles cellulose chains
spans the plasma membrane, with one part positioned to bind the
substrate, UDP-glucose, in the cytosol and another part extending to the
outside, responsible for elongating and crystallizing cellulose molecules
in the extracellular space.
•Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows these terminal complexes,
also called rosettes, to be composed of six large particles arranged in a
regular hexagon. Several proteins, including the catalytic subunit of
cellulose synthase, make up the terminal complex.
•Much of the recent progress in understanding cellulose synthesis stems
from genetic and molecular genetic studies of the plant Arabidopsis
thaliana, which is especially amenable to genetic dissection and whose
genome has been sequenced.
12.
13. •Cellulose production depends heavily on several factors such as
the growth medium, environmental conditions, and the formation of
by products.
•The fermentation medium contains carbon, nitrogen, and other
macro and micro nutrients required for bacteria growth.
•Bacteria are most efficient when supplied with an abundant carbon
source and minimal nitrogen source.
•Glucose and sucrose are the most commonly used carbon sources for
cellulose production, while fructose, maltose, xylose, starch,
and glycerol have been tried. Sometimes, ethanol may be used to
increase cellulose production.
•The problem with using glucose is that gluconic acid is formed as a
by product which increases the pH of the culture and in turn,
decreases the production of cellulose.
14. •Addition of extra nitrogen generally decreases cellulose production
while addition of precursor molecules such as amino
acids and methionine improved yield. Pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, p-
aminobenzoic acid and biotin are vitamins important for cellulose
production whereas pantothenate and riboflavin have opposing
effects.
•According to experimental studies, the optimal temperature for
maximum production was between 28 and 30 °C. For most species,
the optimal pH was between 4.0-6.0. Controlling pH is especially
important in static cultures as the accumulation of gluconic, acetic, or
lactic acid decreases the pH far lower than the optimal range.
Dissolved oxygen content can be varied with stirrer speed as it is
needed for static cultures where substrates need to be transported by
diffusion.
15. Reactor based
production
•Static and agitated cultures are conventional
ways to produce bacterial cellulose.
•Both static and agitated cultures are not feasible
for large-scale production as static cultures have
a long culture period as well as intensive
manpower and agitated cultures produce
cellulose-negative mutants alongside its reactions
due to rapid growth.
•Thus, reactors are designed to lessen culture
time and inhibit the conversion of bacterial
cellulose-producing strains into cellulose-negative
mutants. Common reactors used are the rotating
disk reactor, the rotary biofilm contactor
(RBC), a bioreactor equipped with a spin filter,
and a reactor with a silicone membrane.
BC pellicle formed
in static culture.
BC pellets formed in
agitated culture.
Bacterial Cellulose
Prof. Dr. Eng. Stanislaw Bielecki1, Dr. Eng.
Alina Krystynowicz2, Prof. Dr. Marianna
Turkiewicz3, Dr. Eng. Halina Kalinowska4
16.
17. TYPES OF CELLULOSE
Genus Cellulose type
Acetobacter
Extracellular pellicle,
ribbons
Achromobacter Ribbons
Aerobacter Fibrils
Agrobacterium Short fibrils
Alcaligenes Fibrils
Pseudomonas Non-distinct
Rhozobium Short fibrils
Sarcina Amorphous
18. •Bacteria from
the genera Aerobacter, Acetobacter, Achr
omobacter, Agrobacterium, Alacaligenes,
Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium,
and Sarcina synthesize cellulose.
•However, only
the Gluconacetobacter produce enough
cellulose to justify commercial interest.
The most extensively studied species
is Gluconacetobacter xylinus, formerly
known as Acetobacter xylinum and since
reclassified as Komagataeibacter xylinus.
•G. xylinus extrudes glycan chains from
pores into the growth medium. These
aggregate into microfibrils, which bundle
to form microbial cellulose ribbons.
Various kinds of sugars are used as
substrate. Production occurs mostly at
the interface of liquid and air.
Cellulose pellicle formed by
Gluconacetobacter persimmonis GH-2.
www.omicsonline.org
19. Differences with plant cellulose
Some advantages of microbial cellulose over plant cellulose
include:
•Finer and more intricate structure
•No hemicellulose or lignin to be removed
•Longer fiber length: much stronger and wider
•Can be grown to virtually any shape and thickness
•Can be produced on a variety of substrates
•The formula of the media used and the strain of Acetobacter
xylinum will determine the quality of the pellicle
•More absorbent per unit volume
Fig. 1 Schematic model of BC
microfibrils
(right) drawn in comparison with
the `fringed micelles'; of PC fibrils
(Iguchi et al.,2000)
20. Disadvantages for commercial use
Some issues that have prevented large-scale commercialization so far
include:
•High price (about 50 x more than plant cellulose)
Due to the inefficient production process, the current price of
bacterial cellulose remains too high to make it commercially
attractive and viable on a large scale.
Because of high-price substrates: sugars
Low volumetric yields
•Lack of large-scale production capacity. Traditional production
methods cannot produce microbial cellulose in commercial
quantities, so further advancements with reactor based production
must be achieved to be able to market many microbial cellulose
products.
•Timely expansion and maintenance of the cell culture for
production
21. Functions
•One continuing mystery surrounding microbial cellulose is its exact
biological function.
• A. xylinus, since been renamed as Gluconacetobacter xylinus and more
recently as Komagataeibacter xylinus, is a successful and prevalent
bacterium in nature, frequently finding a home in rotting fruits and
sweetened liquids.
• The most familiar form of microbial cellulose is that of a pellicle on the
top of a static cultured growth media. It has, thus, been hypothesized that
cellulose acts as a floatation device, bringing the bacteria to the oxygen-
rich air-media interface.
•This hypothesis has largely been discredited by experiments conducted
on submerged oxygen-permeable silicone tubes that show that cellulose
grows well submerged if enough oxygen is present. Others suspect that
cellulose is used to immobilize the bacteria in an attempt to keep it near
the food source, or as a form of protection against ultraviolet light.
22. Applications
Bacterial cellulose has a wide variety of
current and potential future applications.
Food
•The oldest known use of bacterial cellulose is as the raw material of nata de coco, a
traditional chewy, translucent, jelly-like foodstuff produced by the
fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial
cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum.
•It has also been used as a thickener to maintain the viscosity in food and as a
stabilizing agent. Due to its texture and fiber content, it has been added to many food
products as a dietary fiber. A specific example is Cellulon ®, which is a bulking
agent used as a food ingredient to act as a thickener, texturizer, and/or calorie reducer.
•Microbial cellulose has also been used as an additive in diet beverages in Japan since
1992, specifically kombucha, a healthy tea based drink .
23. Biofiber bio cellulose microbial
cellulose disposable face facial sheet
It is being tested in the textile
industry, with the possibility of
manufacturing cellulose based
clothing
www.snipview.com
www.alibaba.com
24. The ‘worlds first’bio-cellulose
membrane transducer of some
Sony headphones a number of
years ago.
Biocellulose is actually grown by
special bacteria, and then treated
to be suitable for
manufacturing. The end result is
a material perfect for speakers
that is about as stiff as aluminum,
but quite a bit lighter, to keep
distortion to a minimum. Having
bacteria grow your parts is novel,
but probably not the quickest nor
the most cost effective
BIOCELLULOSE MEMBRANE IN
HEADPHONES
25. Paper from bacterial cellulose Due to microbial
cellulose's higher purity and microfibril structure, it may prove to
be an excellent candidate for an electronic paper substrate.
Microbial cellulose can be fashioned into sheets approximately 100
micrometers thick, about the thickness of normal paper, by a wet
synthesis process.
. In papermaking, it is used as an ultra-strength paper and as a
reticulated fine fibre network with coating, binding, thickening and
suspending characteristics.
www.adream2012.eumicrobialcellulose.blogspot.com
26. Microbial cellulose is biocompatible and non-toxic, making it a good candidate material for
medical applications. So far it has found a commercial role in some wound dressings. There
is on-going research to evaluate a possible role for bacterial cellulose in the following
applications:
•Scaffolds for tissue engineering
•Synthetic dura mater
•Bladder neck suspension
•Soft tissue replacement
•Artificial blood vessels
27. MEDICAL USES
•The microbial cellulose molds very well
to the surface of the skin, providing a
conformal covering even in usually
difficult places to dress wounds, such as
areas on the face.
•Another microbial cellulose
commercial treatment product is XCell
produced by the Xylos Corporation,
which is mainly used to treat wounds
from venous ulcers.
•In addition to increasing the drying
time and water holding abilities, liquid
medicines were able to be absorbed by
the microbial cellulose coated gauze,
allowing them to work at the injury site
www.intechopen.com
28. •Axcelon leverages
bacterial cellulose
•expertise with
Nanoderm launch
•It has been tested and
successfully
used as a wound dressing,
especially in burn cases.
•Microbial cellulose
products, such
as Biofill ®, Dermafill®,
have been developed.
biotuesdays.com
www.dermafill.com
29. REFERENCES
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
Lee R. Lynd, Paul J. Weimer, Willem H. van Zyl and Isak S. Pretorius
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120791/
Microbial cellulose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cellulose
Bacterial cellulose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose
Production and application of microbial cellulose
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391097001973
Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210784314000187
LEHNINGER A.L., Nelson D.L., Principles of Biochemistry, M.M. Cox.
Worth Publishing.