This document discusses bacterial cellulose, including its production, structure, and applications. It notes that bacterial cellulose is produced by certain bacteria through a multi-step biosynthesis process. It is composed of glucose monomers linked together into long chains that aggregate to form a strong yet flexible fiber. The document outlines factors that affect bacterial cellulose production, such as carbon sources, pH, oxygen levels, and production methods like static cultures or bioreactors. It also compares bacterial cellulose to plant cellulose and discusses some advantages and disadvantages for commercial use.

1. Presented by
Deepika Rana Monika Yadav
Roll no-1601 Roll no.-1605
M.Sc. Microbiology M.Sc. Microbiology
1st Semester 1st Semester
MD University, Rohtak MD University, Rohtak

2. •Cellulose is a major constituent of
plant cell walls, providing strength
and rigidity and preventing the
swelling of the cell and rupture of
the plasma membrane that might
result when osmotic conditions
favour water entry into the cell.
•Each year, worldwide, plants
synthesize more than 1011 metric
tons of cellulose, making this simple
polymer one of the most abundant
compounds in the biosphere.
•The structure of cellulose is simple:
linear polymers of thousands of
(β1→4) linked D-glucose units,
assembled into bundles of about 36
chains, which aggregate side by side
to form a micro-fibril.

3. 1. Paper
2. Guncotton
3. Cellophane
4. Movie film
5. Frames
6. Toys
7. Cellulosic ethanol
1. Wood (40-50%)
2. Cotton (90%)
3. Dried hemp (45%)
4. Microbes (Varies)

4. •Microbial cellulose, sometimes called bacterial cellulose,
is a form of cellulose that is produced by bacteria.
•Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the
formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)n produced from certain types
of bacteria.
•The glucan chains are held together by inter- and intra-
hydrogen bonding.
•Inherent Purity: free of hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, wax
•Moldable in cultivation. Carbon Sources used:
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses, glycerol
Corn steep liquor, potato effluent, grape pomace, whey
lactose Tea, cola nut, Saccharified food waste
•Natural network structure, High Crystallinity: ~85%,
High DP
•High Carbon-to-Cellulose Conversion Efficiency
•Typical cell converts 108 glucose molecules to cellulose
per hour
Scanning electron
microscopy images of BC
membrane from static
culture of A. xylinum (a)
and
bacterial cell with attached
cellulose ribbons (b).www.sciencedaily.com

5. Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application
Faezah Esa*, Siti Masrinda Tasirin, Norliza Abd Rahman
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

6. A wet microbial cellulose pellicle being removed from a culture
en.wikipedia.org

7. Bacterial sources
•Cellulose can be found in many microorganisms like
fungi, bacteria, and algae. It is also found in small
quantities in brown algae (Phaeophyta), most of the red
algae (Rhodophyta) and most of the golden algae
(Chrysophyta).
•In some fungi(oomycetes), cellulose forms as an inner
cell wall layer.
•Bacteria that produce cellulose include Gram-negative
bacteria species such
as Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Rhizobium,Pseudomonas,
Salmonella, Alcaligenes, and Gram-positive
bacteria species such as Sarcina ventriculi.
• The most effective producers of cellulose
are Acetobacter xylinum, A. hansenii, and A.
pasteurianus. Of these, A. xylinum is the model
microorganism for basic and applied studies on cellulose
due to its ability to produce relatively high levels of
polymer from a wide range of carbon and nitrogen
sources.
Chemical structure of
cellulose
Scanning electron micrograph
Showing bacterial cellulose
fibres
microbialcellulose.blogspot.com

8. Biosynthesis of Microbial Cellulose
•The synthesis of bacterial cellulose is a multistep process that involve two main
mechanisms: the synthesis of uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGIc), followed by
the polymerization of glucose into long and unbranched chains (the β-1→4 glucan
chain).
• The production of UDPGIc starts with carbon compounds (such
as hexoses, glycerol, dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate, and di-carboxylic acids) entering
the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, or the pentose phosphate cycle depending on what
carbon source is available.
•It then goes through phosphorylation along with catalysis, followed by isomerization of
the intermediate, and a process known as UDPGIc pyrophosphorylase to convert the
compounds into UDPGIc, a precursor to the production of cellulose.
•The polymerization of glucose into the β-1→4 glucan chain has been hypothesized to
either involve a lipid intermediate or not to involve a lipid intermediate. If the bacteria use
lipid to initiate new chains, it cannot be sterols-bacteria don’t contain sterols.

9. Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application
edited by Jitendra K. Pandey, Hitoshi Takagi
Biochemical Pathway for Cellulose Synthesis
GK-Glucokinase
PGM-Phosphoglucomutase
UGP-UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
FBP-Fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase
CS-Cellulose Synthase
PFK-Phosphofructokinase
FK-Fructokinase
PGI-Phosphoglucose isomerase

10. Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-1-phosphate
UDP-Glucose
Cellulose
Glukokinase
Phosphglucomutase
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Cellulose Synthase

11. •The complex enzymatic machinery that assembles cellulose chains
spans the plasma membrane, with one part positioned to bind the
substrate, UDP-glucose, in the cytosol and another part extending to the
outside, responsible for elongating and crystallizing cellulose molecules
in the extracellular space.
•Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows these terminal complexes,
also called rosettes, to be composed of six large particles arranged in a
regular hexagon. Several proteins, including the catalytic subunit of
cellulose synthase, make up the terminal complex.
•Much of the recent progress in understanding cellulose synthesis stems
from genetic and molecular genetic studies of the plant Arabidopsis
thaliana, which is especially amenable to genetic dissection and whose
genome has been sequenced.

13. •Cellulose production depends heavily on several factors such as
the growth medium, environmental conditions, and the formation of
by products.
•The fermentation medium contains carbon, nitrogen, and other
macro and micro nutrients required for bacteria growth.
•Bacteria are most efficient when supplied with an abundant carbon
source and minimal nitrogen source.
•Glucose and sucrose are the most commonly used carbon sources for
cellulose production, while fructose, maltose, xylose, starch,
and glycerol have been tried. Sometimes, ethanol may be used to
increase cellulose production.
•The problem with using glucose is that gluconic acid is formed as a
by product which increases the pH of the culture and in turn,
decreases the production of cellulose.

14. •Addition of extra nitrogen generally decreases cellulose production
while addition of precursor molecules such as amino
acids and methionine improved yield. Pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, p-
aminobenzoic acid and biotin are vitamins important for cellulose
production whereas pantothenate and riboflavin have opposing
effects.
•According to experimental studies, the optimal temperature for
maximum production was between 28 and 30 °C. For most species,
the optimal pH was between 4.0-6.0. Controlling pH is especially
important in static cultures as the accumulation of gluconic, acetic, or
lactic acid decreases the pH far lower than the optimal range.
Dissolved oxygen content can be varied with stirrer speed as it is
needed for static cultures where substrates need to be transported by
diffusion.

15. Reactor based
production
•Static and agitated cultures are conventional
ways to produce bacterial cellulose.
•Both static and agitated cultures are not feasible
for large-scale production as static cultures have
a long culture period as well as intensive
manpower and agitated cultures produce
cellulose-negative mutants alongside its reactions
due to rapid growth.
•Thus, reactors are designed to lessen culture
time and inhibit the conversion of bacterial
cellulose-producing strains into cellulose-negative
mutants. Common reactors used are the rotating
disk reactor, the rotary biofilm contactor
(RBC), a bioreactor equipped with a spin filter,
and a reactor with a silicone membrane.
BC pellicle formed
in static culture.
BC pellets formed in
agitated culture.
Bacterial Cellulose
Prof. Dr. Eng. Stanislaw Bielecki1, Dr. Eng.
Alina Krystynowicz2, Prof. Dr. Marianna
Turkiewicz3, Dr. Eng. Halina Kalinowska4

17. TYPES OF CELLULOSE
Genus Cellulose type
Acetobacter
Extracellular pellicle,
ribbons
Achromobacter Ribbons
Aerobacter Fibrils
Agrobacterium Short fibrils
Alcaligenes Fibrils
Pseudomonas Non-distinct
Rhozobium Short fibrils
Sarcina Amorphous

18. •Bacteria from
the genera Aerobacter, Acetobacter, Achr
omobacter, Agrobacterium, Alacaligenes,
Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium,
and Sarcina synthesize cellulose.
•However, only
the Gluconacetobacter produce enough
cellulose to justify commercial interest.
The most extensively studied species
is Gluconacetobacter xylinus, formerly
known as Acetobacter xylinum and since
reclassified as Komagataeibacter xylinus.
•G. xylinus extrudes glycan chains from
pores into the growth medium. These
aggregate into microfibrils, which bundle
to form microbial cellulose ribbons.
Various kinds of sugars are used as
substrate. Production occurs mostly at
the interface of liquid and air.
Cellulose pellicle formed by
Gluconacetobacter persimmonis GH-2.
www.omicsonline.org

19. Differences with plant cellulose
Some advantages of microbial cellulose over plant cellulose
include:
•Finer and more intricate structure
•No hemicellulose or lignin to be removed
•Longer fiber length: much stronger and wider
•Can be grown to virtually any shape and thickness
•Can be produced on a variety of substrates
•The formula of the media used and the strain of Acetobacter
xylinum will determine the quality of the pellicle
•More absorbent per unit volume
Fig. 1 Schematic model of BC
microfibrils
(right) drawn in comparison with
the `fringed micelles'; of PC fibrils
(Iguchi et al.,2000)

20. Disadvantages for commercial use
Some issues that have prevented large-scale commercialization so far
include:
•High price (about 50 x more than plant cellulose)
Due to the inefficient production process, the current price of
bacterial cellulose remains too high to make it commercially
attractive and viable on a large scale.
Because of high-price substrates: sugars
Low volumetric yields
•Lack of large-scale production capacity. Traditional production
methods cannot produce microbial cellulose in commercial
quantities, so further advancements with reactor based production
must be achieved to be able to market many microbial cellulose
products.
•Timely expansion and maintenance of the cell culture for
production

21. Functions
•One continuing mystery surrounding microbial cellulose is its exact
biological function.
• A. xylinus, since been renamed as Gluconacetobacter xylinus and more
recently as Komagataeibacter xylinus, is a successful and prevalent
bacterium in nature, frequently finding a home in rotting fruits and
sweetened liquids.
• The most familiar form of microbial cellulose is that of a pellicle on the
top of a static cultured growth media. It has, thus, been hypothesized that
cellulose acts as a floatation device, bringing the bacteria to the oxygen-
rich air-media interface.
•This hypothesis has largely been discredited by experiments conducted
on submerged oxygen-permeable silicone tubes that show that cellulose
grows well submerged if enough oxygen is present. Others suspect that
cellulose is used to immobilize the bacteria in an attempt to keep it near
the food source, or as a form of protection against ultraviolet light.

22. Applications
Bacterial cellulose has a wide variety of
current and potential future applications.
Food
•The oldest known use of bacterial cellulose is as the raw material of nata de coco, a
traditional chewy, translucent, jelly-like foodstuff produced by the
fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial
cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum.
•It has also been used as a thickener to maintain the viscosity in food and as a
stabilizing agent. Due to its texture and fiber content, it has been added to many food
products as a dietary fiber. A specific example is Cellulon ®, which is a bulking
agent used as a food ingredient to act as a thickener, texturizer, and/or calorie reducer.
•Microbial cellulose has also been used as an additive in diet beverages in Japan since
1992, specifically kombucha, a healthy tea based drink .

23. Biofiber bio cellulose microbial
cellulose disposable face facial sheet
It is being tested in the textile
industry, with the possibility of
manufacturing cellulose based
clothing
www.snipview.com
www.alibaba.com

24. The ‘worlds first’bio-cellulose
membrane transducer of some
Sony headphones a number of
years ago.
Biocellulose is actually grown by
special bacteria, and then treated
to be suitable for
manufacturing. The end result is
a material perfect for speakers
that is about as stiff as aluminum,
but quite a bit lighter, to keep
distortion to a minimum. Having
bacteria grow your parts is novel,
but probably not the quickest nor
the most cost effective
BIOCELLULOSE MEMBRANE IN
HEADPHONES

25. Paper from bacterial cellulose Due to microbial
cellulose's higher purity and microfibril structure, it may prove to
be an excellent candidate for an electronic paper substrate.
Microbial cellulose can be fashioned into sheets approximately 100
micrometers thick, about the thickness of normal paper, by a wet
synthesis process.
. In papermaking, it is used as an ultra-strength paper and as a
reticulated fine fibre network with coating, binding, thickening and
suspending characteristics.
www.adream2012.eumicrobialcellulose.blogspot.com

26. Microbial cellulose is biocompatible and non-toxic, making it a good candidate material for
medical applications. So far it has found a commercial role in some wound dressings. There
is on-going research to evaluate a possible role for bacterial cellulose in the following
applications:
•Scaffolds for tissue engineering
•Synthetic dura mater
•Bladder neck suspension
•Soft tissue replacement
•Artificial blood vessels

27. MEDICAL USES
•The microbial cellulose molds very well
to the surface of the skin, providing a
conformal covering even in usually
difficult places to dress wounds, such as
areas on the face.
•Another microbial cellulose
commercial treatment product is XCell
produced by the Xylos Corporation,
which is mainly used to treat wounds
from venous ulcers.
•In addition to increasing the drying
time and water holding abilities, liquid
medicines were able to be absorbed by
the microbial cellulose coated gauze,
allowing them to work at the injury site
www.intechopen.com

28. •Axcelon leverages
bacterial cellulose
•expertise with
Nanoderm launch
•It has been tested and
successfully
used as a wound dressing,
especially in burn cases.
•Microbial cellulose
products, such
as Biofill ®, Dermafill®,
have been developed.
biotuesdays.com
www.dermafill.com

29. REFERENCES
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
Lee R. Lynd, Paul J. Weimer, Willem H. van Zyl and Isak S. Pretorius
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120791/
Microbial cellulose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cellulose
Bacterial cellulose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose
Production and application of microbial cellulose
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391097001973
Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210784314000187
LEHNINGER A.L., Nelson D.L., Principles of Biochemistry, M.M. Cox.
Worth Publishing.