Potential application of fungi in industry final

1. Potential Application Of Fungi
In Industry
Applied Mycology and Phycology
Subject Code-MB104
Prepared and presented by
Deepika Rana
Roll No. 1601
M.Sc. Microbiology
1st Semester
MD University, Rohtak

2. •Fungi are prominent sources of pharmaceuticals and
are used in many industrial fermentative processes,
such as the production of enzymes, vitamins, pigments,
lipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and polyhydric
alcohols.
•Fungi are extremely useful in making high value
products like myco-proteins and acts as plant growth
promoters and disease suppressor.
•Fungal secondary metabolites are important to our
health and nutrition and have tremendous economic
impact. In addition to this, fungi are extremely useful in
carrying out biotransformation processes.
•Recombinant DNA technology, which includes yeasts
and other fungi as hosts, has markedly increased market

3. •Fungi in enzyme production
•Major Vitamins from fungi
•Organic acids from fungi
•Fungi in medicine
•Fungal metabolites of pharmaceutical
importance
•Fungi in beverage industry
•Designing of vectors

4. •There are several multinational companies having stake
in manufacturing industrial enzymes from fungi. Biocon
India Ltd. is a major bulk enzyme producer in India.
• Use of Enzymes for different purposes
• Food 45 %
• Detergent 34 %
•Textile 11 %
•Leather 3 %
•Pulp/paper 1 %
•Others 6 %

5. THE MAJOR ENZYMES SOURCED FROM FUNGI
ENZYME SOURCE USES
•Acid, alkaline & Aspergillus oryzae; A. niger Meat tenderization, Bakery
neutral proteases A. flavus; A. sojae
•Cellulase Trichoderma koningi Paper industry, Detergent, Coffee
•Diastase Aspergillus oryzae Acid reflux, Food Supplement
•Glucoamylase Aspergillus niger; A. oryzae Sweeteners
•Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sugar Candies
•Lactase S. lactis; Rhizopus oryzae Lactose intolerant patients
•Ligninase Phanerochaete chrysosporium Pulp and Paper industry
•Lipase Rhizopus spp. Baking, Pancreatic disorders
•Pectinase A. niger; Sclerotinia libertina Fruit juices

6. Vitamin Fungus
producing
Uses
Riboflavin
(Vitamin B2)
Ashbya gossypii
Candida famata
Increasing energy levels; boosting immune system
function; maintaining healthy hair, skin, mucous
membranes, and nails; slowing aging
Panthothenic
acid (Vitamin
B5)
Fusarium
oxysporum
Used orally for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, Parkinson's disease, nerve pain, premenstrual
syndrome (PMS), enlarged prostate,
NADH Candida boidinii Treating high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
depression, and Parkinson’s diseasereducing signs of
aging; and protecting against the side effects of an AIDS
drug called zidovudine (AZT)
S-
adenosylmethio
nine(SAMe)
Sachharomyces
saké
used for depression, osteoarthritis, chronic lower back
pain, Alzheimer's disease, slowing the aging
process, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD),migraine, headache, and lead poisoning.
Glycolipid
Mannosylerythri
tol lipids
Ustilago
scitaminea
NBRC 32730
Biosurfactant
11 Vitamins and Related Compounds: Microbial Production
SAKAYU SHIMIZU, Kyoto, Japan

7. •Mycoprotein is the protein from fungi. The main
mycoprotein on sale in Europe and North America is
called Quorn. It was originally developed as a food
source to combat food shortages.
•Quorn is the leading meat free brand within the UK
and Ireland. All Quorn products contain mycoprotein
which is derived from the fungus Fusarium
venenatum.
•Pullulan is a polysaccharide produced
by Aureobasidium pullulans and can be woven
into fibers and has potential in the production and
strengthening of fabrics. Special fishing
lines and bulletproof vests are some of the
products that contain these special polysaccharides.
Aureobasidium pullulans

8. •Beta-glucans produced by certain yeast are being used for
encapsulation of foods and medicines. They control the slow
release of flavors and drugs.
•Chitin is second behind cellulose as the most abundant compound in
nature. Commercially produced chitin in used in threads for suturing
and as fillers in different foods.

9. Organic acid Source Uses
Citric acid Aspergillus niger In food preservation,
powerful cleaning agent
and in cosmetic products
Fumaric acid Rhizopus nigricans Used in food and beverage
products, as oral
pharmaceutical formations
Gluconic acid Aspergillus niger Acidity regulator as food
additive, cleaning products
Itaconic acid A. terreus Prepare acrylic fibres and
rubbers, reinforced glass
fibre, in water treatment
systems, artificial diamond
and lens
Kojic acid A. oryzae Used in food and
cosmetics as skin

10. •Fungi in antibiotics
Medicine Fungus involved Use
Penicillin Penicillium
chrysogenum
Anti-bacterial(gram
+ve)
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium Anti-bacterial(gram
+ve)
Griseofulvin Penicillium
griseofulvum
Fungi-static, treatment
of dermatophytes
Lentinan Lentinus sp. Against
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Listeria
sp. and Herpes
Simplex Virus-I(HSV-
1)
Schizophyllan Schizophyllum Antibacterial(against
Staphylococcus
aureus) and

11. •Mushrooms and polypores are rich source of natural
antibiotics. The cell wall glucans are well known for their
immunomodulatory properties, and the secondary
metabolites are active against bacteria and viruses.
Exudates from mushroom mycelia are active against
protozoa such as the malarial parasite Plasmodium
falciparum.

12. •Non-antibiotic Therapeutics from Fungi
•There are non-antibiotic therapeutic agents obtained
from fungi that have revolutionized medical practice.
Cyclosporin is an important immunosuppressant drug
that is used in organ transplantation surgery.
Cyclosporin-A is derived from Tolypocladium inflatum,
and Aspergillus sp.
• About 20% of the drugs produced by pharmaceutical
industry today are derived from fungi
•Lovastatin is a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor
derived from Aspergillus terreus. It is one of the many
drugs used as a cholesterol reducing agent. A similar
cholesterol reducing drug is produced from Penicillium
citrinum, and it is called Pravastatin.
•Fungi are the source of vitamin B12 (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) and other vitamins (S. cerevisiae, Ashbya
sp., Blakeslea sp.), hallucinogens (Psylocybe sp.), and

13. Lovastatin
Griseofulvin Cyclosporin
Lentinan
Penicillin
Pravastatin

14. •The metabolite named gibberelic acid, is
used as a plant growth stimulator, produced by
growing the fungus Giberella fujikuroi on solid
substrates.
•Gibberelic acid stimulates both cell division
and cell elongation and hastens plant
maturation and seed germination. It is applied
to growing crops (field crops, small fruits, vines
and fruit trees) ornamentals and shade trees,
and ornamental plants, shrubs and vines.
Claviceps purpurea The ergots contain many
alkaloids. Their strongest effect is intoxication,
caused by lysergic acid amides, one of which is
the recreational (and illegal) drug, LSD. Ergot
alkaloids have a number of medicinal uses.
Perhaps the most widespread use is in the
treatment of migraines. The vasodilator activity
reduces tension during an attack. The drugs
also reduce blood pressure, though with
untoward side effects. Alkaloids are now
produced in culture by strains of C. fusiformis
Giberella fujikuroi

15. •Distilled
Alcohol: Saccharomyces and Schizosacchar
omyces
•Industrial alcohol
•Alcoholic beverages
•Whiskey is made largely from barley.
•Bourbon is a form of whiskey made from
fermented corn.•Vodka is produced largely from potatoes in Russia and other east Europea
countries because they are cheap.
•Rum is a distilled spirit made from sugar-containing substrates like molass
and cane juice.
•Cognac is made from distilled grape wine to prevent spoilage in shipment.
•Brandy is made in a similar way as cognac, initially from grape wine but la
in North America from fermented juices of pears and peaches.
•Tequila is a briny liquor made exclusively in Mexico from fermented juice o
the Agavecactus.

16. Wine in the strict sense is the fermented
juice of grapes. Wines are named after the
type of grapes or the geographic area or
specific village where they were first
produced. For example,Burgandy,
Bordeaux, Champagne, andAlsacs are
important wines of France. There are red,
white, and pink (rosé) wines,
The common muscadine grape.
Beer is a beverage obtained by the alcoholic
fermentation by yeasts of a malted cereal,
usually barley malt, with or without other
starchy materials, and to which hops have
been added . There are two types of
beers, lager and ales. The yeast used in
beer brewing isSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Kanji: A beerlike beverage made with carrots
and beets fermented with Hansenula. Taste
much like cherry wine.
Rice Beer: Rice beer is called sake in
Japan, murcha or pachwai in India. It is made
with rice plus species of Mucor or Aspergillus
oryzea and sugar.
Yeast being added
to the mash
during
beer making.

17. The most important recent development in microbial
biotechnology is the use of fungi as expression hosts for
recombinant proteins used as therapeutic agents for human
diseases. Yeasts have been the expression vectors for more
than 500 mammalian proteins. Among eukaryotes, fungal cell
cultures have the advantage that they are easy to grow and
inexpensive to maintain.
Production of Hepatitis-B Vaccine from Pichia pastoris
Pichia pastoris expression vector has been the classical
example of how a fungal expression host can reduce the cost of
a vaccine considerably. Earlier, a single dose of Hepatitis-B
vaccine was costing about Rs. 800/- but now the cost has been
reduced to Rs. 80/- per dose. This is because P. pastoris can be
grown easily and economically in large bioreactors.
Development of P. pastoris as a host organism for the production

18. Some important therapeutic recombinant proteins
expressed in Pichia pastoris
Protein Indication Firm
•Angiostatin Anti-angiogenic EntreMed
•Elastase Cystic fibrosis Dyax
•Endostatin Anti-angiogenic EntreMed
•Epidermal Diabetes Transition
growth factor Therapeutics
•Hepatitis-B Serum hepatitis Glaxo
surface antigen -SmithKline
•Human serum Stabilizing Mitsubishi
albumin blood in Pharma
burn/shock
•Insulin-like Deficiency of Cephalon
growth factor-1 of the same
Note: Data from Tillmann U. Gerngross, Nature Biotechnology, 2004

20. BRAND NAME RECOM. PROTEIN
COMPANY
•Actrapid Insulin
NovoNordisk
• Ambrix Hepatitis-B
GlaxoSmithKline
surface antigen
• Comvax …….”…….
Merck
• Elitex Urate oxidase Sanofi-
Synthlabo
• Glucagen Glucagon Novo
Nordisk
• HBVAXPRO Hepatitis-B Aventis
Pharma
Surface antigen
• Leukine Granulocyte
Berlex
macrophage CSF
• Regranex rh Platelet-derived Ortho-
SOME THERAPEUTIC RECOMBINANT PROTEINS
EXPRESSED BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

21.  NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF FUNGI. S. B. SULLIA. Emeritus Professor,
Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology. Bangalore University
 Vitamins and Related Compounds: Microbial Production SAKAYU
SHIMIZU, Kyoto, Japan
 Production of glycolipids biosurfactants, Mannosylerythritol Lipids by
a smut fungus Ustilago scitaminea NBRC 32730
Tomotake Morita, Yuko Ishibashi, Tokuma Fukuoka Biosc. Biotechnol.
Biochem., 73 (3), 788-792, 2009
 Production of food and beverage www.angelfire.com
 Mycology - Feeding - Secondary Metabolites
www.bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au
 Mycology - Uses of Fungi - Fungal Drugs www.bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au
 LOVASTATIN TABLETS, Usp www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
 Google images